Orang Buta Menuntun Orang Buta: Perbedaan antara revisi
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Baris 4:
Bruegel melukis ''Orang Buta'' setahun sebelum kematiannya. Lukisan itu bernada getir dan sedih, yang mungkin terkait dengan pembentukan [[Dewan Masalah]] pada tahun 1567 oleh pemerintah [[Belanda Spanyol]]. Dewan tersebut memerintahkan penangkapan dan eksekusi massal untuk menegakkan kekuasaan Spanyol dan menekan Protestanisme. Penempatan [[Gereja Santa Anna, Itterbeek|Gereja Santa Anna]] di desa [[Sint-Anna-Pede]] telah menimbulkan interpretasi pro dan anti-Katolik, meskipun tidak jelas apakah lukisan itu dimaksudkan sebagai pernyataan politik.
==Deskripsi==
Lukisan tersebut menggambarkan sekumpulan enam pria tuna netra. Mereka melintas sepanjang tempat yang dibatasi oleh sungai di satu sisi dan desa dengan gereja di sisi lain.{{sfn|Charcot|Richer|1889|p=74}} Pemimpin kelompok tersebut jatuh pada bagian pundaknya di parit dan, karena mereka semua terhubung oleh tongkat-tongkat mereka, nampak nyaris berderet menyertainya.{{sfn|Delevoy|Skira|1959|p=124}} Sekawanan sapi berdiri di latar belakang.{{sfn|Silver|2012|p=52}}
[[File:Pieter Bruegel the Elder - The Parable of the Blind Leading the Blind (detail) - WGA3516.jpg|left|thumb|Bruegel mendemonstrasikan kehandalan [[pengedepanan]] dalam menggambar pemimpin pria buta.]]
Bruegel mendasarkan karyanya pada [[perumpamaan]] Alkitab [[orang buta menuntun orang buta]] dari [[Injil Matius|Matius]] 15:14,{{efn|{{Alkitab|Matius|15:14}} }} kala Yesus menyinggung soal orang-[[Farisi|orang Farisi]].{{sfn|Hagen|Hagen|2003|p=191}} Menurut kritikus seni Margaret Sullivan, audien Bruegel nampak familiar dengan [[klasik|sastra klasik]] sebagaimana dengan Alkitab. [[Desiderius Erasmus|Erasmus]] menerbitkan ''[[Adagia]]'' pada dua tahun sebelum lukisan Bruegel, dan berisi kutipan ''"{{lang|la|Caecus caeco dux}}"'' ("orang buta menuntun orang buta") dari penyair Romawi [[Horace]].{{sfn|Sullivan|1991|p=463}} Bruegel meluaskan dua pria buta dalam perumpamaan tersebut menjadi enam; mereka berbusana bagus, alih-alih memakai busana petani yang khas dengan karyanya.{{sfn|Lindsay|Huppé|1956|pp=384–385}} Wajak pria buta pertama tak nampak; pria kedua terpelintir kepalanya kala ia jatuh, mungkin untuk menghindari mendarat dengan wajah terlebih dahulu. Pria ketiga memakai tameng pundak, pada kakinya memakai pelindung lutut dan wajah menghadap ke udara, mengarahkan tongkatnya kepada pria kedua, yang ia tarik. Yang lainnya samar, namun nasib yang sama nampak ditunjukkan.{{sfn|Karcioglu|2002|p=58}}
Wajah dan tubuh pria buta tersebut, dan detail latar termasuk gereja, digambar dengan detail murni secara khusus.{{sfn|Karcioglu|2002|p=57}} Postur jatuh pada bagian punggung dari pemandunya mendemonstrasikan kehandalan [[pengedepanan]] oleh Bruegel.{{sfn|Delevoy|Skira|1959|p=124}} Setting Bruegel bersifat fiksi,{{efn|Karya berlatar jelas buatan Bruegel hanya ''Pertempuran Angkatan Laut di Teluk Napoli'' (1560) juga memiliki latar teridentifikasi.{{sfn|Karcioglu|2002|p=57}} }} namun latar ''Orang Buta Menuntun Orang Buta'' teridentifikasi{{sfn|Karcioglu|2002|p=57}} sebagai desa [[Sint-Anna-Pede]],{{sfn|Delevoy|Skira|1959|p=126}} dan gerejanya sebagai [[Gereja Santa Anna (Itterbeek)|Gereja Santa Anna]].{{sfn|Vries|2007|p=232}}
== Lihat pula ==
Baris 16 ⟶ 26:
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|year = 2003
|publisher = [[Taschen]]
|isbn = 978-3-8228-1372-0
|pages = 190–196
<!-- |chapter = A Downward Path: Pieter Bruegel the Elder: The Blind Leading the Blind 1568 -->
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* {{cite book
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|title = Museum of Words: The Poetics of Ekphrasis from Homer to Ashbery
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|publisher = [[University of Chicago Press]]
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|oclc = 48700972
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|year = 2012
|publisher = Parkstone International
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* {{cite book
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|first = Hiroyuki
|editor = Linda Phyllis Austern
|title = Music, Sensation, and Sensuality
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|year = 2002
|publisher = [[Psychology Press]]
|isbn = 978-0-8153-3421-7
|pages = 267–284
|chapter = Village Noise and Bruegel's Parables
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* {{cite book
|last = Nöller
|first = Jens
|title = The hero as voice
|url = http://books.google.com/books?id=lq6gOEJpB10C
|year = 1998
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|language = German
|isbn = 978-3-8260-1423-9
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* {{cite book
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|url = http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/97318
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|year = 2001
|publisher = [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]
|isbn = 978-0-87099-990-1
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* {{cite book
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|first = Todd M.
