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Baris 10: \|birth_place=[[Damaskus]] \|death_place=[[Mar Saba]], [[Yerusalem]] \|titles=[[~~Doktor~~Pujangga Gereja]] \|beatified_date= \|beatified_place= Baris 25: \|prayer_attrib= }} '''Santo Yohanes dari Damaskus''' ([[Bahasa Arab]]: '''يوحنا الدمشقي''' Yuḥannā Al ~~Demashqi~~Dimasyqi; [[Bahasa Yunani]]: Ιωάννης Δαμασκήνος/Iôannês Damaskênos; [[Bahasa Latin]]: ''Iohannes Damascenus'' atau ''Johannes Damascenus'' juga dikenal sebagai ''John Damascene, Χρυσορρόας/Chrysorrhoas,'' "mengalir dengan emas"—yaitu, "Sang Pembicara yang Keemasan") (c. 676 – 4 Desember 4 749) adalah seorang biarawan dan imam [[Gereja-Gereja Ortodoks Oriental\|Gereja ~~Katolik~~Orthodox]] yang berasal dari [[Syria]]. Ia lahir dan dibesarkan di kota [[Damaskus]] dan meninggal (kemungkinan terbesarnya) di biaranya Mar Saba, sebelah tenggara kota [[Yerusalem]]. Ia adalah seorang yang memiliki pengetahuan mendalam ~~dalaam~~dalam banyak bidang. Bidang-bidang yang ia memiliki ketertarikan dan pernah memberikan kontribusi antara lain bidang hukum, teologi, filosofi dan musik. Ia adalah kepala administrasi penguasa Damaskus, menulis karya-karya yang menguraikan secara terperinci iman Kristiani, dan menggubah himne-himne yang masih digunakan secara umum di biara-biara [[Kekristenan Timur\|Kristen Timur]] di seluruh dunia. Ia adalah seorang ~~Doktor~~Pujangga Gereja, ~~seringkali~~sering kali dirujuk sebagai ''Doktor Pengangkatan Tubuh dan Jiwa'' atas dasar tulisan-tulisannya mengenai [[Maria Diangkat ke Surga]].<ref> Christopher Rengers ''The 33 Doctors Of The Church'' Tan Books & Publishers, 200, ISBN 0-89555-440-2</ref> <!-- ==Biography== Baris 39 ⟶ 40: ===Succession to Chief Councilor=== In spite of his [[Christianity\|Christian]] background, his family held an important hereditary public office in the court of the [[Muslim]] rulers of [[Damascus]], the [[Umayyad]]s. John of Damascus succeeded his father in his position upon his death: he was appointed ''protosymbullus'', or Chief Councilor of [[Damascus]]. It was during his term in office that [[Iconoclasm (Byzantine)\|iconoclasm]], a movement seeking to prohibit the veneration of the icons, first appeared and gained acceptance in the [[Byzantine]] court. In 726, in disregard of the protests of [[Patriarch Germanus I of Constantinople\|St. Germanus]], [[List of Ecumenical Patriarchs of Constantinople\|Patriarch of Constantinople]], Emperor [[Leo III the Isaurian\|Leo III]] issued his first edict against the [[veneration]] of images and their exhibition in public places. A talented writer in the secure surroundings of the caliph's court, John of Damascus initiated his defense against the emperor in three ''"Apologetic Treatises against those Decrying the Holy Images"'', the earliest of his works, which gained him a reputation. Not only did he attack the emperor, but the use of a simpler literary style brought the controversy to the common people, inciting revolt among those of [[Christianity\|Christian]] faith. His writings later played an important role during the [[Second Council of Nicaea]] which met to settle the icon dispute. Unable to punish the writer openly, Leo III managed to acquire a manuscript written and signed by John of Damascus, which he used to forge a letter from John to the [[Isauria\|~~isaurian~~ Isaurian]] emperor offering to betray into his hands the city of [[Damascus]]. Despite John's earnest advocation to his innocence, the [[caliph]] dismissed his plea, discharged him from his post, and ordered his right hand, which he used for writing, to be cut off by the wrist. According to the 10th-century biography, his hand was miraculously restored after fervent prayer before an icon of [[the Virgin Mary]]. At this point the [[caliph]] is said to have been convinced of his innocence and inclined to reinstate him in his former office. However, John then retired to the [[monasticism\|monastery]] of [[Mar Saba\|Saint Sabas]] near [[Jerusalem]], where he continued to produce a series of commentaries, hymns and apologetic writings, including the ''"Octoechos"'' (the Church's service book of eight tones) and ''An Exact Exposition of the Orthodox Faith'', a summary of the dogmatic writings of the Early Church Fathers. Baris 54 ⟶ 55: </ref> --> == Daftar karya ==▼ [[Berkas:Ioannis Damasceni Opera.tif\|jmpl\|Ioannis Damasceni Opera, 1603]] ▲== Daftar karya == ~~[[Berkas:St john damascus.gif\|thumb\|right\|Ikon Yunani Yohanes dari Damaskus]]~~ === Karya awal === * Tiga ''"Risalah Apologetik menentang mereka yang mencela Gambar-gambar Suci"''; Risalah-risalah ini adalah beberapa di antara penjelasan-penjelasan terperinci awalnya sebagai tanggapan atas maklumat Kaisar [[Byzantium]] Leo III yang melarang penyembahan atau pemajangan gambar-gambar suci.