Agresi digital: Perbedaan antara revisi
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{{Peserta Tantangan Menulis SM4P}}
'''Agresi digital''' (''Digital Agression'' atau DA) secara umum dapat diartikan sebagai penggunaan [[Teknologi Informasi dan Komunikasi]] (TIK) untuk dengan sengaja menyakiti orang lain.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Burt|first=S.A|last2=Alhabash|first2=S|date=2018-03|title=Illuminating the nomological network of digital aggression: Results from two studies|journal=Aggressive Behavior|volume=44|issue=2|doi=https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.21736}}</ref> DA terjadi melalui beberapa jenis TIK, seperti [[ponsel]] (misalnya, panggilan telepon atau pesan teks), [[komputer]], atau tablet, dan berlangsung di berbagai platform (misalnya, email, situs jejaring sosial, pesan instan, atau game online).<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Ybarra|first=M.L|last2=Boyd|first2=D|last3=Korchmaros|first3=J.D|last4=Oppenheim|first4=J.K|date=2012-07|title=Defining and measuring cyberbullying within the larger context of bullying victimization|journal=J Adolesc Health|volume=51|issue=1|pages=53-58|doi=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2011.12.031}}</ref>
Terdapat perdebatan tentang apakah DA hanyalah perundungan tradisional yang berpindah ke dunia maya.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Casas|first=J.A|last2=Del Rey|first2=R|last3=Ortega-Ruiz|first3=R|date=2013|title=Bullying and cyberbullying: Convergent and divergent predictor variables|journal=Computers in Human Behavior|volume=29|pages=580-587|doi=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2012.11.015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Juvonen|first=J|last2=Gross|first2=E.F|date=2008-09|title=Extending the school grounds?--Bullying experiences in cyberspace|journal=J Sch Health|volume=78|issue=9|pages=496-505|doi=https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1746-1561.2008.00335.x}}</ref> Beberapa peneliti melihatnya sebagai perpanjangan dari perundungan luring, sementara yang lain menemukan sedikit tumpang tindih.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kubiszewski|first=V|last2=Fontaine|first2=R|last3=Potard|first3=C|last4=Auzoult|first4=L|date=2015-02|title=Does Cyberbullying overlap with school bullying when taking modality of involvement into account?|journal=Computers in Human Behavior|volume=43|pages=49-57|doi=10.1016/j.chb.2014.10.049}}</ref> Namun, DA terkadang bisa lebih menyakitkan daripada perundungan tradisional, kemungkinan karena karakteristik lingkungan daring, seperti [[anonimitas]] pelaku.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sticca|first=F|last2=Perren|first2=S|date=2013|title=Is cyberbullying worse than traditional bullying? Examining the differential roles of medium, publicity, and anonymity for the perceived severity of bullying|journal=Journal of Youth and Adolescence|volume=42|issue=5|pages=739-750|doi=htpps://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-012-9867-3}}</ref> Para pelaku DA cenderung merasa lebih bebas dan terlibat dalam perilaku daring yang mungkin tidak mereka lakukan dalam interaksi tatap muka.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Joinson|first=A.N|date=2007|title=Disinhibition and the Internet. In J. Gackenbach (Ed.), Psychology and the Internet: Intrapersonal, interpersonal, and transpersonal implications|publisher=Academic Press|pages=75-92|url-status=live}}</ref>
DA memiliki banyak bentuk, termasuk pelecehan (misalnya, berulang kali mengirim pesan yang tidak pantas atau menyakitkan), ''flaming'' (misalnya, menggunakan penghinaan dan kata-kata kotor, seringkali sebagai reaksi terhadap provokasi), dan pengucilan (misalnya, memblokir seseorang dari kontak), dan masih banyak lagi.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kowalski|first=R|last2=Giumetti|first2=G|last3=Schroeder|first3=A|last4=Lattanner|first4=M|date=2014-02|title=Bullying in the Digital Age: A Critical Review and Meta-Analysis of Cyberbullying Research Among Youth|journal=Psychological Bulletin|volume=140|issue=4|doi=http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0035618}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Vandebosch|first=H|last2=Van Cleemput|first2=K|date=2008|title=Defining cyberbullying: A qualitative research into the perceptions of youngsters. Journal of Cybertherapy and Rehabilitation|journal=CyberPsychology & Behavior|volume=11|issue=4|pages=499-503|doi=https://doi.org/10.1089/cpb.2007.0042}}</ref> ▼
== Berbagai bentuk Agresi Digital ==
▲DA memiliki banyak bentuk, termasuk [[pelecehan]] (misalnya, berulang kali mengirim pesan yang tidak pantas atau menyakitkan), ''flaming'' (misalnya, menggunakan penghinaan dan kata-kata kotor, seringkali sebagai reaksi terhadap provokasi), dan pengucilan (misalnya, memblokir seseorang dari kontak), dan masih banyak lagi.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kowalski|first=R|last2=Giumetti|first2=G|last3=Schroeder|first3=A|last4=Lattanner|first4=M|date=2014-02|title=Bullying in the Digital Age: A Critical Review and Meta-Analysis of Cyberbullying Research Among Youth|journal=Psychological Bulletin|volume=140|issue=4|doi=http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0035618}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Vandebosch|first=H|last2=Van Cleemput|first2=K|date=2008|title=Defining cyberbullying: A qualitative research into the perceptions of youngsters. Journal of Cybertherapy and Rehabilitation|journal=CyberPsychology & Behavior|volume=11|issue=4|pages=499-503|doi=https://doi.org/10.1089/cpb.2007.0042}}</ref> Selain kata-kata kotor, sebuah studi mencatat bahwa DA biasanya juga dipenuhi dengan gambar eksplisit tentang kekerasan seksual.