Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo: Perbedaan antara revisi

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{{Spanish name|Nguema|Mbasogo}}
{{Infobox President
{{Infobox Officeholder
| name=Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo
|name = Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo
| image=
|image = Teodoro Obiang detail, 1650FRP051.jpg
| order=[[Presiden Guinea Khatulistiwa]] ke-2
|office = [[Presiden Guinea Khatulistiwa]]
| term_start= [[3 Agustus]] [[1979]]
|primeminister = [[Cristino Seriche Bioko]]<br>[[Silvestre Siale Bileka]]<br>[[Ángel Serafín Seriche Dougan]]<br>[[Cándido Muatetema Rivas]]<br>[[Miguel Abia Biteo Boricó]]<br>[[Ricardo Mangue Obama Nfubea]]<br>[[Ignacio Milam Tang]]<br>[[Vicente Ehate Tomi]]<br>[[Francisco Pascual Obama Asue]]
| term_end=Sekarang
|term_start = 3 Agustus 1979
| predecessor= [[Francisco Macías Nguema]]
|term_end =
| successor= ''Sedang Menjabat''
|predecessor = [[Francisco Macías Nguema]]
| birth_date= {{birth date and age|1942|6|5}}
|successor =
| birth_place= Acoacán, [[Guinea Spanyol]]
|office1 = [[Ketua Uni Afrika]]
| spouse= Constancia Mangue de Obiang
|term_start1 = 31 Januari 2011
| party= [[Partai Demokrat Guinea Khatulistiwa]]
|term_end1 = 29 Januari 2012
|predecessor1 = [[Bingu wa Mutharika]]
|successor1 = [[Yayi Boni]]
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|1942|6|6|df=y}}
|birth_place = [[Acoacán]], [[Guinea Spanyol]]<br><small>(kini [[Guinea Khatulistiwa]])</small>
|death_date =
|death_place =
|party = [[Partai Demokratik Guinea Khatulistiwa|PDGE]]
|spouse = Constancia Mangue
|children = [[Teodoro Nguema Obiang Mangue|Teodoro]]
|religion = [[Katolik Roma]]
}}
'''Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo''' ({{lahirmati||5|6|1942}}) adalah seorang politikus [[Guinea Khatulistiwa]] yang menjabat sebagai [[Presiden Guinea Khatulistiwa]] sejak tahun 1979. Dia menggulingkan pamannya, [[diktator]] [[Francisco Macías Nguema]], dalam sebuah kudeta militer pada Agustus 1979 dan telah mengawasi munculnya Guinea Khatulistiwa sebagai produsen [[minyak]] terpenting, pada awal 1990an. Obiang adalah [[Ketua Uni Afrika|Ketua]] [[Uni Afrika]] dari 31 Januari 2011 hingga 29 Januari 2012. Saat ini, ia memecahkan rekor sebagai presiden petahana dengan masa jabatan terlama di dunia.
 
Obiang adalah pemimpin terlama di [[Afrika]] yang telah berkuasa selama tiga dekade, serta merupakan pemimpin non-monarki kedua di dunia dengan masa jabatan terpanjang setelah [[Fidel Castro]].<ref name="The Five Worst Leaders In Africa">"[http://www.forbes.com/sites/mfonobongnsehe/2012/02/09/the-five-worst-leaders-in-africa/ The Five Worst Leaders In Africa]". ''[[Forbes]]''. 9 Februari 2012.</ref> Guinea Khatulistiwa adalah salah satu produsen minyak terbesar di benua itu, tetapi peringkat mereka sangat buruk dalam [[indeks pembangunan manusia]] [[PBB]], sebagian besar rakyat Guinea Khatulistiwa tidak memiliki akses terhadap air minum bersih.<ref name="The Five Worst Leaders In Africa"/>
'''Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo''' (lahir [[5 Juni]] [[1942]]) adalah [[Presiden Guinea Khatulistiwa|Presiden]] [[Guinea Khatulistiwa]] sejak [[1979]].
 
