Kepangeranan Hungaria: Perbedaan antara revisi

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Baris 1:
{{Infobox former country
|native_name = ''Magyar Nagyfejedelemség''
|conventional_long_name = Kepangeranan HongariaHungaria
|common_name = Gyula/Kende HongariaHungaria
 
|continent = Eropa
|region = Eropa Tengah
|country = HongariaHungaria
|era = Abad pertengahan
|status = Konfederasi
Baris 17:
|event_start = <!--- Default: "Established" --->
|date_start = Sekitar tahun 895<span style="display: none;">
|event_end = Pemahkotaan [[István I dari HongariaHungaria|István I]]
|date_end = <br/>25 Desember 1000<br/>or 1 Januari 1001
 
|p1 = Moravia Raya
|image_p1 = [[FileBerkas:Coats of arms of None.svg|20px|alt=|link=Great Moravia]]
|p2 = Kepangeranan Pannonia Hilir
|image_p2 = [[FileBerkas:Coats of arms of None.svg|20px|alt=|link=Principality of Lower Pannonia]]
|p3 = Kadipaten Glad
|image_p3 = [[FileBerkas:Coats of arms of None.svg|20px|alt=|link=Duchy of Glad]]
|p4 = Kadipaten Menumorut
|image_p4 = [[FileBerkas:Coats of arms of None.svg|20px|alt=|link=Duchy of Menumorut]]
|p5 = Kadipaten Gelou
|image_p5 = [[FileBerkas:Coats of arms of None.svg|20px|alt=|link=Duchy of Gelou]]
|p6 = Kadipaten Salan
|image_p6 = [[FileBerkas:Coats of arms of None.svg|20px|alt=|link=Duchy of Salan]]
|p7 = Kekaisaran Bulgaria Pertama
|image_p7 = [[FileBerkas:Coat of Arms of the Bulgarian Empire.PNG|20px|alt=|link=First Bulgarian Empire]]
 
|s1 = Kerajaan HongariaHungaria (1000–1301)
|image_s1 = [[FileBerkas:Flag of Stephen I of Hungary.svg|20px|alt=|link=Kingdom of Hungary (1000–1301)]]
 
|image_flag = Flag of Hungary (895-1000).svg
|flag = Bendera HongariaHungaria
|flag_border = no
|image_coat = Coat of Arms of Hungary (895-1000).svg
|symbol = Lambang HongariaHungaria
|image_map = Europe map 998.PNG
|image_map_caption = Eropa pada akhir abad ke-10
|capital = [[Esztergom]] dan [[Székesfehérvár]] (dari masa kekuasaan Taksony dan Géza)
|religion = [[Mitologi HongariaHungaria|Paganisme HongariaHungaria]]<br>[[Tengrisme]]<br>[[Shamanisme]]<br>[[Mitologi Slavia|Paganisme Slavia]]<br>[[Kekristenan]]
 
|footnotes = <!--- Accepts wikilinks --->
Baris 52:
|title_leader = [[Kende]]
|leader1 = [[Kurszán]] (''?''–sekitar tahun 904)
|title_deputy = [[Pangeran Agung HongariaHungaria|Pangeran Agung]]<br><small>(''[[gyula (gelar)|gyula]]'')</small>
|deputy1 = [[Árpád]] (sekitar tahun 895–sekitar tahun 907)
|deputy2 = [[Zoltán dari HongariaHungaria|Zoltán]] (sekitar tahun 907–sekitar tahun 947)
|deputy3 = [[Fajsz]] (sekitar tahun 947–sekitar tahun 955)
|deputy4 = [[Taksony dari HongariaHungaria|Taksony]] (sekitar tahun 955–sekitar tahun 972)
|deputy5 = [[Géza, Pangeran Agung HongariaHungaria|Géza]] (sekitar tahun 972–997)
|deputy6 = [[István I dari HongariaHungaria|István]] (997–1000)
 
