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Mengganti Rockstar_North_building,_shot_from_hill.jpg dengan Former_Rockstar_North_building,_shot_from_hill.jpg (berkas dipindahkan oleh CommonsDelinker; alasan:
 
(44 revisi perantara oleh 32 pengguna tidak ditampilkan)
Baris 1:
{{Tambah rujukan|date=Desember 2022}}
 
{{Infobox company
| name = Rockstar North Ltd
| logo = <!--[[Image:Rockstar North logoLogo.svg|200px|Rockstar North's present logo.]]-->
| caption =
| type typrdhee = [[Anak perusahaan]] dari [[Rockstar Games]]
| genre =
| fate =
| predecessor = DMA Design
| successor =
| foundation = 1988 <small>(assebagai DMA Design)</small><br/>2002 <small>(assebagai Rockstar North)</small>
| founder =
| defunct =
| location_city = [[Edinburgh]]
| location_country = [[Skotlandia]], [[Britania Raya]]
| location =
| locations =
| area_served =
| key_people = [[Leslie Benzies]], [[Dan Houser]], [[Sam Houser]], [[Aaron Garbut]], Obbe Vermeij, Adam Fowler, Allan Walker, Craig Filshie, Paul Kurowski
| industry = [[Hiburan interaktif]], [[Industri permainan video | Permainan komputer dan video]]
| products = Seri ''[[Grand Theft Auto (seriesseri)|Grand Theft Auto]]'' series (1997 - presentsekarang)<br/>Seri ''[[Lemmings (permainan video game)|Lemmings]]'' series (1991 - 1994)<br/>''[[Body Harvest]]'' (1998)<br/>''[[Manhunt (videopermainan gamevideo)|Manhunt]]'' (2003)<br/>''[[Agent (videopermainan gamevideo)|Agent]]'' (TBA)
| services =
| revenue =
Baris 35 ⟶ 37:
| intl =
}}
<references/>
 
'''Rockstar North''' (sebelumnyadulunya bernama [[DMA Design Ltd]]) merupakan salah satuadalah [[Pengembangpengembang permainan video]] dariasal InggrisBritania yangRaya, bertempattepatnya di kota [[Edinburgh]], [[Skotlandia]], yang lebih dikenal setelah menciptakan serialseri permainan '' [[Grand Theft Auto]]'' dan '' [[Lemmings]]''.
 
Pada awal 2002, perusahaan tersebut merupakan bagian dari perusahaan multinasional [[Rockstar Games]], yang dimiliki oleh [[Take-Two Interactive]]. Perusahaan ini adalah pengembang utama dari serialseri'' [[Grand Theft Auto]]'', termasuk '' [[Grand Theft Auto III]]'', '' [[Grand Theft Auto: Vice City]]'' dan '' [[Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas]]'', yang merupakan tiga dari permainan - permainan terlaris [[Sejarahsejarah konsol permainan video (generasi keenam) | generasi keenam permainan konsol]] , selain '' [[Grand Theft Auto IV]]'' yang juga salah satu permainan terlaris untuk [[Sejarahsejarah konsol permainan video (generasi ketujuh) | generasi permainan konsol saat ini]].
 
Pada tanggal 25 Oktober 2011, Rockstar North mengumumkan permainan '' Grand Theft Auto'' terbaru mereka, yang berjudul '' [[Grand Theft Auto V]]''.
 
== Sejarah ==
[[GambarBerkas: RockstarNorthfromhillFormer Rockstar North building, shot from hill.jpg | thumb jmpl| kiri | Gedung kantor Rockstar North terlihat dari Calton Hill di pusat Edinburgh]]
 
