Tilapia: Perbedaan antara revisi

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(19 revisi perantara oleh 7 pengguna tidak ditampilkan)
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|image1=Oreochromis-niloticus-Nairobi.JPG
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|caption1={{center|[[Oreochromis niloticus|NileIkan tilapianila]], ''Oreochromis niloticus''}}
|image2=Tilapia production time series.png
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'''Tilapia''' adalah nama umum untuk jenis ikan ''[[cichlid|''cichlid'']]'' yang ratusan ragamnya dari [[tribe (biologi)|tribesuku]] [[tilapiine cichlid]], termasuk [[ikan nila]] dan [[mujair]]. Tilapia umumnya ikan air tawar, hidup di aliran-aliran, kubangan, danau, sungai dangkal. dan jarang dijumpai di [[air payau]]. Sepanjang sejarah bernilai penting untuk perikanan artisan di [[Afrika]] dan [[Levant]], serta meningkat perannya dalam akuakultur dan akuaponik. Tilapia dapat menjadi spesies invasif yang bermasalah pada habitat air hangat baru, yang masuk baik disengaja maupun tidak, tetapi umumnya tidak pada iklim sedang karena tidak mampu hidup di air yang dinginnya di bawah {{convert|21|°C|°F}}.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Fitzssimmons|first=Kevin|date=|url=|title=Tilapia: The Most Important Aquaculture Species of The 21st Century|location=Arizona|publisher=University of Arizona|isbn=|pages=4|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
== Sejarah ==
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<div>Tilapia disebut dengan banyak nama. Pembudidayaan akuatik tilapia sungai Nil sudah dimulai pada zaman [[Mesir kuno]], di mana ikan ini dilambangkan dengan aksara [[hieroglif Mesir]] ''' K1''', <hiero>K1</hiero>, pada [[Daftar Kode Gardiner]].</div>
 
Tilapia adalah salah satu dari tiga jenis ikan utama yang ditangkap pada zaman [[Alkitabiah]] di [[Danau Galilea]]. Pada waktu itu dikenal dengan nama ''musht'', atau sekarang dengan julukan "Ikan Santo Petrus" ("''St. Peter's fish''"). Nama ini muncul dari kisah yang dicatat pada [[Injil Matius]] mengenai [[Simon Petrus|Santo Petrus]] memancing seekor ikan [[Yesus membayar bea untuk Bait Allah|yang di mulutnya ada sekeping uang bernilai empat dirham untuk membayar bea Bait Allah baginya]] dan bagi [[Yesus]] [[Kristus]], meskipun nas itu tidak menyebut jenis ikannya.<ref name="Matius17">{{Alkitab|Matius 17:24−27}}</ref> Meskipun nama Tilapia juga dipakai untuk menyebut ikan ''[[Zeus faber]]'', yang tidak dijumpai di daerah itu, beberapa spesies tilapia (''[[Sarotherodon galilaeus|Sarotherodon galilaeus galilaeus]]'' dan lain-lain) juga hidup dalam [[Danau Galilea]], di mana kisah dalam [[Injil Matius]] itu terjadi. Spesies ini menjadi sasaran peternakan ikan artisan skala kecil di wilayah tersebut selama beribu-ribu tahun.<ref name="Baker1988">{{cite book|last=Baker|first=Jenny|title=Simply Fish|url=https://archive.org/details/simplyfish0000bake_w5y1|publisher=Faber & Faber|year=1988|location=London|page=[https://archive.org/details/simplyfish0000bake_w5y1/page/n197 197]|isbn=0-571-14966-9}}</ref><ref name="Cincy Post Rosencrans">{{cite news|first=Joyce|last=Rosencrans|title=Tilapia is a farmed fish of biblical fame|newspaper=[[The Cincinnati Post]]|publisher=[[E. W. Scripps Company]]|date=2003-07-16|url=http://www.cincypost.com/2003/07/16/tilap071603.html|accessdate=2012-09-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060218163036/http://www.cincypost.com/2003/07/16/tilap071603.html|archivedate=2006-02-18|dead-url=no}}</ref>
== Ciri ==
[[Berkas:ChromisNiloticus.jpg|jmpl|<center>[[Oreochromis niloticus|NileIkan tilapianila]], ''Oreochromis niloticus''</center>]]
Tilapia berciri khas bagian samping yang tertekan tipis dan dalam. Sebagaimana jenis cichlid lain, bagian tulang pharyngeal bawah terpadu menjadi satu struktur gigi tunggal. Suatu kumpulan otot kompleks menggerakkan tulang pharyngeal atas dan bawah menjadi rahang kedua untuk mencerna makanan (bandingkan dengan jenis belut moray), mengizinkan pembagian kerja antara "rahang sejati" ([[mandible]]) dan "[[rahang pharyngeal]]". Dengan demikian mereka merupakan pemakan yang efisien yang dapat menangkap dan memproses berbagai jenis luas makanan.<ref name="Loiselle">{{cite book|last = Loiselle|first = P.V.|year = 1994|title = The Cichlid Aquarium|url = https://archive.org/details/cichlidaquarium0000lois|publisher = Tetra Press|isbn = 1-56465-146-0}}</ref> Mulutnya bersifat protrusible, biasanya dibatasi dengan moncong yang lebar dan sering kali menebal. Rahangnya mempunyai gigi konikal. Secara khas, tilapia memiliki sirip dorsal panjang, dan garis lateral yang sering terputus pada akhir sirip dorsal, serta muncul lagi dua atau tiga baris sisik di bawahnya.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Nandlal|first=Satya|date=March, 2004|url=|title=The Potential of Farming Tilapia (oreochromis niloticus) and Freshwater Prawn (Macrobrachium Rosenbergh) in Vanuatu|location=New Celadonia|publisher=Food and Agricultural Organization of United Nations|isbn=|pages=7|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
== Spesies ==
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! [[IUCN|IUCN status]]
|-
| [[NileIkan tilapianila]]
| ''Oreochromis niloticus'' <small>(Linnaeus, 1758)</small>
| style="text-align:right;"| 60&nbsp;cm
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| style="text-align:center;"| <small>Not assessed</small>
|-
| style="background:#eef;"| [[BlueIkan tilapianila biru]]
| style="background:#eef;"| {{spaces|4}}- ''Oreochromis aureus''<br> {{spaces|6}}<small>(Steindachner, 1864)</small>
| style="background:#eef; text-align:right;"| 45.7&nbsp;cm
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| style="background:#eef;"| [[Berkas:LC IUCN 3 1.svg|LC IUCN 3 1.svg]] <small>Least concern</small><ref name="IUCNgladius1">{{IUCN2011.2 |assessors=Herdson D and Priede I |year=2011 |id=60690 |title=Oreochromis mossambicus |downloaded= September 2012}}</ref>
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| NileHibrida tilapiaIkan nila + blueIkan tilapianila hybridbiru
| style="text-align:right;"| cm
| style="text-align:right;"| cm
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| style="background:#eee;" colspan="4"|
|-
| [[Mozambique tilapiaMujair]]
| ''Oreochromis mossambicus'' <small>(Peters, 1852)</small>
| style="text-align:right;"| 39&nbsp;cm
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==== Akuakultur ====
{{Main|Aquaculture of tilapia}}
[[Berkas:Rednile2jf.JPG|jmpl|ka|''RedIkan nilenila tilapia''merah pada percobaan di [[CLSU]], [[PhilippinesFilipina]]]]
 
