Tilapia: Perbedaan antara revisi

|caption1={{center|[[Oreochromis niloticus|NileIkan tilapianila]], ''Oreochromis niloticus''}}

'''Tilapia''' ({{IPAc-en|t|ɨ|ˈ|l|ɑː|p|i|ə}} {{respell|ti|LA|pee-ə}}) adalah nama umum untuk jenis ikan ''[[cichlid]]'' yang ratusan ragamnya dari [[tribe (biologi)|tribesuku]] [[tilapiine cichlid]], termasuk [[ikan nila]] dan [[mujair]]. Tilapia umumnya ikan air tawar, hidup di aliran-aliran, kubangan, danau, sungai dangkal. dan jarang dijumpai di [[air payau]]. Sepanjang sejarah bernilai penting untuk perikanan artisan di [[Afrika]] dan [[Levant]], serta meningkat perannya dalam akuakultur dan akuaponik. Tilapia dapat menjadi spesies invasif yang bermasalah pada habitat air hangat baru, yang masuk baik disengaja maupun tidak, tetapi umumnya tidak pada iklim sedang karena tidak mampu hidup di air yang dinginnya di bawah {{convert|21|°C|°F}}.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Fitzssimmons|first=Kevin|date=|url=|title=Tilapia: The Most Important Aquaculture Species of The 21st Century|location=Arizona|publisher=University of Arizona|isbn=|pages=4|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[FileBerkas:Tomb of Nakht (10).jpg|thumbjmpl|Makam "[[Tomb of Nakht]]", 1500 SM, memuat suatu hieroglif tilapia di atas (sedikit ke kanan) kepala tokoh utama.]]

Tilapia adalah salah satu dari tiga jenis ikan utama yang ditangkap pada zaman [[Alkitabiah]] di [[Danau Galilea]]. Pada waktu itu dikenal dengan nama ''musht'', atau sekarang dengan julukan "Ikan Santo Petrus" ("''St. Peter's fish''"). Nama ini muncul dari kisah yang dicatat pada [[Injil Matius]] mengenai [[Simon Petrus|Santo Petrus]] memancing seekor ikan [[Yesus membayar bea untuk Bait Allah|yang di mulutnya ada sekeping uang bernilai empat dirham untuk membayar bea Bait Allah baginya]] dan bagi [[Yesus]] [[Kristus]], meskipun nas itu tidak menyebut jenis ikannya.<ref name="Matius17">{{Alkitab|Matius 17:24−27}}</ref> Meskipun nama Tilapia juga dipakai untuk menyebut ikan ''[[Zeus faber]]'', yang tidak dijumpai di daerah itu, beberapa spesies tilapia (''[[Sarotherodon galilaeus|Sarotherodon galilaeus galilaeus]]'' dan lain-lain) juga hidup dalam [[Danau Galilea]], di mana kisah dalam [[Injil Matius]] itu terjadi. Spesies ini menjadi sasaran peternakan ikan artisan skala kecil di wilayah tersebut selama beribu-ribu tahun.<ref name="Baker1988">{{cite book|last=Baker|first=Jenny|title=Simply Fish|url=https://archive.org/details/simplyfish0000bake_w5y1|publisher=Faber & Faber|year=1988|location=London|page=[https://archive.org/details/simplyfish0000bake_w5y1/page/n197 197]|isbn=0-571-14966-9}}</ref><ref name="Cincy Post Rosencrans">{{cite news|first=Joyce|last=Rosencrans|title=Tilapia is a farmed fish of biblical fame|newspaper=[[The Cincinnati Post]]|publisher=[[E. W. Scripps Company]]|date=2003-07-16|url=http://www.cincypost.com/2003/07/16/tilap071603.html|accessdate=20072012-0809-2515|archiveurl=httphttps://web.archive.org/web/20060218163036/http://www.cincypost.com/2003/07/16/tilap071603.html|archivedate=2006-02-18|accessdatedead-url=2012-09-15no}}</ref>

| [[NileIkan tilapianila]]

| style="background:#eef;"| [[BlueIkan tilapianila biru]]

| style="background:#eef;"| {{spaces|4}}- ''Oreochromis aureus''<br /> {{spaces|6}}<small>(Steindachner, 1864)</small>

| style="background:#eef;"| [[FileBerkas:LC IUCN 3 1.svg|LC IUCN 3 1.svg]] <small>Least concern</small><ref name="IUCNgladius1">{{IUCN2011.2 |assessors=Herdson D and Priede I |year=2011 |id=60690 |title=Oreochromis mossambicus |downloaded= September 2012}}</ref>

| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| NileHibrida tilapiaIkan nila + blueIkan tilapianila hybridbiru

| [[Mozambique tilapiaMujair]]

| [[FileBerkas:NT IUCN 3 1.svg|NT IUCN 3 1.svg]] <small>Near threatened</small><ref name="IUCNgladius2">{{IUCN2011.2 |assessors=Herdson D and Priede I |year=2011 |id=63338 |title=Oreochromis mossambicus |downloaded= September 2012}}</ref>

| header = Global harvest of tilapia species in million tonnes<br />as reported by the [[FAO]], 1950–2009 <ref name="faostat" />

[[FileBerkas:Rednile2jf.JPG|thumbjmpl|rightka|''RedIkan nilenila tilapia''merah pada percobaan di [[CLSU]], [[PhilippinesFilipina]]]]

Produksi peternakan tilapia adalah sekitar {{convert|1500000|t}} setiap tahunnya dengan nilai US$1.8 miliar,<ref>{{cite web |author=De Silva, S.S; Subasinghe, R.P.; Bartley, D.M.; Lowther, A. |title=Tilapias as Alien Aquatics in Asia and the Pacific: A Review |publisher=FAO Fisheries Technical Paper - No. 453 |year=2004 |url=http://www.fao.org/documents/show_cdr.asp?url_file=/docrep/007/y5728e/y5728e00.HTM }}{{Pranala mati|date=Mei 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> hampir setara dengan [[salmon]] dan [[trout]].