|today = {{HUN}}<br>{{ROM}}<br>{{SVK}}
}}
'''Kepangeranan HongariaHungaria'''<ref name='Bauer'>S. Wise Bauer, [https://books.google.com/books?id=1u2oP2RihIgC&pg=PA586 The history of the medieval world: from the conversion of Constantine to the First Crusade], W. W. Norton & Company, 2010, hlm. 586</ref><ref name='Hodos'>George H. Hodos, [https://books.google.com/books?id=Bz7aKaJNfokC&pg=PA19 The East-Central European region: an historical outline], Greenwood Publishing Group, 1999, hlm. 19</ref><ref name="Council of Europe">Alfried Wieczorek, Hans-Martin Hinz, Council of Europe. Art Exhibition, [https://books.google.com/books?ei=1ZxjTrfYDo-N-waQuoWUCg&ct=result&id=B5XpAAAAMAAJ&dq=Europe%27s+centre+around+AD+1000%2C+Volume+1&q=principality+of+Hungary#search_anchor Europe's centre around AD 1000, Volume 1], Volume 1, Theiss, 2000, hlm. 363-372</ref><ref>Ferenc Glatz, Magyar Történelmi Társulat, [https://books.google.com/books?id=mP63AAAAIAAJ&q=%22Hungarian+principality%22+10th&dq=%22Hungarian+principality%22+10th&hl=en&ei=kcdnTs2gBMySOt72wL4L&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=7&ved=0CD0Q6AEwBg Etudes historiques hongroises 1990: Environment and society in Hungary], Institute of History of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 1990, hlm. 10</ref><ref name='University of József Attila'>[https://books.google.com/books?id=94JmAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Hungarian+principality%22+10th&dq=%22Hungarian+principality%22+10th&hl=en&ei=kcdnTs2gBMySOt72wL4L&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CDoQ6AEwBQ Acta historica, Volumes 105-110], József Attila Tudom. Bölcs. Kar, 1998, hlm. 28</ref><ref name='Bartha'>Antal Bartha, [https://books.google.com/books?ei=BFNlTuWcOc2N-walwp2aCg&ct=result&id=iX_RAAAAMAAJ&dq=Geza+principality&q=%22Hungarian+Principality%22#search_anchor Hungarian society in the 9th and 10th centuries], Akadémiai Kiadó, 1975, hlm. 53-84, {{ISBN|978-963-05-0308-2}}</ref><ref>Oksana Buranbaeva, Vanja Mladineo, [https://books.google.com/books?id=WK_130Hqbr4C&pg=PA19 Culture and Customs of Hungary], ABC-CLIO, 2011, hlm. 19</ref> atau '''Kadipaten HongariaHungaria'''<ref>Colin Davies, [https://books.google.com/books?id=N3rxAAAAMAAJ&q=%22duchy+of+Hungary%22&dq=%22duchy+of+Hungary%22&hl=en&ei=H5ZrTpidC9K78gOq2o0j&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=10&ved=0CFUQ6AEwCQ The emergence of Western society: European history A.D. 300-1200], Macmillan, 1969, hlm. 181</ref><ref>Jennifer Lawler, [https://books.google.com/books?id=AywZAQAAIAAJ&q=%22Duchy+of+Hungary%22&dq=%22Duchy+of+Hungary%22&hl=en&ei=zqBrTsCUBZCVOrf6-OIF&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CDgQ6AEwAw Encyclopedia of the Byzantine Empire], McFarland & Co., 2004, hlm. 13</ref> ({{lang-hu|Magyar Nagyfejedelemség}}: "Kepangeranan Agung HongariaHungaria")<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=IJvyAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Magyar+Nagyfejedelems%C3%A9g%22&dq=%22Magyar+Nagyfejedelems%C3%A9g%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=CaelT_KIKYXJ0QXCltniAw&ved=0CDQQ6AEwAA Hadtörténelmi közlemények, Volume 114] , Hadtörténeti Intézet és Múzeum, 2001, hlm. 131</ref> adalah negara [[bangsa HongariaHungaria|HongariaHungaria]] pertama di [[Cekungan Carpathia]] yang didirikan sekitar tahun 895 atau 896<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?ei=tStpTtngEoaq-gaTmfzsCw&ct=result&id=LINUAAAAMAAJ&dq=Hungarian+state+895&q=%22state+began%22#search_anchor The encyclopedia Americana, Volume 14], Grolier Incorporated, 2002, p. 581</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?ei=wSxpTrquNcmi-gbEodXjCw&ct=result&id=igzYAAAAMAAJ&dq=Hungarian+state+895&q=%22in+895%22#search_anchor Encyclopedia Americana, Volume 1], Scholastic Library Pub., 2006, hlm. 581</ref><ref name='Komzsik'/><ref name='Acta orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae'/><ref>Zahava Szász Stessel, [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZkGeCGGaGnsC&pg=PA47 Wine and thorns in Tokay Valley: Jewish life in Hungary : the history of Abaújszántó], Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press, 1995, hlm. 47</ref> setelah [[penaklukan Cekungan Carpathia oleh HongariaHungaria]] pada abad ke-9.
 