|title = Pieter Bruegel the Elder: Art Discourse in the Sixteenth-century Netherlands
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|publisher = [[Ashgate Publishing]]
|isbn = 978-0-7546-6816-9
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* {{cite book
|editor1-last = Risser
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|title = The Restoration of Ancient Bronzes: Naples and Beyond
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|year = 2013
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|isbn = 978-1-60606-154-1
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|title = The Collections of The Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art: Italian Paintings, 1300–1800
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|title = Peasant Scenes and Landscapes: The Rise of Pictorial Genres in the Antwerp Art Market
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|publisher = [[University of Pennsylvania Press]]
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{{Refend}}
Baris 43 ⟶ 238:
{{Refbegin|colwidth=40em}}
* {{cite journal|last=Askew|first=Pamela|author-link=Pamela Askew|date=March 1961|title=The Parable Paintings of Domenico Fetti|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_art-bulletin_1961-03_43_1/page/n32|journal=The Art Bulletin|publisher=College Art Association|volume=43|issue=1|pages=21–45|doi=10.2307/3047929|jstor=3047929}}
* {{cite journal|last=Burness|first=Donald B.|date=Winter 1972–1973|title=Pieter Bruegel: Painter for Poets|journal=[[Art Journal (CAA)|Art Journal]]|publisher=College Art Association|volume=32|issue=2|pages=157–162|doi=10.2307/775727|issn=0004-3249|jstor=775727}}
* {{cite journal|last=Karcioglu|first=Zeynel A.|author-link=Zeynel A. Karcioglu|date=January–February 2002|editor-last=Marmor|editor-first=Michael|title=Ocular Pathology in The Parable of the Blind Leading the Blind and Other Paintings by Pieter Bruegel|journal=[[Survey of Ophthalmology]]|volume=47|issue=1|pages=55–62|doi=10.1016/S0039-6257(01)00290-9|pmid=11801271}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Lindsay|first1=Kenneth C.|last2=Huppé|first2=Bernard|date=March 1956|title=Meaning and Method in Brueghel's Painting|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-aesthetics-and-art-criticism_1956-03_14_3/page/n90|journal=[[The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism]]|publisher=[[American Society for Aesthetics]]|volume=14|issue=3|pages=376–386|doi=10.1111/1540_6245.jaac14.3.0376|jstor=427055}}
* {{cite journal|last=Sullivan|first=Margaret A.|date=September 1991|title=Bruegel's Proverbs: Art and Audience in the Northern Renaissance|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_art-bulletin_1991-09_73_3/page/n80|journal=[[The Art Bulletin]]|publisher=[[College Art Association]]|volume=73|issue=3|pages=431–466|doi=10.2307/3045815|jstor=3045815}}
* {{cite journal|last=Sullivan|first=Margaret A.|date=June 2011|title=Bruegel the Elder, Pieter Aertsen, and the Beginnings of Genre|url=https://www.questia.com/read/1P3-2376377641|journal=[[The Art Bulletin]]|volume=93|issue=2|pages=127–149|doi=10.1080/00043079.2011.10786001|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140519010800/http://www.questia.com/read/1P3-2376377641|archive-date=2014-05-19|url-status=dead|s2cid=192197737}}
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