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jane|first=E,A|date=2014|title=Your a ugly, whorish, slut” understanding E-bile|journal=Feminist Media Studies|volume=14|issue=4|pages=531-546|doi=https://doi.org/10.1080/14680777.2012.741073}}</ref> Sementara itu, Banet-Weiser dan Miltner (2016) menyoroti [[misogini]] yang sering menjadi ciri kekerasan siber dan disertai dengan [[rasisme]], yang berarti bahwa perempuan kulit berwarna sering menjadi sasaran jenis kekerasan ini.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Banet-Weiser|first=S|last2=Miltner|first2=K.M|date=2016|title=# MasculinitySoFragile: culture, structure, and networked misogyny|journal=Feminist Media Studies|volume=16|issue=1|pages=171-174|doi=https://doi.org/10.1080/14680777.2016.1120490}}</ref>
== Dampak Agresi Digital ==
Penelitian menunjukkan adanya kaitan yang kuat antara pengalaman DA dan dampak negatif terhadap [[kesehatan mental]] pada [[remaja]] dan [[dewasa muda]]. Studi-studi telah menunjukkan bahwa mereka yang mengalami DA lebih rentan menderita [[depresi]], [[kecemasan]], bahkan pikiran untuk bunuh diri.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bonanno|first=Rina A.|last2=Hymel|first2=Shelley|date=2013-05-01|title=Cyber Bullying and Internalizing Difficulties: Above and Beyond the Impact of Traditional Forms of Bullying|url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10964-013-9937-1|journal=Journal of Youth and Adolescence|language=en|volume=42|issue=5|pages=685–697|doi=10.1007/s10964-013-9937-1|issn=1573-6601}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mitchell|first=Kimberly J.|last2=Wolak|first2=Janis|last3=Finkelhor|first3=David|date=2007-02-01|title=Trends in Youth Reports of Sexual Solicitations, Harassment and Unwanted Exposure to Pornography on the Internet|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1054139X06002266|journal=Journal of Adolescent Health|language=English|volume=40|issue=2|pages=116–126|doi=10.1016/j.jadohealth.2006.05.021|issn=1054-139X|pmid=17259051}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Molero|first=María M.|last2=Martos|first2=África|last3=Barragán|first3=Ana B.|last4=Pérez-Fuentes|first4=María C.|last5=Gázquez|first5=José J.|date=2022-01-12|title=Anxiety and Depression from Cybervictimization in Adolescents: A Metaanalysis and Meta-regression Study|url=https://journals.copmadrid.org/ejpalc/art/ejpalc2022a5|journal=European Journal of Psychology Applied to Legal Context|language=en|volume=14|issue=1|pages=42–50|doi=10.5093/ejpalc2022a5|issn=1889-1861}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Perren|first=Sonja|last2=Dooley|first2=Julian|last3=Shaw|first3=Thérèse|last4=Cross|first4=Donna|date=2010-12|title=Bullying in school and cyberspace: Associations with depressive symptoms in Swiss and Australian adolescents|url=https://capmh.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1753-2000-4-28|journal=Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health|language=en|volume=4|issue=1|doi=10.1186/1753-2000-4-28|issn=1753-2000|pmc=PMC3003626|pmid=21092266}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wigderson|first=Sara|last2=Lynch|first2=Michael|date=2013-10|title=Cyber- and traditional peer victimization: Unique relationships with adolescent well-being.|url=https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/a0033657|journal=Psychology of Violence|language=en|volume=3|issue=4|pages=297–309|doi=10.1037/a0033657|issn=2152-081X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Schenk|first=Allison M.|last2=Fremouw|first2=William J.|date=2012-01-01|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15388220.2011.630310|doi=10.1080/15388220.2011.630310|issn=1538-8220}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Selkie|first=Ellen M.|last2=Fales|first2=Jessica L.|last3=Moreno|first3=Megan A.|date=2016-02-01|title=Cyberbullying Prevalence Among US Middle and High School–Aged Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Quality Assessment|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1054139X15003821|journal=Journal of Adolescent Health|language=English|volume=58|issue=2|pages=125–133|doi=10.1016/j.jadohealth.2015.09.026|issn=1054-139X|pmc=PMC4724486|pmid=26576821}}</ref> Lebih lanjut, korban DA juga ditemukan mengalami kesulitan di bidang kehidupan lainnya, termasuk peningkatan absensi sekolah dan penurunan prestasi akademik,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Gardella|first=Joseph H.|last2=Fisher|first2=Benjamin W.|last3=Teurbe-Tolon|first3=Abbie R.|date=2017-04-01|title=A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Cyber-Victimization and Educational Outcomes for Adolescents|url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.3102/0034654316689136|journal=Review of Educational Research|language=en|volume=87|issue=2|pages=283–308|doi=10.3102/0034654316689136|issn=0034-6543}}</ref> serta peningkatan kemungkinan terlibat dalam perilaku melanggar aturan, agresi, dan kenakalan.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ybarra|first=Michele L|last2=Mitchell|first2=Kimberly J|date=2004-05-25|title=Youth engaging in online harassment: associations with caregiver–child relationships, Internet use, and personal characteristics<sup>☆</sup>|url=https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1016/j.adolescence.2004.03.007|journal=Journal of Adolescence|volume=27|issue=3|pages=319–336|doi=10.1016/j.adolescence.2004.03.007|issn=0140-1971}}</ref>
== Rujukan ==
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