== Awal kehidupan ==
Lahir dari klan Esangui di [[Acoacán]], Obiang bergabung dengan militer selama masa kolonial dan <!--and attended the [[General Military Academy of Zaragoza|Generalissimo Francisco Franco Military Academy]] in [[Zaragoza]], [[Spain]]. He achieved the rank of lieutenant upon his uncle [[Francisco Macías Nguema]]'s election.
Lahir dalam klan Esangui di [[Acoacán]], Obiang bergabung dengan militer selama masa kolonial, dan mengikuti [[Akademi Militer]] di [[Zaragoza]], [[Spanyol]]. Dia mencapai pangkat letnan setelah pamannya, [[Francisco Macías Nguema]], terpilih sebagai presiden pertama negara itu. Dibawah pemerintahan Macías, Obiang memegang berbagai jabatan, termasuk menjadi gubernur [[Bioko]] dan pemimpin [[Militer Guinea Khatulistiwa|Garda Nasional]].<ref name=Pariah>{{cite web |title=The Pariah President: Teodoro Obiang is a brutal dictator responsible for thousands of deaths. So why is he treated like an elder statesman on the world stage? |first=Dan |last=Gardner |date=6 November 2005 |publisher=The Ottawa Citizen (reprint: dangardner.ca) |url=http://www.dangardner.ca/Featnov605.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080612161320/http://www.dangardner.ca/Featnov605.html |archivedate=2008-06-12 |access-date=2013-10-12 |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Ia juga adalah kepala penjara ''Black Beach'', yang terkenal karena menundukkan narapidana dengan penyiksaan yang berat.<ref name=Spiegel/>
 
== Masa kepresidenan ==
==Under Macías==
Obiang menggulingkan pamannya, [[Francisco Macías Nguema]], pada sebuah [[kudeta]] berdarah tanggal 3 Agustus 1979.<ref name=Pariah/> Macías diadili karena aktivitasnya selama dekade sebelumnya dan dijatuhi hukuman mati. Kegiatannya adalah telah termasuk melakukan [[genosida]] terhadap masyarakat [[Bubi]]. Dia dieksekusi pada 29 September 1979 oleh regu tembak.<ref>"When Macias was duly sentenced to death 101 times, a new Moroccan presidential guard had to form the firing squad, because local soldiers feared his alleged magical powers." Bloomfield, Steve (13 May 2007) [http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/teodoro-obiang-nguema-a-brutal-bizarre-jailer-448575.html "Teodoro Obiang Nguema: A brutal, bizarre jailer"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081219113546/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/teodoro-obiang-nguema-a-brutal-bizarre-jailer-448575.html |date=2008-12-19 }} ''The Independent'', diakses 21 Oktober 2010</ref>
Obiang was shuffled through various jobs, including governor of [[Bioko]], head of the infamous Black Beach prison, and as leader of the [[Military of Equatorial Guinea|National Guard]]. He deposed his uncle on [[August 3]], [[1979]] in a violent [[coup d'état]], supported by 600 mercenaries licenced from [[Hassan II of Morocco]].
 
Obiang menyatakan bahwa pemerintah baru akan membuat sebuah awalan baru dari rezim brutal dan represif Macías. Dia memberikan amnesti kepada [[tahanan politik]] dan mengakhiri sistem kerja paksa rezim sebelumnya. Namun, hampir tidak ada yang menyebutkan tentang perannya sendiri dalam kekejaman pemerintahan pamannya.<ref name=Pariah/>
Obiang declared that the new government would bring a fresh start from the repressive measures taken by his uncle's administration. He inherited a country with an empty treasury and a population that had dropped to a third of its 1968 level, when about the 50% of the former 1,2million inhabitants moved to Spain or the neighbouring countries. He formally assumed the presidency in [[October]] [[1979]], after the mercenaries had killed the previous president.
 
