Third World Approaches to International Law: Perbedaan antara revisi

'''Third World Approaches to International Law''' (TWAIL) adalah mazhab kritis dari [[teori hukum internasional]]<ref name="O. Okafor, 2005 p. 177">O. Okafor, (2005). “Newness, Imperialism, and International Legal Reform in Our Time: A TWAIL Perspective”, Osgoode Hall Law Journal 43(1 & 2), p. 177</ref> dan gerakan intelektual dan politik.<ref name="M. Mutua, 2000 pp.31-40">M. Mutua, (2000) “What is TWAIL?”, Proceedings of the 94th Annual Meeting of the American Society of International Law: pp.31-40, p. 38</ref> TWAIL adalah "penolakan dialektik besar-besaran terhadap hukum internasional”<ref name="M. Mutua, pp.31-40">M. Mutua, (2000) “What is TWAIL?”, Proceedings of the 94th Annual Meeting of the American Society of International Law: pp.31-40, p. 31</ref> yang menganggap hukum internasional melanjutkan eksploitasi [[Dunia Ketiga]] melalui subordinasi ke negara-negara Barat. Para pakar TWAIL (disebut TWAIL-ers<ref>L. Eslava, and S. Pahuja, (2011). “Between Resistance and Reform: TWAIL and the Universality of International Law”, Trade, Law and Development 3(1), p. 26</ref>) berusaha mengubah aspek-aspek penindasan dalam hukum internasional<ref name="M. Mutua, 2000 pp.31-40"/> dengan meninjau ulang dasar-dasar kolonial dalam hukum internasional.<ref name="M. Mutua, 2000 pp.31-40"/>

=== Generasi I ===

TWAIL terinspirasi oleh gerakan dekolonisasi yang terjadi setelah [[Perang Dunia II]]<ref name="M. Mutua, pp.31-40"/> di [[Amerika Latin]], Afrika, dan Asia.<ref name="O. Okafor, 2005 p. 177"/> [[Konferensi Asia Afrika]] yang diselenggarakan di [[Bandung]], [[Indonesia]], tahun 1955<ref name="M. Mutua, pp.31-40"/> diakui sebagai tempat kelahiran TWAIL karena kala itu negara-negara Afrika dan Asia bersatu untuk menyelesaikan permasalahan Dunia Ketiga. TWAIL tampil untuk menunjukkan persoalan material dan [[Etika|etis]] serta kesulitan yang dihadapi Dunia Ketiga.<ref>B.S. Chimni (2006) “Third World Approaches to international Law: Manifesto”, International Community Law Review 8: pp. 3-27, p. 4</ref>

* TWAIL I – [[Harvard Law School]], 1997

* TWAIL II – [[Osgoode Hall Law School]], 2001

* TWAIL III – [[Albany Law School]], 2007

* TWAIL IV – [[University of British Columbia]], 2008

* TWAIL V – [[University of Oregon Law School]], 2011

* TWAIL VI - [[American University in Cairo]], 2015<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.internationallawobserver.eu/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/TWAIL-Cairo-2015-Call-for-Papers.pdf |title=Salinan arsip |access-date=2015-10-24 |archive-date=2015-09-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924035538/http://www.internationallawobserver.eu/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/TWAIL-Cairo-2015-Call-for-Papers.pdf |dead-url=yes }}</ref>

* Membangun pemahaman tentang bagaimana [[hukum internasional]] melanjutkan subordinasi bangsa non-Eropa ke bangsa Eropa melalui [[norma hukum]] internasional.<ref name="M. Mutua, pp.31-40"/>

* Menciptakan kesempatan partisipasi [[Dunia Ketiga]] dalam hukum internasional.<ref name="T. Gathii 2011 pp. 26-48">J. T. Gathii (2011) “TWAIL: A Brief History of its Origins, its Decentralized Network and a Tentative Bibliography”, Trade, Law and Development, 3 (1): pp. 26-48, p. 8-9</ref><ref name="K. Mickelson, 2008 p. 357">K. Mickelson, (2008) “Taking Stock of TWAIL Histories”, 10 INT. COMMUNITY L. REV. 355 p. 357</ref>