<ref> * ''"St. John Damascene on Holy Images, Followed by Three Sermons on the Assumption"'' – Eng. transl. by Mary H. Allies, London, 1899. </ref>▼ ▲* Tiga ''"Risalah Apologetik menentang mereka yang mencela Gambar-gambar Suci"''; Risalah-risalah ini adalah beberapa di antara penjelasan-penjelasan terperinci awalnya sebagai tanggapan atas maklumat Kaisar [[Byzantium]] Leo III yang melarang penyembahan atau pemajangan gambar-gambar suci.<ref> * ''"St. John Damascene on Holy Images, Followed by Three Sermons on the Assumption"'' – Eng. transl. by Mary H. Allies, London, 1899. </ref> === Ajaran dan Karya Dogmatis === * ''"Sumber Air Pengetahuan"'' or ''"Sumber Air Kebijaksanaan"'', dibagi menjadi tiga bagian: # ''"Bab-bab Filosofis"'' ''(Kephalaia philosophika)'' – Umumnya dinamai 'Dialectic', sebagian besar membahas masalah logika, tujuan utamanya adalah untuk menyiapkan para pembaca supaya bisa mengerti lebih baik lagi dari isi buku ini. # ''"Mengenai Penyimpangan Terhadap Ajaran Gereja"'' ''(peri haireseon)'' – Bab terakhir bagian ini (Bab 101) membahas ~~[[Islam]] sebagai~~ ''Penyimpangan Kaum Ishmael dari Ajaran Gereja''. Berbeda dengan bab-bab sebelumnya yang membahas mengenai penyimpangan terhadap ajaran gereja yang biasanya hanya beberapa baris panjangnya, bab ini memakan tempat beberapa halaman dalam karya tulisnya ini. Dokumen ini menjadi salah satu karya tulis [[polemik]] Kristiani pertama menentang [[Islam]], dan yang pertama ditulis oleh seorang yang beragama Ortodoks Yunani/''Melkite''. Dialah yang mengatakan bahwa Islam mengajarkan anti [[Kristus]], dan merepresentasikan sang Nabi dalam Islam itu sebagai "Nabi palsu" kepada bangsa Barat. Dengan tulisan bantahan dari Kristiani Ortodoks itulah, itulah yang memengaruhi pandangan kalangan Gereja Kristen Barat terhadap Islam.<ref>[[Adian Husaini\|Husaini, Adian]] (2005). ''Wajah Peradaban Barat''. Hlm.xxx. [[Jakarta]]: Gema Insani Press. ISBN 979-561-992-6.</ref><ref>Sbaihat, Ahlam (2015), "Stereotypes associated with real prototypes of the prophet of Islam's name till the 19th century". Jordan Journal of Modern Languages and Literature Vol. 7, No. 1, 2015, pp. 21–38. http://journals.yu.edu.jo/jjmll/Issues/vol7no12015/Nom2.pdf</ref> # ''"Sebuah Penjelasan Terperinci yang Tepat mengenai Iman Ortodoks"'' ''(Ekdosis akribes tes orthodoxou pisteos)'' – Bagian ketiga buku ini dikenal sebagai bagian yang paling penting dari ''John de Damascene'', dan merupakan sebuah peninggalan Kristiani yang sangat berharga. ''"Paralel-paralel suci"'' == Referensi == {{reflist}} == Pranala luar == * [http://www.christianitytoday.com/history/special/131christians/johndamascus.html 131 Christians Everyone Should Know- John of Damascus] * [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08459b.htm ''Catholic Encyclopedia'': St. John Damascene] Baris 80 ⟶ 77: * [http://www.catholic.org/saints/saint.php?saint_id=66 Catholic Online Saints] * [http://www.ccel.org/s/schaff/encyc/encyc06/htm/iii.lvii.lxii.htm Details of his work] * [~~http~~https://web.archive.org/web/20060215033400/http://www.geocities.com/hashanayobel/christwrit/otherfathers.htm Excerpt from John Damascene] * [http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/johndamascus-images.html "Apologia Against Those Who Decry Holy Images" at the Internet Medieval Sourcebook] * [http://www.theandros.com/jdamasc.html A Philosophical Explanation of Hypostatical Union in John Damascene's Fount of Knowledge] * [http://www.theandros.com/unbounded.html The Concept of Unbounded and Evil Matter in Plotinus and John Damascenus] * {{gutenberg author\| id=John+of+Damascus+Saint+circa \| name=John of Damascus}} * [http://www.orthodoxinfo.com/general/stjohn_islam.aspx "St. John of Damascus' Critique of Islam"] at the Orthodox Christian Information Center * [http://www.documentacatholicaomnia.eu/20_30_0675-0749-_Iohannes_Damascenus,_Sanctus.html Greek ''Opera Omnia'' by Migne, ''Patrologia Graeca'' with Alaytical Indexes] * [http://ocafs.oca.org/FeastSaintsViewer.asp?SID=4&ID=1&FSID=103473 Martyr John of Damascus] Orthodox [[icon]] and [[synaxarion]] {{~~Doktor~~Pujangga Gereja}} {{lifetime\|676\|749}} [[Kategori:~~Santo~~Orang ~~dan Santa~~kudus]] [[Kategori:Bapa Gereja]] [[Kategori:~~Doktor~~Pujangga Gereja]]