=== Konstitusi baru ===
A new constitution was adopted in 1982; at the same time, Obiang was elected to a seven-year term as president. He was reelected in 1989 as the only candidate.
Sebuah konstitusi baru diadopsi pada tahun 1982. Pada saat yang sama, Obiang terpilih untuk masa jabatan tujuh tahun sebagai presiden, ia adalah satu-satunya kandidat. Dia terpilih kembali pada tahun 1989, lagi-lagi sebagai satu-satunya kandidat. Setelah pihak lain diizinkan untuk menyelenggarakan pemilu, tetap saja ia terpilih kembali pada tahun 1996 dan 2002 dengan 98 persen suara<ref>Bloomfield, Steve (13 May 2007) [http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/teodoro-obiang-nguema-a-brutal-bizarre-jailer-448575.html "Teodoro Obiang Nguema: A brutal, bizarre jailer"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081219113546/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/teodoro-obiang-nguema-a-brutal-bizarre-jailer-448575.html |date=2008-12-19 }} ''The Independent''</ref> dalam pemilihan yang dikecam sebagai penipuan oleh pengamat internasional.<ref>United States Central Intelligence Agency (2009) ''CIA World Factbook 2010'' Skyhorse Pub Co Inc., New York, [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pqanFyF6nI0C&pg=PA214 page 214], ISBN 978-1-60239-727-9</ref> Pada tahun 2002, misalnya, setidaknya satu daerah pemilihan tercatat memberikan Obiang 103 persen suara.<ref name=Spiegel>{{cite news
|url = http://www.spiegel.de/international/spiegel/0,1518,434691,00.html
|title = Rich in Oil, Poor in Human Rights: Torture and Poverty in Equatorial Guinea
|author = Alexander Smoltczyk
|publisher = ''Der Spiegel''
|date = 2006-08-28
}}</ref>
 
Dia terpilih kembali untuk masa jabatan keempat pada 2009 dengan 97% suara, di tengah tuduhan penipuan dan intimidasi,<ref>Tran, Mark (30 November 2009) [http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/nov/30/president-equatorial-guinea-extends-rule "President Nguema of Equatorial Guinea on course to extend three-decade rule"] ''The Guardian''</ref> mengalahkan pemimpin oposisi [[Plácido Micó Abogo]].<ref>[http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=86&art_id=nw20091201123131144C604920 Nguema wins re-election]</ref>
==Presidency==
Most domestic and international observers consider his regime to be one of the most corrupt, ethnocentric, oppressive and anti-democratic states in the world. Equatorial Guinea is now essentially a single-party state, dominated by Obiang's [[Democratic Party of Equatorial Guinea]] (PDGE).
 
Meskipun pada awalnya pemerintahan Obiang dianggap lebih manusiawi daripada pamannya, tetapi ternyata menjadi lebih brutal selama bertahun-tahun. Kebanyakan pengamat domestik dan internasional menganggap rezim ini adalah salah satu yang paling korup, [[etnosentrisme|etnosentris]], menindas dan tidak demokratis di dunia. Guinea Khatulistiwa sekarang pada dasarnya adalah negara satu partai, yang didominasi oleh partai Obiang yang ironisnya bernama [[Partai Demokratik Guinea Khatulistiwa]] (PDGE). Meskipun partai-partai oposisi telah disahkan pada tahun 1992, 99 anggota parlemen dari 100 kursi yang tersedia diduduki oleh anggota PDGE, dan hanya ada sedikit oposisi terhadap keputusan presiden.
All but two members of the 100-seat national parliament belong to the PDGE or are aligned with it. The opposition is severely hampered by the lack of a free press as a vehicle for their views.
 
Pada November 2021, Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo diangkat dalam kongres partainya sebagai calon untuk masa jabatan keenam dalam pemilihan 2023.
Around 90% of all opposition politicians live in exile, 550 anti-Obiang activists have been jailed unfairly, and several killed since 1979. Obiang was re-elected in 1996 and 2002, but the conduct of both elections was not acceptable to international observers.
 
In July 2003, state-operated radio declared that the president is a [[God]] who is "in permanent contact with the Almighty" and can "kill anyone without being called to account", he personally made similar comments in 1993. Coincidentally, Macias Nguema had also been proclaimed God.
 
Obiang has encouraged his [[cult of personality]] by ensuring that public speeches end in well-wishing for himself for well-wishing for the republic. Many important buildings have a presidential lodge, many towns and cities have streets commemorating Obiang's coup against his own uncle as well as there being a penchant among the population to wear clothes with his face printed on them.
 
In March 2004, Obiang announced that there was a complex plot to overthrow him that allegedly involved the intelligence services of the [[United States]], the [[United Kingdom]] and [[Spain]].
 
Shortly after 15 people were arrested in Equatorial Guinea in connection with a possible coup attempt, an airplane landed in [[Harare]], [[Zimbabwe]], and was promptly detained by authorities.
 
