Neo-Vedanta: Perbedaan antara revisi

'''''Neo-Vedanta''''', juga disebut '''''Hindu modernisme''''',{{sfn|Flood|1996|p=258}} '''''neo-Hinduisme''''',{{sfn|King|2002|p=93}} '''''Global Hinduisme'''''{{sfn|Flood|1996|p=265}} dan '''''Hindu Universalisme''''',<ref group=web>[http://bharatabharati.wordpress.com/2012/02/15/neo-vedanta-the-problem-with-hindu-universalism-frank-gaetano-morales/ Frank Morales, ''Neo-Vedanta: The problem with Hindu Universalism'']</ref> adalah istilah yang digunakan oleh sarjana-sarjana modern, utamanya barat, untuk mengkarakteristikan interpretasi [[Hinduisme]] yang berkembang pada abad ke-19 dalam menanggapi [[kolonialisme]] dan [[orientalisme]] barat. Interpretasi Hinduisme modern tersebut berkontribusi terhadap [[perjuangan kebebasan India]] dan identitas [[India]] sebagai sebuah negara yang modern, toleran dan merdeka.

== Gerakan-gerakan Neo-Vedanta ==

* '''[[Brahmoisme]]''': gerakan keagamaan yang berasal dari [[Benggala]] pada awal abad ke-19. Gerakan ini didirikan oleh [[Ram Mohan Roy]]. Dia menggagas pentingnya pemanfaatan [[Penalaran|nalar]] untuk mereformasi praktik sosial dan religius agama Hindu, dengan pengaruh dari [[monoteisme|agama monoteistis]] dan ilmu pengetahuan modern.<ref name="test">''Chambers Dictionary Of World History''. Editor BP Lenman. Chambers. 2000.</ref> Brahmoisme menolak dogma, [[takhayul]], otoritas kitab suci, dan penggambaran Tuhan.<ref>[http://brahmosamaj.org/ brahmosamaj.org - BRAHMO SAMAJ<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>

* '''[[Prarthana Samaj]]''': gerakan reformasi sosial dan keagamaan yang dimulai di [[Bombay]], didirikan oleh Dr. Atmaram Pandurang pada tahun 1867 dengan tujuan agar masyarakat meyakini satu Tuhan dan hanya menyembah satu Tuhan. Gerakan ini dimulai sebagai reformasi sosial dan keagamaan sebagaimana [[Brahmo Samaj]]. Perintis Prarthana Samaj di Mumbai adalah Paramahamsa Sabha, perkumpulan rahasia untuk memajukan gagasan-gagasan liberal yang didirikan oleh Ram Balkrishna Jaykar.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://philtar.ucsm.ac.uk/encyclopedia/hindu/devot/prarth.html | title=Prarthana Samaj | publisher=PHILTAR | place=St. Martin's College | access-date=2018-06-08 | archive-date=2010-01-25 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100125150225/http://philtar.ucsm.ac.uk/encyclopedia/hindu/devot/prarth.html | dead-url=yes }}</ref>

* '''[[Arya Samaj]]''': gerakan reformasi Hindu yang diprakarsai oleh [[Swami Dayananda]], dan didirikan pada tanggal {{nowrap|7 April 1875}}.{{sfn|Hastings|2003|p=57}} Gerakan ini bermaksud mengamalkan ''[[Weda]]'' sebagaimana mestinya, dan mengesampingkan kitab-kitab yang ditulis setelah ''Weda''. Gerakan ini bersifat [[monoteisme|monoteistis]] karena tidak mengakui dewa-dewi tertentu,<ref>{{cite web | url=http://aryasamaj.com/global/?page_id=151 | title=Principles of Arya Samaj | publisher=Arya Samaj.com | access-date=2018-06-08 | archive-date=2014-01-01 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140101003813/http://aryasamaj.com/global/?page_id=151 | dead-url=yes }}</ref> serta menolak pemujaan Tuhan dengan sarana patung atau lukisan.{{sfn|Naidoo|1982|p=158}}{{sfn|Lata|1990|p=x}}

* '''[[Masyarakat Internasional Kesadaran Krishna]]''' (''The International Society for Krishna Consciousness'' – ISKCON–ISKCON): gerakan keagamaan berdasarkan tradisi [[Gaudiya Waisnawa]]. Gerakan ini juga dikenal dengan nama "Gerakan Hare Krishna", didirikan pada tahun [[1966]] di [[New York City]] oleh [[Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada|A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada]]. Ajarannya berpegang pada ''[[Bhagawadgita]]'' dan ''[[Bhagawatapurana|Srimad Bhagawatam]]''. Gerakan ini didirikan untuk menyebarkan ''[[Bhakti Yoga|Bhaktiyoga]]'' dan memuja Tuhan dengan wujud [[Kresna]].

