Kerongsang Kelt: Perbedaan antara revisi

Batang tubuh kerongsang biasanya dibuat dengan cara cetak tuang, dan telah ditemukan beberapa bagian dari cetakan dua pelat.<ref>Youngs, 170–171, 189–193; NMI, 176–177</ref><!-- Banyak kerongsang memiliki cells for studs or bosses that are most often round hemispheres, buttetapi maybisa bejuga squarepersegi, lozenges maupun bentuk-bentuk lain; verysering oftenkali the studs themselvesitu sendiri sekarang sudah hilang. These are in a variety of materials including kaca, email, [[amber]], dan batu-batu permata lokal, although not including any of the classic modern "ratna mutu manikam", or even the [[garnet]]s found in perhiasan Inggris-Saksen. However the kaca ''[[millefiori]]'' rods yang adakalanya digunakan tampaknya diimpor dari Italia, contohnya seperti yang terdapat pada perhiasan-perhiasan Saksen-Inggris dari [[Sutton Hoo]]; contoh-contoh of the rods sudah ditemukan dalam ekskavasi di Irlandia maupun di Inggris.<ref>Youngs, 202–204</ref>

Sebagaimana cawan-cawan Insuler dan barang-barang kriya logam lainnya, thesebagian verybesar ornate kerongsang-kerongsang Irlandia wereyang mostlypaling madesarat inhiasan manydibuat piecesdalam whichbanyak arebagian pinnedyang ornantinya slotteddisambung-sambungkan satu sama lain dengan togethermenggunakan jarum atau baji. Filigree decoration was often made on "trays" which fitted into the main ring — on thepada Kerongsang Tara many of these are now missing (most were still in place ketika ditemukan pada tahun 1850).

Pada beberapa kerongsang, the decoration is too detailed to be appreciated when thebilamana kerongsang is beingsedang worndikenakan, and some of the most elaborate brooches have their backs, invisible when worn, decorated almost as elaborately as their fronts. Kerongsang Tara shows both features, and in addition, shares with some others a difference in decorative styles between front and back, with "Celtic" [[triskele]]s and other spiral motifs restricted to the back, while the front has more [[Interlace (visual arts)|interlace]] and zoomorphic elements.<ref>NMI, O'Floinn, 177; Youngs, 207</ref> These features are also shared by the most ornate brooches in London dan Edinburgh, respectively the Londesborough and [[Hunterston Brooch]]es.<ref>Youngs, nos. 69 and 71; [http://nms.scran.ac.uk/database/results.php?offset=1&no_results=12&scache=73160e864v&searchdb=scran&sortby=&sortorder=ASC&field=&searchterm=%2B%22Melbrigda%22 Hunterston Brooch from NMI]; see external links for the other museum pages.</ref> This may be because decoration on the backs relies more on engraving than filigree, which would risk wires getting caught in the clothing on which the brooch was worn.<ref>NMI, 183</ref>

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[[File:Britishmuseumpenrithhoardbrooches.jpg|thumb|Kerongsang-kerongsang penanuler zaman [[Viking]] period penanuler brooches from thedari [[PenrithKhazanah HoardPenrith]], threetiga ofdi theantaranya adalah kerongsang "[[thistlerumput duri|waga-waga]]" type.]]

TheSerbuan [[VikingsViking|bangsa Viking]] beganke toIrlandia raidyang Irelandbermula pada fromtahun 795, withmenimpakan catastrophickerugian effectyang forsangat thebesar, khususnya bagi [[monasterybiara (tempat tinggal)|monasteriesbiara]] in particular-biara.<!-- However, although the Vikings established several [[longphort]]s, initially fortified encampments for over-wintering, and later towns like [[Dublin]], [[Wexford]], [[Cork (city)|Cork]], and [[Waterford]] (the first real urban centres in Ireland), the native Irish were more successful than the English and Scots in preventing large-scale Viking takeovers of areas for settlement by farmers. By about the year 1000, the situation was relatively stable, with a mixed population of [[Norse-Gaels]] inint the towns and areas close to them, while the Gaelic Irish, whose elite often formed political alliances, trading partnerships and inter-marriages with Viking leaders, remained in control of the great majority of the island, and were able to draw tribute from the Viking towns.<ref>Ship, Doherty, 34–35</ref>