Orang HongariaHungaria pada awalnya adalah suku-suku semi-nomaden yang membentuk [[suku-suku Magyar|persekutuan antar suku]].<ref name='Komzsik'>Louis Komzsik, [https://books.google.com/books?id=zeM462SXveAC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Cycles+of+Time:+From+Infinity+to+Eternity+By+Louis+Komzsik&hl=en&ei=eiZpToC-OILu-gaV6ZzvCw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAA#v=snippet&q=%22formal%20Hungarian%20state%22&f=false Cycles of Time: From Infinity to Eternity], Trafford Publishing, 2011 hlm. 54</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=HQIrAI_e5eQC&pg=PA79 Peter Linehan, Janet Laughland Nelson. 2001. hlm. 79]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=AOyJtA0dYVUC&pg=PA103&dq=%22hungarian+tribal+alliance%22&hl=sk&ei=BiyATu2mAczQ4QTZx8nHDg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CDsQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=%22hungarian%20tribal%20alliance%22&f=false Anatoly Michailovich Khazanov,André Wink. 2001. hlm. 103]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=fspnAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Hungarian+tribal+alliance%22&dq=%22Hungarian+tribal+alliance%22&hl=sk&ei=uTJ7ToPeM4G6-Aabm5Es&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAQ Lendvai. 2003. hlm. 15]</ref> Persekutuan ini dipimpin oleh [[Árpád]] dan mereka datang dari wilayah [[Etelköz]] di sebelah timur Pegunungan Carpathia.<ref name='Lendvai'>Paul Lendvai, [https://books.google.com/books?id=UtIr97n3tP0C&pg=PA533 The Hungarians: a thousand years of victory in defeat], C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, 2003, hlm. 15-29, hlm. 533</ref>
 
Pada periode ini, kekuatan [[Pangeran Agung HongariaHungaria]] sedang melemah meskipun bangsa HongariaHungaria telah berhasil melakukan penjarahan di Eropa. Wilayah-wilayah suku-suku yang dipimpin oleh pemimpin perang HongariaHungaria (atau kepala suku) menjadi entitas-entitas semi-independen (contohnya adalah wilayah [[Gyula III|Gyula yang Muda]] di Transilvania). Wilayah-wilayah ini baru disatukan kembali pada masa kekuasaan [[István I dari HongariaHungaria|Santo István]]. Orang-orang HongariaHungaria yang pada awalnya merupakan kelompok semi-nomaden mulai menetap dan masyarakat kesukuan berubah menjadi masyarakat kenegaraan. Semenjak pertengahan kedua abad ke-10, agama [[Kristen]] mulai menyebar di HongariaHungaria. Kepangeranan ini digantikan oleh [[Kerajaan HongariaHungaria|Kerajaan Kristen HongariaHungaria]] setelah dimahkotainya [[István I dari HongariaHungaria|István I]] sebagai Raja di [[Esztergom]] pada [[Hari Natal]] tahun 1000 (tanggal alternatif adalah 1 Januari 1001).<ref>University of British Columbia. Committee for Medieval Studies, [https://books.google.com/books?id=xV7xAAAAMAAJ&q=Christmas+Day+1000+Coronation&dq=Christmas+Day+1000+Coronation&hl=en&sa=X&ei=fK2RT-aHGJLU8QO2872vBA&ved=0CEAQ6AEwATgK Studies in medieval and renaissance history], Committee for Medieval Studies, University of British Columbia, 1980, hlm. 159</ref><ref name='"Sugar-Hanak'">Peter F. Sugar,Péter Hanák [https://books.google.com/books?id=SKwmGQCT0MAC&printsec=frontcover&dq=hungary+history&hl=sk&sa=X&ei=T1yRT6PBEKn04QSo4p3wAw&ved=0CDsQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=hungary%20history&f=false] A History of Hungary, Indiana University Press, 1994, hlm. 12-17</ref><ref>Pál Engel, Tamás Pálosfalvi, Andrew Ayton, [https://books.google.com/books?id=vEJNBqanT_8C&pg=PA27&dq=coronation+of+st+stephen+1000+1001&hl=en&sa=X&ei=ycyRT8WiO8P80QXA7dj7AQ&ved=0CF4Q6AEwBg#v=onepage&q&f=false The Realm of St. Stephen: A History of Medieval Hungary, 895-1526], .B.Tauris, 2005, hlm. 27</ref>
 
Menurut [[historiografi]] HongariaHungaria, periode dari tahun 896 hingga 1000 disebut ''"zaman kepangeranan"''.<ref name='Acta orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae'>[https://books.google.com/books?id=kNkTAQAAMAAJ&q=%22age+of+principality%22+Arpad&dq=%22age+of+principality%22+Arpad&hl=en&ei=69eOTrrGB4qb0QWhh8EU&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CDMQ6AEwAQ Acta orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, Volume 36] Magyar Tudományos Akadémia (Hungarian Academy of Sciences), 1982, hlm. 419</ref>
 
== Catatan kaki ==
{{Reflist}}
 
[[Kategori:Sejarah HongariaHungaria]]
{{sejarah-stub}}
[[Kategori:Sejarah Hongaria]]