Bentuk tubuh dan psikologi konstitusi: Perbedaan antara revisi

'''Psikologi konstitusional''' merupakan teori yang kini diabaikan, yang juga dikembangkan oleh Sheldon pada tahun 1940-an, yang mencoba mengaitkan klasifikasi bentuk tubuhnya dengan jenis-jenis [[temperamen]] manusia.<ref name="Rafter2008">{{cite journal |last1= Rafter |first1= N |title= Somatotyping, antimodernism, and the production of criminological knowledge |journal= [[Criminology (journal)|Criminology]] |volume= 45 |issue= 4 |year= 2008 |pages= 805–33 |doi= 10.1111/j.1745-9125.2007.00092.x}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book | publisher = Penguin | isbn = 9780141030241 | title = The Penguin Dictionary of Psychology | url = https://archive.org/details/penguindictionar0000rebe_c4w1 | chapter = Constitutional Theory | date = 2009 |via= [[Credo Reference]] }}</ref> Dasar atas gagasan ini berasal dari [[Francis Galton]] dan [[eugenika]].<ref name="Vertinsky2007">{{cite journal |last= Vertinsky |first= P |year= 2007 |journal= Canadian Bulletin of Medical History |volume= 24 |issue= 2 |pages= 291–316 |title= Physique as destiny: William H. Sheldon, Barbara Honeyman Heath and the struggle for hegemony in the science of somatotyping |url= http://www.cbmh.ca/index.php/cbmh/article/viewFile/928/923 |pmid= 18447308 |access-date= 2018-03-05 |archive-date= 2015-09-11 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150911224427/http://www.cbmh.ca/index.php/cbmh/article/viewFile/928/923 |dead-url= yes }}</ref> Sheldon dan Earnest Hooton dipandang sebagai pemimpin sebuah [[mazhab pemikiran]], yang populer di dalam antropologi pada saat itu, yang berpendapat bahwa ukuran dan bentuk tubuh seseorang menunjukkan kecerdasan, nilai moral dan prestasi masa depan.<ref name="Vertinsky2007"/>

Di dalam buku yang terbit tahun 1954-an dengan judul ''Atlas of Men'', Sheldon mengelompokkan semua jenis-jenis tubuh yang mungkin; sesuai dengan skala dengan kisaran antara 1 hingga 7 bagi masing-masing dari tiga "bentuk tubuh", di mana nilai "endomorfis" murni adalah 7-1-1, mesomorfis murni 1-7-1 dan "ektomorfis" murni adalah 1-1-7.<ref name="Sheldon1954">{{cite book |last= Sheldon |first= William Herbert |authorlink= William Herbert Sheldon |title= Atlas of Men: A Guide for Somatotyping the Adult Male at All Ages |url= https://archive.org/details/atlasofmen01shel |year= 1954 |location=New York |publisher= [[Harper (publisher)|Harper]]}}</ref><ref name="Kamlesh2011">{{cite book |last= Kamlesh |first= M.L. |title= Psychology in Physical Education and Sport |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=up-Bc_E_w9UC&pg=PT508 |year= 2011 |publisher= Pinnacle Technology |isbn= 9781618202482 |chapter= Ch. 15: Personality and Sport § Sheldon's Constitutional Typology }}{{Pranala mati|date=Maret 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Dari jumlah jenis tubuh ini, karakteristik mental seseorang dapat diprediksikan kisarannya.<ref name="Sheldon1954"/> Barbara Honeyman Heath yaitu asisten utama Sheldon dalam menyusun Atlas of Men, menuduhnya telah memalsukan data yang dia gunakan dalam menulis buku tersebut.<ref name="Vertinsky2007"/>

* Mesomorfik: digambarkan sebagai keras, kasar, berbentuk segitiga, dibentuk secara atletik dengan otot yang cukup berkembang dengan baik, kulit tebal serta postur tubuh yang baik; dikategorikan sebagai somatotonik, cenderung suka petualangan fisik dan suka mengambil resikorisiko; dan bersikap gencar, berani, tegas, langsung dan dominan.<ref name="Roeckelein1998"/><ref name="Kamlesh2011"/>

Ada bukti bahwa berbagai bentuk fisik membawa stereotip budaya. Sebagai contoh, satu studi menemukan bahwa endomorfik cenderung dianggap lamban, ceroboh, dan malas. Mesomorfik, sebaliknya, biasanya diberikan stereotip sebagai orang yang populer dan pekerja keras, sedangkan ektomorfik sering dipandang cerdas tapi takut dan biasanya ikut serta dalam olahraga jarak jauh, seperti lari maraton.<ref>{{Cite journal |doi= 10.1177/0146167289152011 |title= Male and female raters' stereotyping of male and female physiques |url= https://archive.org/details/sim_personality-and-social-psychology-bulletin_1989-06_15_2/page/244 |journal= [[Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin]] |volume= 15 |issue= 2 |pages= 244–51 |year= 1989 |last1= Ryckman |first1= RM |last2= Robbins |first2= MA |last3= Kaczor |first3= LM |last4= Gold |first4= JA}}</ref>