=== Akhir 1980-an ===
'''DMA Design''' didirikan pada tahun 1988 oleh [[David Jones (pengembang permainan) | David Jones]], Russell Kay, Steve Hammond dan [[Mike Dailly (desainer game) | Mike Dailly]] di [[Dundee]], [[Skotlandia]]. Nama DMA diambil dari pemrograman manual [[Amiga]] (digunakan untuk [[akses memori langsung | Direct Memory Access]]) dan inisial tersebut kemudian 'diartikan ulang' sehingga mereka dengan singkat menggunakan 'Direct Mind Access' (DMA juga dikomedikan sebagai "Doesn't Mean Anything" atau "Tidak berarti apa-apa" oleh pendiri perusahaan). Pada tahun 1988 DMA menandatangani kontrak dengan label Inggris [[Psygnosis]] serta mengembangkan'' [[Menace (video game) | Menace]]'' dan [[Blood Money (video game) | ''Blood Money'']], yang mendapat perhatian dari para pengguna permainan dan kritikus terhadap presentasi berkualitas tinggi juga tingkat kesulitannya. Seperti semua permainan yang dikembangkan sebelumnya,'' Menace'' dan'' Blood Money'' memulai debutnya pada [[Amiga]], salah satu platform terkemuka untuk video game di Eropa antara 1980-an dan awal 1990-an. Sebuah port [[Commodore 64]] diterbitkan segera setelahnya, kemudian diikuti oleh versi [[DOS]] dan [[Atari ST]].<ref name="Dailly: History 1.52"><cite class="citation web">[[Mike Dailly (game designer)|Dailly, Mike]] (2004). [http://www.javalemmings.com/DMA/DMA1_5.htm "The History of DMA – Chapter 1, part 5"]. ''[[Mike Dailly (game designer)|javalemmings.com]]''. from the original on 3 October 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite></ref>
{{-}}
 
=== Awal 1990-an ===
Terobosan besar DMA adalah '' [[Lemmings (video game) | Lemmings]]'' dipada tahun 1990-an, sebuah permainan puzzle dinamis yang terjual lebih dari 20 juta salinan di 21 sistem yang berbeda. Debutnya dimulai pada [[Amiga]] dan tersedia pada platform utama lainnya seperti [[Nintendo Entertainment System | NES]] dan [[Apple Macintosh | Macintosh]], dan format yang lebih jelas seperti [[FM Towns]] dan [[CD-i]]. DMA lebih banyak menghabiskan waktu selama beberapa tahun berikutnya dikhususkan untuk kelanjutan dari'' Lemmings ''('' [[Oh No! More Lemmings]]'',<ref name="NowGamer: History Of DMA"><cite class="citation web">[https://www.nowgamer.com/history-of-dma-design/ "History Of DMA Design"]. ''[[NowGamer]]''. 28 June 2010. from the original on 27 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref>'' [[Lemmings 2: The Tribes]]'',<ref name="The Video Games Guide"><cite class="citation book">Fox, Matt (30 November 2012). [https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Video_Games_Guide.html?id=LVc1QNGo_g0C ''The Video Games Guide: 1,000+ Arcade, Console and Computer Games, 1962–2012''] (2d ed.). [[McFarland & Company]]. p.&nbsp;169. [[International Standard Book Number|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Istimewa:BookSources/078647257X|078647257X]].</cite></ref> ''[[All New World of Lemmings]]'',<ref name="NowGamer: History Of DMA"/> dan dua edisi khusus yang bertema liburan Natal'' [[Holiday Lemmings]]<ref name="Eurogamer: Christmas Lemmings"><cite class="citation web">[http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/the-12-days-of-last-christmas-article "The 12 Days of Last Christmas"]. ''[[Eurogamer]]''. 21 December 2007. from the original on 27 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref>''). Mereka juga merilis dua judul baru: dipada tahun 1993'' [[Walker (video game) | Walker]]'' dan tahun 1994'' [[Hired Guns]]'' (sebuah permainan taktik tembak-menembak perorangan dengan layar split empat arah yang pertama). [[Sekuel]] Lemmings dan spin-off yang lainnya, seperti'' [[Lemmings Paintball]]'' dan'' [[Lemmings 3D]]'', muncul setelah beberapa tahun kemudian, tapitetapi permainan ini diproduksi tanpa DMA.
 
=== Pertengahan 1990-an ===
'' [[Uniracers]]'' edisi 1994, sebuah [[Permainan platform | Platform]] permainan balapan [[2 dimensi| 2D]] yang menampilkan [[unicycles]] tanpa pengendara adalah produk permainan pertama perusahaan ini yang mulai dimainkan pada jenis permainan konsol ([[Super Nintendo Entertainment System |Super Nintendo]]) yang diterbitkan oleh [[Nintendo]], dan juga menandai dimulainya produk permainan pertama DMA tanpa kerjasama dengan [[Psygnosis]], yang telah diambil alih oleh [[Sony]] pada tahun 1993. Ini adalah awal dari hubungan kerjasama yang panjang dengan perusahaan permainan konsol terbesar dari Jepang. Setelah menghabiskan beberapa waktu bereksperimen dengan berbagai generasi permainan konsol (terutama [[3DO Interactive Multiplayer | 3DO]]), DMA diminta oleh Nintendo untuk bergabung dengan "Dream Team" perusahaan pengembang mereka untuk pengembangan sistem [[Ultra 64]] berikutnya (yang kemudian berganti nama menjadi [[Nintendo 64]]) bersama perusahaan pengembang lain seperti [[Rare Ltd]], [[Paradigm]], [[Acclaim]], [[Midway Games]], dan [[LucasArts]].
 