* Mengusulkan mekanisme hukum internasional alternatif yang berdiri bersama kritikus pendekatan neoliberal terhadap hukum internasional.<ref>B.S. Chimni (2006) “Third World Approaches to international Law: Manifesto”, International Community Law Review 8: pp. 3-27, p. 22</ref>

* Memberantas kemiskinan di Dunia Ketiga lewat pendidikan, kebijakan, dan politik.<ref>M. Mutua, (2000) “What is TWAIL?”, Proceedings of the 94th Annual Meeting of the American Society of International Law: pp.31-40, p.31</ref>

* Memahami dan melibatkan pendidikan Dunia Ketiga dalam analisis hukum internasional.<ref name="T. Gathii 2011 pp. 26-48"/><ref name="K. Mickelson, 2008 p. 357"/>

* [[Dekolonisasi]]

* http://waynemorsecenter.uoregon.edu/conferences-symposia/twail/twail-primer/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150620011811/http://waynemorsecenter.uoregon.edu/conferences-symposia/twail/twail-primer/ |date=2015-06-20 }}

* A. Anghie; B.S. Chimni (2003) ''“Third World Approaches to International Law and Individual Responsibility in Internal Conflicts”'', Chinese Journal of International Law 2(1): pp.&nbsp;77–103.

* B.S. Chimni (2006) ''“Third World Approaches to international Law: Manifesto”'', International Community Law Review 8: pp.&nbsp;3–27.

* [http://www.tradelawdevelopment.com/index.php/tld/issue/view/3%281%29%20TL%26D%202011/showToc B.S. Chimni (ed.) (2011) ''Third World Approaches to International Law'', 3:1 Trade, Law and Development.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304032812/http://www.tradelawdevelopment.com/index.php/tld/issue/view/3%281%29%20TL%26D%202011/showToc |date=2016-03-04 }}

* D.P. Fidler, (2003) ''“Revolt Against or From Within the West? TWAIL, the Developing World, and the Future Direction of International Law”'', 2(1) Chinese Journal of International Law 29.

* H. Richardson III, (2003) ''“U.S. Hegemony, Race and Oil in Deciding United Nations Security Council Resolution 1441 on Iraq”'', 17 TEMP. INT’L & COMP. L.J. 27.

* J. Alvarez, (2003) ''“Hegemonic International Law Revisited”'', 97 AM. J. INT’L L. 881 Hereinafter: Alvarez Hegemonic IL.

* [http://opiniojuris.org/2010/09/28/my-summer-vacation-part-iii-revisiting-twail-in-paris/ J. Alvarez, (2010) ''“My Summer Vacation Part II: Revisiting TWAIL in Paris”''.]

* J. T. Gathii (2011) ''“TWAIL: A Brief History of its Origins, its Decentralized Network and a Tentative Bibliography”'', Trade, Law and Development, 3 (1): pp.&nbsp;26–48.

* K. Mickelson, (2008) ''“Taking Stock of TWAIL Histories”'', 10 INT. COMMUNITY L. REV. 355.

* L. Eslava, and S. Pahuja, (2011). ''“Between Resistance and Reform: TWAIL and the Universality of International Law”'', Trade, Law and Development 3(1).

* M. Mutua, (2000) ''“What is TWAIL?”'', Proceedings of the 94th Annual Meeting of the American Society of International Law: pp.&nbsp;31–40.

* M.W. Janis, (1983) ''“Towards a New International Order by Mohammed Bedjaoui”'', 6 B.C. INT’L & COMP. L. REV. 355.

* O. Okafor, (2005). ''“Newness, Imperialism, and International Legal Reform in Our Time: A TWAIL Perspective”'', Osgoode Hall Law Journal 43(1 & 2).

* M. Fakhri, (2012). ''"Questioning TWAIL's Agenda"'', 14:1 Oregon Review of International Law 1.