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* {{Citation | last =Comans | first =Michael | year =1993 | title =The Question of the Importance of Samadhi in Modern and Classical Advaita Vedanta. In: Philosophy East and West Vol. 43, No. 1 (Jan. 1993), pp. 19-38. | url =http://www.realization.org/page/doc2/doc200.html }}

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* {{Citation | last =Hori | first =Victor Sogen | year =1999 | title =Translating the Zen Phrase Book. In: Nanzan Bulletin 23 (1999) | url =http://www.thezensite.com/ZenEssays/HistoricalZen/translating_zen_phrasebook.pdf }}

* {{Citation | last =Larson | first =gerald James | year =2012 | title =The Issue of Not ''Being Different'' Enough: Some Reflections on Rajiv Malhotra’s ''Being Different'' | journal =International Journal of Hindu Studies, Volume 16, Issue 3, December 2012, pp 311-322 | url =http://geraldjameslarson.com/pdf/Being_Different_Journal_Hindu_Studies.pdf }}

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* {{Citation | last = Mukerji | first =Mādhava Bithika | year =1983 | title =Neo-Vedanta and Modernity | publisher =Ashutosh Prakashan Sansthan | url =http://www.anandamayi.org/books/Bithika2.htm }}

* {{Citation | last =Panicker | first =P.L. John | year =2006 | title =Gandhi on Pluralism and Communalism | publisher =ISPCK | url =http://books.google.nl/books?id=4s2kBMLeXoEC&dq=Gandhi+on+Pluralism+and+Communalism&hl=nl&source=gbs_navlinks_s }}

* {{Citation | last =Sharf | first =Robert H. | author-link = | year =1993 | title =The Zen of Japanese Nationalism | place = | publisher = | ISBN = | journal =History of Religions, Vol. 33, No. 1. (Aug., 1993), pp. 1-43. | url =http://www.thezensite.com/ZenEssays/HistoricalZen/Zen_of_Japanese_Nationalism.html }}

* {{Citation | last =Sharf | first =Robert H. | author-link = | year =1995-A | title =Whose Zen? Zen Nationalism Revisited | place = | publisher = | ISBN = | url =http://www.thezensite.com/ZenEssays/CriticalZen/whose%20zen_sharf.pdf }}

* {{Citation | last =Sharf | first =Robert H. | year =1998 | title =Experience. In: Mark C. Taylor (editor), "Critical Terms for Religious Studies" | publisher =University of Chicago Press | url =http://books.google.nl/books?id=zhc7UkW8eHcC&dq=Hindu+nationalism+Radhakrishnan&source=gbs_navlinks_s }}

* {{Citation | last =Sharf | first =Robert H. | year =2000 | title =The Rhetoric of Experience and the Study of Religion. In: Journal of Consciousness Studies, 7, No. 11-12, 2000, pp. 267-87 | url =http://buddhiststudies.berkeley.edu/people/faculty/sharf/documents/Sharf1998,%20Religious%20Experience.pdf | accessdate =2014-04-23 | archive-date =2013-05-13 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20130513104227/http://buddhiststudies.berkeley.edu/people/faculty/sharf/documents/Sharf1998,%20Religious%20Experience.pdf | dead-url =yes }}

* {{Citation | last =Sooklal | first =Anil | year =1993 | title =The Neo-Vedanta Philosophy of Swami Vivekananda | journal =Nidan, 5, 1993 | url =http://reference.sabinet.co.za/webx/access/journal_archive/10165320/86.pdf }}

* {{Citation | last =Vaitheespara | first =Ravi | year =2010 | title =Forging a Tamil caste: Maraimalai Adigal (1876-1950) and the discourcse of caste and ritual in colonial Tamilnadu. In: Bergunder e.a. (editors), "Ritual, Caste, and Religion in Colonial South India" | publisher =Otto Harrassowitz Verlag | url =http://books.google.nl/books?id=wbISha_aGocC&printsec=frontcover&hl=nl#v=onepage&q&f=false }}

* [http://www.reocities.com/neovedanta/list.html International Forum for NeoVedantins] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130313114058/http://www.reocities.com/neovedanta/list.html |date=2013-03-13 }}

* [http://www.anandamayi.org/books/Bithika2.htm Bithika Mukerji , ''Neo-Vedanta and Modernity'']

* [http://www.dharmacentral.com/forum/content.php?126-Critique-of-Neo-Hinduism DharmaCentral.com, ''A Devastating Critique of Neo-Hinduism ''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100930022113/http://www.dharmacentral.com/forum/content.php?126-Critique-of-Neo-Hinduism |date=2010-09-30 }}