=== Penggubahan DMA ===
Dalam penggubahan ini, DMA akan menghasilkan judul N64 yang secara eksklusif akan dipublikasikan oleh Nintendo. Hasil dari kolaborasi ini adalah permainan konsol dengan judul'' [[Body Harvest]]'', sebuah permainan aksi [[3 dimensi| 3D]] dengan alur cerita tentang alien yang datang ke Bumi bertujuan mengumpulkan manusia untuk dijadikan makanan mereka. Nintendo meminta sejumlah perubahan besar, seperti penambahan unsur [[puzzle]] dan peran bermain untuk membuat permainan lebih menarik bagi [[pangsa pasar]] di Jepang. Penerbitan Permainan mengalami banyak penundaan, dan pada akhirnya pihak Nintendo memutuskan untuk membatalkan rencana penerbitan permainan tersebut. Kemudian Midway akhirnya mengambil hak cipta permainan tersebut dan merilisnya pada tahun 1998, kurang lebih hampir tiga tahun setelah permainan tersebut ditampilkan pertama kali. Reaksi yang timbul sebagian besar menyambut dengan baik, khususnya untuk inovasi permainan dan ruang gerak permainan yang tanpa batas, meskipun beberapa pemain mengkritik tentang grafis.
 
=== Grand Theft Auto ===
Pada saat DMA merilis '' [[Grand Theft Auto]] (melalui label BMG Interactive)'' untuk PC pada saat itu pula rival pengembang mereka [[Visual Science]] mengkonversinya ke versi [[PlayStation]], yang menerapkan mekanisme permainan ''Body Harvest'' yang memungkinkan untuk mengontrol kendaraan apapun di lingkungan permainan [[2 dimensi|2D]] polisi dan perampok. Permainan ''GTA'' menempatkan pemain dalam peran seorang yang bekerja untuk mencapai peringkat kriminalitas di tiga kota fiksi di [[Amerika Serikat]]: Liberty City, Vice City, dan San Andreas. '' GTA'' menuai kontroversi tentang kekerasan, dan'' [[Daily Mail]]'' menyerukan larangan langsung. Dan tidak diragukan lagi bahwa kontroversi tersebut juga berkontribusi dalam membuat ''GTA'' sukses. Satu hal juga dapat dijadikan catatan, bahwa kontroversi tersebut sebagian diupayakan humas [[Max Clifford]], dengan menanam cerita sensasional di berbagai surat kabar dan tabloid untuk membantu meningkatkan penjualan permainan.
 
Judul permainan N64 DMA yang kedua,'' [[Space Station Silicon Valley]]'',<ref name="NowGamer: History Of DMA"/> kembali mengambil konsep multi kendaraan, kali ini dalam ruang lingkup [[permainan platform|platform]] 3D dan dengan robot hewan seperti [[domba]] melayang dan [[kura-kura]] dilengkapi menara bukan mobil dan truk.
 
=== Seri Red Dead ===
Permainan ini merupakan seri [[permainan aksi petualangan]] yang pertama kali diluncurkan pada 2004 dengan judul [[Red Dead Revolver]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Millsap|first=Zack|date=2020-07-14|title=Red Dead Revolver: A Look Back at the FIRST Red Dead Game|url=https://www.cbr.com/red-dead-revolver-look-back-first-game/|website=CBR|language=en|access-date=2023-12-03}}</ref> Permainan ini mulanya adalah projek dari [[Capcom]] yang memiliki konsep permainan S.W.A.T (Spaghetti Western Action Team) yang merupakan cabang dari projek kerjasama antara [[Angel Studios]] dengan Capcom di [[Resident Evil 2]]. Meski diumumkan pada tahun 2002, namun Capcom gagal menyelesaikannya dan haknya pengembangannya diambil alih oleh Rockstar. Setelah diambil alih, konsep Red Dead Revolver sepenuhnya berubah menjadi [[permainan aksi petualangan]] dengan latar waktu era [[Koboi]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Byrd|first=Matthew|date=2019-05-04|title=What Capcom's Red Dead Revolver Would Have Looked Like|url=https://www.denofgeek.com/games/red-dead-revolver-capcom/|website=Den of Geek|language=en-US|access-date=2023-12-03}}</ref>
 
Seri selanjutnya adalah [[Red Dead Redemption]] yang rilis pada tahun 2010.
 