Produksi peternakan tilapia adalah sekitar {{convert|1500000|t}} setiap tahunnya dengan nilai US$1.8 miliar,<ref>{{cite web |author=De Silva, S.S; Subasinghe, R.P.; Bartley, D.M.; Lowther, A. |title=Tilapias as Alien Aquatics in Asia and the Pacific: A Review |publisher=FAO Fisheries Technical Paper - No. 453 |year=2004 |url=http://www.fao.org/documents/show_cdr.asp?url_file=/docrep/007/y5728e/y5728e00.HTM }}{{Pranala mati|date=Mei 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> hampir setara dengan [[salmon]] dan [[trout]].
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Unlike carnivorous fish, tilapia can feed on [[algae]] or any plant-based food. This reduces the cost of tilapia farming, reduces fishing pressure on prey species, avoids concentrating toxins that accumulate at higher levels of the [[food chain]] and makes tilapia the preferred "aquatic chickens" of the trade.<ref name="Barlow2000">{{cite book|last=Barlow|first=G. W.|year=2000| title=The Cichlid Fishes|url=https://archive.org/details/cichlidfishesnat00geor_0| publisher=Cambridge, MA: Perseus Publishing| isbn=0-7382-0376-9}}</ref>
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{{clear}}
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== Bahan makanan ==
[[Berkas:Tilapiajf.JPG|jmpl|Tilapia [[Escabeche]] segar]]
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The lower amounts of omega-3 and the higher ratios of omega-6 fats in US-farmed tilapia raised questions about the health benefits of consuming farmed tilapia fish. Some media reports even controversially suggested that farm-raised tilapia may be worse for the heart than eating [[bacon]] or a [[hamburger]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://shine.yahoo.com/healthy-living/tilapias-worse-than-bacon-oh-please-209146.html |title=Tilapia's worse than bacon? Oh, please. |first=David |last=Katz |date=16 July 2008 |accessdate=2012-05-17 |work=Shine |publisher=[[Yahoo!]]}}</ref> This prompted the release of an open letter, signed by 16 science and health experts from around the world, that stated that both oily (i.e. high in omega-3 fatty acids) fish and lean fish like tilapia are an important part of the diet and concluded that "replacing tilapia or catfish with 'bacon, hamburgers or doughnuts' is absolutely not recommended."<ref>{{cite web |last=Harris |first=William |url=http://south.sanfordhealth.org/visitorspatients/HealthResources/HealthArticles/ |title=An Open Letter regarding recent reports that low-fat fish like tilapia are unhealthy |publisher=[[Sanford Health]] |date=16 July 2008 |accessdate=2011-12-21}}</ref>
 
