Kerongsang Kelt: Perbedaan antara revisi

[[File:Brit Mus 17sept 016.jpg|thumb|left|Detail [[Kerongsang Londesborough]] (akhir abad ke-8 atau awal abad ke-9)]]

 

 

[[File:Brit Mus 13sept10 brooches etc 015-crop.jpg|thumb|[[Kerongsang Breadalbane]], Irlandia, abad ke-8, diubah dari bentuk penanuler semunya di Skotlandia pada abad ke-9.<ref>Youngs, 94–95</ref>]]

 

Teknik-teknik mencakup [[chip-carving]], cast "imitation chip-carving", [[filigree]], [[engraving]], inlays of various types including [[niello]], kaca dan email [[champlevé]], serta berbagai macam teknik tempa dan tatah: "the range of materials and techniques is almost the full range known to man."<ref>Youngs, 171–173, quote 171</ref> Two techniques that do not appear are the "true pierced openwork ''[[interasile]]'', much used in Byzantine jewellery",<ref>Youngs, 171–173</ref> and the [[cloisonné]] work that typified banyak perhiasan Eropa Barat, dan teristimewa fibula-fibula besar, at the time, whether in enamel or stone inlays like the garnets used so effectively at Sutton Hoo and in the Anglo-Saxon [[Khazanah Staffordshire]]. Pada kerongsang-kerongsang bersepuh emas, penggunaan email dibatasi pada studs that punctuate the composition like gems; the larger areas of champlevé found on the flared terminals of earlier types perhaps continue in simpler types, though dating is difficult.

 

 

Few of the major brooches, or indeed other metalwork, have been found in contexts that can be easily dated, and much of the dating of at least the earlier ones comes from comparison with naskah-[[naskah beriluminasi]] Insuler, though the dating of these is often itself far from certain. The Tara Brooch has long been recognised as having clear stylistic similarities to the [[Lindisfarne Gospels]], thought to date to about 698–715. Many of the similarities are to the [[halaman permadani]], highly detailed ornamental pages filled with decoration, which share with the brooch a certain ''[[Horror vacui (art)|horror vacui]]'' that leaves no area unembellished, and also complex decoration that is extremely small and perfectly executed, and best appreciated when seen at a larger than actual scale, whether in the original or in photographs. --> Kedua-duanya memadukan unsur-unsur dari pelbagai gagrak seni rupa yang membentuk gagrak seni rupa yang khas Insuler, yaitu gagrak seni rupa Kelt La Tène, [[gagrak satwa]] khas Jermani, serta gagrak klasik dan berbagai gagrak Mediterania lainnya.

File:St Ninian's Isle TreasureDSCF6202det.jpg|Ujung-ujung kerongsang berbentuk satwa bersemuka, [[Khazanah Pulau Santo Ninianus]]

File:Brit Mus 17sept 014-crop.jpg|Ujung-ujung berbonggol "menduri" pada kerongsang waga-waga

 

 

[[File:Roscrea Brooch.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.0|[[Kerongsang Roscrea]], abad ke-9, [[Museum Nasional Irlandia – Arkeologi|Museum Nasional Irlandia]]]]

The period is characterised by a greatly increased availability of silver, presumably the result of Viking raiding and trading, and most brooches are made from silver throughout, as gilding and decoration in other materials nearly disappears. The brooches are often large and relatively massive, but plainer than the most elaborate earlier ones, neither using older local decorative styles nor the Viking styles that were adopted in other media. This continues a trend that can be detected in later brooches from the preceding period, before much Viking influence can have made itself felt. The 9th century [[Roscrea Brooch]] is one of a number of transitional brooches; though its form is highly ornate, with a large flat triangular pin head, the ring is thick plain silver, the gold filigree panels occupy relatively small areas, and their workmanship is a "coarse" or "crude" imitation of that of earlier works.<ref>NMI, 215–216, and 230, "crude"; Youngs, no. 79, "coarse". [http://www.unc.edu/celtic/catalogue/brooches/roscrea.html Illustration here]</ref> The Kilamery Brooch is another ornate and high quality example, with a marked emphasis on plain flat silver surfaces.<ref>NMI, 215; [http://www.unc.edu/celtic/catalogue/brooches/kilamery.html photo]</ref> There are rare exceptions in which a highly decorated brooch shows Scandinavian stylistic and technical influence, notably an Irish brooch from [[Rathlin Island]], with areas stamped where the Irish tradition would have used casting.<ref>Ship, O'Floinn, 90;</ref>

 

[[File:Brit Mus 13sept10 brooches etc 036.jpg|thumb|left|Brooches made in Scandinavia, mostly in base metal]]