== Referensi ==
{{Reflist}}
<!--{{Reflist|refs=
 
<ref name="CVG: Jackass">{{cite web |url=http://www.gamesradar.com/gta-5-jackass-video/ |title=This GTA 5 video is a complete Jackass |website=[[GamesRadar+]] |accessdate=30 December 2016}}</ref>
 
<ref name="Dailly: History 1.2">{{cite web |url=http://www.javalemmings.com/DMA/DMA1_2.htm |title=The History of DMA – Chapter 1, part 2 |last=Dailly |authorlink=Mike Dailly (game designer) |first=Mike |website=[[Mike Dailly (game designer)|javalemmings.com]] |date=2004 |accessdate=3 October 2015 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6bzaC36en?url=http://www.javalemmings.com/DMA/DMA1_2.htm |archivedate=3 October 2015 |deadurl=no |df=dmy}}</ref>
 
<ref name="Dailly: History 1.3">{{cite web |url=http://www.javalemmings.com/DMA/DMA1_3.htm |title=The History of DMA – Chapter 1, part 3 |last=Dailly |first=Mike |authorlink=Mike Dailly (game designer) |website=[[Mike Dailly (game designer)|javalemmings.com]] |date=2004 |accessdate=3 October 2015 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6bzbPCvOm?url=http://www.javalemmings.com/DMA/DMA1_3.htm |archivedate=3 October 2015 |deadurl=no |df=dmy}}</ref>
 
<ref name="Dailly: History 1.4">{{cite web |url=http://www.javalemmings.com/DMA/DMA1_4.htm |title=The History of DMA – Chapter 1, part 4 |last=Dailly |first=Mike |authorlink=Mike Dailly (game designer) |website=[[Mike Dailly (game designer)|javalemmings.com]] |date=2004 |accessdate=3 October 2015 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6bzcplnSH?url=http://www.javalemmings.com/DMA/DMA1_4.htm |archivedate=3 October 2015 |deadurl=no |df=dmy}}</ref>
 
<ref name="Dailly: History 1.5">{{cite web |url=http://www.javalemmings.com/DMA/DMA1_5.htm |title=The History of DMA – Chapter 1, part 5 |last=Dailly |first=Mike |authorlink=Mike Dailly (game designer) |website=[[Mike Dailly (game designer)|javalemmings.com]] |date=2004 |accessdate=3 October 2015 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6bzcyU5JN?url=http://www.javalemmings.com/DMA/DMA1_5.htm |archivedate=3 October 2015 |deadurl=no |df=dmy}}</ref>
 
<ref name="Dailly: History 2.1">{{cite web |url=http://www.javalemmings.com/DMA/DMA2_1.htm |title=The History of DMA – Chapter 2, part 1 |last=Dailly |first=Mike |authorlink=Mike Dailly (game designer) |website=[[Mike Dailly (game designer)|javalemmings.com]] |date=2004 |accessdate=27 March 2016 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6c2XJIfn1?url=http://www.javalemmings.com/DMA/DMA2_1.htm |archivedate=5 October 2015 |deadurl=no |df=dmy}}</ref>
 
<ref name="Dailly: History 2.4">{{cite web |url=http://www.javalemmings.com/DMA/DMA2_4.htm |title=The History of DMA – Chapter 2, part 4 |last=Dailly |first=Mike |authorlink=Mike Dailly (game designer) |website=[[Mike Dailly (game designer)|javalemmings.com]] |date=2004 |accessdate=27 March 2016 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6c2Z6PAqg?url=http://www.javalemmings.com/DMA/DMA2_4.htm |archivedate=5 October 2015 |deadurl=no |df=dmy}}</ref>
 
<ref name="Dailly: History 3.1">{{cite web |url=http://www.javalemmings.com/DMA/DMA3_1.htm |title=The History of DMA – Chapter 3, part 1 |last=Dailly |first=Mike |authorlink=Mike Dailly (game designer) |website=[[Mike Dailly (game designer)|javalemmings.com]] |date=2005 |accessdate=27 March 2016 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6c2aJMJLF?url=http://www.javalemmings.com/DMA/DMA3_1.htm |archivedate=5 October 2015 |deadurl=no |df=dmy}}</ref>
 