Meskipun ikatan psikologis sebagian besarnya telah diabaikan, taksonomi fisik Sheldon tetap bertahan, terutama varian Heath-Carter yang berdasarkan metodologinya.<ref>{{cite book| title= Anthropometrica: A Textbook of Body Measurement for Sports and Health Courses| url= https://archive.org/details/anthropometricat0000unse| first1= Kevin |last= Norton| first2= Tim |last2= Olds| publisher= Australian Sports Commission; UNSW Press| year= 1996| isbn= 978-0868402239}}</ref> Pendekatan formula ini menggunakan komponen-komponen individu seperti berat (kg), tinggi (cm), lingkar lengan atas (cm), lingkar betis maksimal (cm), luas femur (cm), luas pinggang (cm), ketak otot tricep (mm), lipatan kulit subscapular (mm), lipatan kulit subskapular (mm), dan lipatan kulit betis medial (mm), dan tetap populer dalam penelitian antropomorfis, seperti mengutip Rob Rempel, "Dengan modifikasi oleh Parnell pada akhir 1950-an, dan oleh Heath dan Carter pada pertengahan tahun 1960-an, konsep "somatotipe" atau bentuk tubuh terus menjadi kualifikasi tunggal terbaik dari keseluruhan bentuk tubuh".<ref>{{cite journal| title= A Modified Somatotype Assessment Methodology| last= Rempel| first= R| year= 1994| publisher= Simon Fraser University| isbn= 978-0-612-06785-1}}</ref>

* Atlet mendayung<ref>{{cite journal| title= Olympic Lightweight and Open Rowers possess distinctive physical and proportionality characteristics for selecting elite athletes| url= https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-sports-sciences_2007-01-01_25_1/page/n45| last1= Kerr |first1= D| last2= Ross |first2= WD| last3= Norton |first3= K| last4= Hume |first4= P| last5= Kagawa| first5= Masaharu| year= 2007| work= [[Journal of Sports Sciences]] |volume= 25| number= 1 |pages= 43–53 | doi=10.1080/02640410600812179}}</ref>

* Triathletes<ref>{{cite journal| title= Comparison of body composition and somatotype of trained female triathletes| url= https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-sports-sciences_summer-1991_9_2/page/125| first1= Christopher N.| last1= Leake| last2= Carter |first2= JE |year= 1991| work= Journal of Sports Sciences| volume= 9| number= 2| pages= 125–135| doi=10.1080/02640419108729874}}</ref>

Tetapi karyanya pernah populer dipada tahun 1950-an,<ref name="nyt-rosenbaum">{{cite news |newspaper= [[The New York Times]] | first = Ron | last = Rosenbaum | title = The great ivy league nude posture photo scandal| date = January 15, 1995 | accessdate= December 2, 2011 | url = https://www.nytimes.com/1995/01/15/magazine/the-great-ivy-league-nude-posture-photo-scandal.html}}</ref> di mana klaim Sheldon telah diabaikan oleh para ilmuwan modern, serta menyebut mereka "ketinggalan jamanzaman" atau "quackery" (tidak ilmiah).<ref name="Roeckelein1998"/><ref name="Genovese2008">{{cite journal |last= Genovese |first= JEC |title= Physique correlates with reproductive success in an archival sample of delinquent youth |url= http://www.epjournal.net/wp-content/uploads/EP06369385.pdf |journal= [[Evolutionary Psychology (journal)|Evolutionary Psychology]] |year= 2008 |volume= 6 |issue= 3 |pages= 369–85 |doi= 10.1177/147470490800600301 |access-date= 2018-03-05 |archive-date= 2012-06-05 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120605090738/http://www.epjournal.net/wp-content/uploads/EP06369385.pdf |dead-url= yes }}</ref><ref name="Rafter2008"/><ref>{{cite book |last1= Zentner |first1= Marcel |last2= Shiner |first2= Rebecca L. |title= Handbook of Tempermaent |year= 2012 |publisher= [[Guilford Press|Guilford]] |isbn= 9781462506514 |page= [https://books.google.com/books?id=bxHlV2UeXwYC&pg=PA6 6]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= Ryckman |first= Richard M. |title= Theories of Personality |edition= 9th |publisher= [[Cengage Learning]] |year= 2007 |pages= [https://books.google.com/books?id=_1mQhvUfYFwC&pg=PA260 260–1] |isbn=9780495099086}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | work = [[The New York Times]] | title = Nude photos are sealed at Smithsonian | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/01/21/us/nude-photos-are-sealed-at-smithsonian.html | date = January 21, 1995 | accessdate = December 1, 2011}}</ref>

* {{cite book |last=Gerrig |first=Richard |last2=Zimbardo |first2=Phillip G. |title=Psychology and Life |url=https://archive.org/details/psychologylife0000gerr_p2g1 |location=Boston |publisher=Allyn and Bacon |year=2002 |edition=16th |isbn=0-205-33511-X }}

* {{cite book |last=Hartl |first=Emil M. |last2=Monnelly |first2=Edward P. |last3=Elderkin |first3=Roland D. |title=Physique and Delinquent Behavior (A Thirty-year Follow-up of William H. Sheldon’s Varieties of Delinquent Youth) |url=https://archive.org/details/physiquedelinque0000hart |location=New York |publisher=Academic Press |year=1982 |edition= |isbn=0-12-328480-5 }}

* {{cite book |first= William H. |last= Sheldon |year= 1942 |title= The Varieties of Temperament |publisher= [[Harper (publisher)|Harper & Brothers]] |location= New York; London |url= http://library.du.ac.in/dspace/handle/1/1336 |via= [[University of Delhi]] |access-date= 2018-03-05 |archive-date= 2012-02-24 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120224062839/http://library.du.ac.in/dspace/handle/1/1336 |dead-url= yes }}

* {{cite book |first1= J.E. Lindsay |last1= Carter |first2= Barbara Honeyman |last2= Heath |title= Somatotyping-development and Applications |url= https://archive.org/details/somatotypingdeve0000cart |publisher= Cambridge University Press |year= 1990|ISBN= 0521351170}}

* [http://www.somatotype.org/Heath-CarterManual.pdf Bentuk tubuh Antropometris Heath-Carter]{{Pranala mati|date=Februari 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

[[Kategori:AnthropometriAntropometri]]