Multiple studies have evaluated the effects of adding flaxseed derivatives (a vegetable source of omega-3 fatty acids) to the feed of farmed tilapia. These studies have found both the more common omega-3 fatty acid found in the flax, [[Alpha-Linolenic acid|ALA]] and the two types almost unique to animal sources ([[Docosahexaenoic acid|DHA]] and [[Eicosapentaenoic acid|EPA]]), increased in the fish fed this diet.<ref>{{cite journal |display-authors=1 |last=Shapira |first=N |first2=P |last2=Weill |first3=O |last3=Sharon first4=R |last4=Loewenbach |first5=O |last5=Berzak |title=''n''-3 PUFA fortification of high ''n''-6 PUFA farmed tilapia with linseed could significantly increase dietary contribution and support nutritional expectations of fish |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-agricultural-and-food-chemistry_2009-03-25_57_6/page/n171 |journal=J. Agric. Food Chem. |volume=57 |pages=2249–2254 |date=March 2009 |pmid=19243170 |doi=10.1021/jf8029258}}{{subscription required |date=September 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |display-authors=1 |last=Aguiar |first=AC |first2=DR |last2=Morais |first3=LP |last3=Santos |first4=FB |last4=Stevanato |first5=JE |last5=Visentainer |first6=NE |last6=de Souza |first7=JV |last7=Visentainer |title=Effect of flaxseed oil in diet on fatty acid composition in the liver of Nile tilapia (''Oreochromis niloticus'') |date=September 2007 |journal=Arch Latinoam Nutr. |volume=57 |pages=273–277 |pmid=18271406 |issue=3}}</ref> Guided by these findings, tilapia farming techniques could be adjusted to address the nutritional criticisms directed at the fish while retaining its advantage as an omnivore capable of feeding on economically and environmentally inexpensive vegetable protein. Adequate diets for salmon and other carnivorous fish can alternatively be formulated from protein sources such as [[soybean]], although soy-based diets may also change in the balance between omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids.<ref name="Espe et al. 2006">{{cite journal |display-authors=1|last=Espe |first=Marit |first2=Andreas |last2=Lemme |first3=Alfred |last3=Petei |first4=Adel |last4=El-Mowafi |date=May 2006 |title=Can Atlantic salmon (''Salmo salar'') grow on diets devoid of fish meal? |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_aquaculture_2006-05-31_255_1-4/page/n260|journal=Aquaculture |volume=255 |pages=255–262 |doi=10.1016/j.aquaculture.2005.12.030}}{{subscription required |date=September 2012}}</ref>
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[[Amerika Serikat]] menghasilkan 1,5 juta [[ton]] tilapia pada tahun 2005, dengan proyeksi 2,5 juta ton pada tahun 2010.<ref name=Wake>[[Wake Forest University Baptist Medical Center]] (2008, July 10).[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/07/080708092228.htm ''Popular Fish, Tilapia, Contains Potentially Dangerous Fatty Acid Combination'']. ScienceDaily. Retrieved July 11, 2008, from [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/07/080708092228.htm www.sciencedaily.com]</ref>
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== Pustaka tambahan ==
* {{cite journal |last=Logan |first=Cheryl A. |first2=S. Elizabeth |last2=Alter |first3=Alison J. |last3=Haupt |first4=Katharine |last4=Tomalty |first5=Stephen R. |last5=Palumbi |year=2008 |title=An impediment to consumer choice: Overfished species are sold as Pacific red snapper |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_biological-conservation_2008-06_141_6/page/1591 |journal=Biological Conservation |volume=141 |issue=6 |pages=1591–1599 |issn=00063207 |doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2008.04.007}}
* {{cite journal |author=FAO Fishery Information, Data and Statistics Service |title=Aquaculture production (1985-1991) |journal=FAO Fisheries Circular |volume=815 |publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization|Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations]] |pages=20–21 |year=1993}}
* {{cite book
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* [http://techref.massmind.org/techref/other/pond/tilapia/index.htm Tilapia Health, Diagnosis, and Treatment Advice]
* [http://www.calobonga.com/calorieCounter/food/15262/0/calorie-counter.lz Tilapia Nutrition Information]{{Pranala mati|date=April 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} from USDA SR 22 database
* [http://www.tilapiarecipe.org/tilapia-nutrition Tilapia Nutrition Information] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140308010734/http://www.tilapiarecipe.org/tilapia-nutrition/ |date=2014-03-08 }}
 
{{tilapia|state=expanded}}
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[[Kategori:Tilapia| ]]
[[Kategori:Tilapiini]]
[[Kategori:PhilippineMasakan cuisineFilipina]]
[[Kategori:EdibleIkan fishyang dapat dikonsumsi]]
[[Kategori:Ikan]]
[[Kategori:Ikan air tawar]]
[[Kategori:Ikan di Bangladesh]]
[[Kategori:Ikan di Filipina]]
[[Kategori:InvasiveSpesies fishikan speciesinvasif]]
[[Kategori:ChadianMasakan cuisineChad]]
[[Kategori:Ikan di Israel]]
[[Kategori:Cichlidae]]