Unlike carnivorous fish, tilapia can feed on [[algae]] or any plant-based food. This reduces the cost of tilapia farming, reduces fishing pressure on prey species, avoids concentrating toxins that accumulate at higher levels of the [[food chain]] and makes tilapia the preferred "aquatic chickens" of the trade.<ref name="Barlow2000">{{cite book|last=Barlow|first=G. W.|year=2000| title=The Cichlid Fishes|url=https://archive.org/details/cichlidfishesnat00geor_0| publisher=Cambridge, MA: Perseus Publishing| isbn=0-7382-0376-9}}</ref>

[[FileBerkas:Tilapiajf.JPG|thumbjmpl|Tilapia [[Escabeche]] segar]]

[[FileBerkas:Tilapia zillizillii Kineret.jpg|thumbjmpl|Tilapia Redbelly, ''Tilapia zilli'' ("''St. Peter's fish''"; "Ikan Santo Petrus") disajikan pada sebuah restoran di kota [[Tiberias]], di tepi [[Danau Galilea]].]]

Multiple studies have evaluated the effects of adding flaxseed derivatives (a vegetable source of omega-3 fatty acids) to the feed of farmed tilapia. These studies have found both the more common omega-3 fatty acid found in the flax, [[Alpha-Linolenic acid|ALA]] and the two types almost unique to animal sources ([[Docosahexaenoic acid|DHA]] and [[Eicosapentaenoic acid|EPA]]), increased in the fish fed this diet.<ref>{{cite journal |display-authors=1 |last=Shapira |first=N |first2=P |last2=Weill |first3=O |last3=Sharon first4=R |last4=Loewenbach |first5=O |last5=Berzak |title=''n''-3 PUFA fortification of high ''n''-6 PUFA farmed tilapia with linseed could significantly increase dietary contribution and support nutritional expectations of fish |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-agricultural-and-food-chemistry_2009-03-25_57_6/page/n171 |journal=J. Agric. Food Chem. |volume=57 |pages=2249–2254 |date=March 2009 |pmid=19243170 |doi=10.1021/jf8029258}}{{subscription required |date=September 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |display-authors=1 |last=Aguiar |first=AC |first2=DR |last2=Morais |first3=LP |last3=Santos |first4=FB |last4=Stevanato |first5=JE |last5=Visentainer |first6=NE |last6=de Souza |first7=JV |last7=Visentainer |title=Effect of flaxseed oil in diet on fatty acid composition in the liver of Nile tilapia (''Oreochromis niloticus'') |date=September 2007 |journal=Arch Latinoam Nutr. |volume=57 |pages=273–277 |pmid=18271406 |issue=3}}</ref> Guided by these findings, tilapia farming techniques could be adjusted to address the nutritional criticisms directed at the fish while retaining its advantage as an omnivore capable of feeding on economically and environmentally inexpensive vegetable protein. Adequate diets for salmon and other carnivorous fish can alternatively be formulated from protein sources such as [[soybean]], although soy-based diets may also change in the balance between omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids.<ref name="Espe et al. 2006">{{cite journal |display-authors=1|last=Espe |first=Marit |first2=Andreas |last2=Lemme |first3=Alfred |last3=Petei |first4=Adel |last4=El-Mowafi |date=May 2006 |title=Can Atlantic salmon (''Salmo salar'') grow on diets devoid of fish meal? |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_aquaculture_2006-05-31_255_1-4/page/n260|journal=Aquaculture |volume=255 |pages=255–262 |doi=10.1016/j.aquaculture.2005.12.030}}{{subscription required |date=September 2012}}</ref>

[[FileBerkas:Fish types - Tamil Nadu210.ogv|rightka|Tilapia, muda dan dewaqsadewasa, dari [[Tamil Nadu]]|thumb|rightjmpl]]

Tilapia menjadi alat kontrol alamiah biologis bagi banyak persoalan tanaman akuatik. Tilapia makan tanaman akuatik yang terapung, misalnya ''[[duckweed]] [[watermeal]]'' (''Lemna'' sp.), banyak tanaman terendam yang "tidak diinginkan" dan kebanyakan bentuk ganggang.<ref>{{cite web

== Referensi ==

* {{cite journal |last=Logan |first=Cheryl A. |first2=S. Elizabeth |last2=Alter |first3=Alison J. |last3=Haupt |first4=Katharine |last4=Tomalty |first5=Stephen R. |last5=Palumbi |year=2008 |title=An impediment to consumer choice: Overfished species are sold as Pacific red snapper |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_biological-conservation_2008-06_141_6/page/1591 |journal=Biological Conservation |volume=141 |issue=6 |pages=1591–1599 |issn=00063207 |doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2008.04.007}}

* [http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/02/science/earth/02tilapia.html?pagewanted=all ''Another Side of Tilapia, the Perfect Factory Fish''] New York Times article

* [http://www.pinoybisnes.com/aqua-business/how-to-raise-tilapia-in-the-backyard/ How to Raise Tilapia in the Backyard]

* [http://techref.massmind.org/techref/other/pond/tilapia/index.htm Tilapia Health, Diagnosis, and Treatment Advice]

* [http://www.calobonga.com/calorieCounter/food/15262/0/calorie-counter.lz Tilapia Nutrition Information]{{Pranala mati|date=April 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} from USDA SR 22 database

* [http://www.tilapiarecipe.org/tilapia-nutrition Tilapia Nutrition Information] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140308010734/http://www.tilapiarecipe.org/tilapia-nutrition/ |date=2014-03-08 }}

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