The Zimbabwean government claimed that the aircraft was carrying armed white [[mercenary|mercenaries]] who were heading to Equatorial Guinea with the aim of toppling Obiang's government.
 
However, the American-based operator of the plane maintained that the men were en route to the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] to guard commercial mining interests for JFPI Corporation.
 
President Obiang charges that various Western governments wanted to install the head of Equatorial Guinea's government-in-exile, [[Severo Moto Nsá]], as president.
 
A man that Equatoguinean media identified as the leader of the mercenaries, [[Nick du Toit]], said he had not intended to kill Obiang, but had hoped to force him into exile.
 
Like his predecessor and other African dictators such as [[Idi Amin]] and [[Mobutu Sese Seko]], Obiang has assigned to himself several creative titles; '''the great major general Alifanfarón, gentleman of the great island of Bioko, Annobón and Río Muni''', as well as referring to himself as '''El Jefe''' (the boss).
 
In similar fashion to Amin, Obiang has also allowed rumours that he is a cannibal to circulate (see[[http://www.news24.com/News24/Africa/News/0,,2-11-1447_1496535,00.html]]).
 
President Obiang is the Vice President of the '''International Parliament for Safety and Peace''', an intergovernmental organization based in Italy (see [[http://www.parlamentomondiale.org]]).
 
===Succession===
Obiang is suffering from terminal [[prostate cancer]], amongst other illnesses, is reported to weigh as little as 50kg, and is said to be existing in agony (see [[http://www.afrol.com/articles/17227]]).
 
The issue of succession is dominating the country, with a political struggle within the Equatoguinean elite. Obiang wants his son [[Teodorín Nguema Obiang]], who reportedly lives a frequently irresponsible lifestyle. Someone with loyalty to the regime may be designated by the PDGE from within the Esangui clan. There is even a possibility that fully democratic rule will come to the country for the first time, but this is probably the most unlikely scenario.
 
In November 2005, Obiang held an important meeting with the PDGE, in which it was believed that he intended to create a position of [[vice president]] and fill that position with his son. His worsening medical condition demands he travel abroad twice a month, leaving the country more vulnerable to coups.
 
He is expected to hand over to his son in 2006 - a move opposed by the other main contender: [[Armengol Ondo Nguema]]. He also held a private meeting with [[Pope Benedict XVI]] in December 2005 (see http://www.cwnews.com/news/viewstory.cfm?recnum=41170]]). -->
 
== Referensi ==
*Ken Silverstein. "Oil Boom Enriches African Ruler: While the people of Equatorial Guinea live on a dollar a day, sources say their leader controls more than $300 million in a Washington bank." ''The [[Los Angeles Times]]'' ([[January 20]], [[2003]]).
 
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{{succession box|title=[[Presiden Guinea Khatulistiwa]]|before=[[Francisco Macías Nguema]]|after=''Masih Menjabat''|years=1979 – sekarang}}
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== Pranala luar ==
[[Kategori:Kelahiran 1942|Obiang Nguema Mbasogo, Teodoro]]
{{Commons category|Teodoro Obiang}}
[[Kategori:Politikus Guinea Khatulistiwa|Obiang Nguema Mbasogo, Teodoro]]
* [http://www.un.org/ga/63/generaldebate/equatorialguinea.shtml President Obiang's address to the 63rd session of the United Nations General Assembly], 25 September 2008
[[Kategori:Diktator|Obiang Nguema Mbasogo, Teodoro]]
* [http://www.ecaligiuri.com Honorary Consul for Equatorial Guinea]
* [http://www.slate.com/id/2193870 Who's Africa's Worst Dictator? Hint: It's probably not Robert Mugabe] [[Slate.com]]
* [http://www.spiegel.de/international/spiegel/0,1518,434691,00.html "Torture and Poverty in Equatorial Guinea"], Alexander Smoltczyk, ''[[Der Spiegel]]'', 28 Agustus 2006
* [http://www.democracynow.org/2011/6/23/amidst_poverty_and_human_rights_abuses Amidst Poverty, Equatorial Guinea Builds Lavish City to Host African Union] — oleh ''[[Democracy Now!]]''
 
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