<ref name="Dailly: History 3.2">{{cite web |url=http://www.javalemmings.com/DMA/DMA3_2.htm |title=The History of DMA – Chapter 3, part 2 |last=Dailly |first=Mike |authorlink=Mike Dailly (game designer) |website=[[Mike Dailly (game designer)|javalemmings.com]] |date=2005 |accessdate=27 March 2016 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6c2aL15ZY?url=http://www.javalemmings.com/DMA/DMA3_2.htm |archivedate=5 October 2015 |deadurl=no |df=dmy}}</ref>
 
<ref name="Dailly: History 3.5">{{cite web |url=http://www.javalemmings.com/DMA/DMA3_5.htm |title=The History of DMA – Chapter 3, part 5 |last=Dailly |first=Mike |authorlink=Mike Dailly (game designer) |website=[[Mike Dailly (game designer)|javalemmings.com]] |date=2005 |accessdate=27 March 2016 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6gJKfEoGW?url=http://www.javalemmings.com/DMA/DMA3_5.htm |archivedate=27 March 2016 |deadurl=no |df=dmy}}</ref>
 
<ref name="Dailly: History 3.6">{{cite web |url=http://www.javalemmings.com/DMA/DMA3_6.htm |title=The History of DMA – Chapter 3, part 6 |last=Dailly |first=Mike |authorlink=Mike Dailly (game designer) |website=[[Mike Dailly (game designer)|javalemmings.com]] |date=2005 |accessdate=27 March 2016 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6cOUjrvuN?url=http://www.javalemmings.com/DMA/DMA3_6.htm |archivedate=19 October 2015 |deadurl=no |df=dmy}}</ref>
 
<ref name="Dailly: History 4.1">{{cite web |url=http://www.javalemmings.com/DMA/DMA4_1.htm |title=The History of DMA – Chapter 4, part 1 |last=Dailly |first=Mike |authorlink=Mike Dailly (game designer) |website=[[Mike Dailly (game designer)|javalemmings.com]] |date=2004 |accessdate=27 March 2016 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6c0CDd25p?url=http://www.javalemmings.com/DMA/DMA4_1.htm |archivedate=3 October 2015 |deadurl=no |df=dmy}}</ref>
 
<ref name="Dailly: Logo">{{cite web |url=http://www.javalemmings.com/DMA/Logos.htm |title=The DMA Logo saga |last=Dailly |first=Mike |authorlink=Mike Dailly (game designer) |website=[[Mike Dailly (game designer)|javalemmings.com]] |date=2004 |accessdate=26 March 2016 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6gIN8j2at?url=http://www.javalemmings.com/DMA/Logos.htm |archivedate=26 March 2016 |deadurl=no |df=dmy}}</ref>
 
<ref name="Daily Record: Games visionary">{{cite web |url=http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/entertainment/video-games/video-games-news/grand-theft-auto-v-games-2275673 |title=Grand Theft Auto V: Games visionary behind Scotland's biggest cultural export |website=[[Daily Record (Scotland)|Daily Record]] |date=17 September 2013 |accessdate=3 October 2015 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6c0BYwbWi?url=http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/entertainment/video-games/video-games-news/grand-theft-auto-v-games-2275673 |archivedate=3 October 2015 |deadurl=no |df=dmy}}</ref>
 
<ref name="Destructoid: Agent">{{cite web |url=https://www.destructoid.com/e3-09-sony-announces-new-rockstar-exclusive-agent-134537.phtml |title=E3 09: Sony announces new Rockstar exclusive Agent |last=Rice |first=Brad |date=2 June 2009 |website=[[Destructoid]] |accessdate=5 June 2009}}</ref>
 
<ref name="Develop: Inside Rockstar North 2">{{cite web |url=http://www.develop-online.net/studio-profile/inside-rockstar-north-part-2-the-studio/0184061 |title=Inside Rockstar North – Part 2: The Studio |last=French |first=Michael |website=[[Develop (magazine)|Develop]] |date=4 October 2013 |accessdate=27 March 2016 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6gJB1R1xf?url=http://www.develop-online.net/studio-profile/inside-rockstar-north-part-2-the-studio/0184061 |archivedate=27 March 2016 |deadurl=no |df=dmy}}</ref>
 
<ref name="Develop: IP profile">{{cite web |url=http://www.develop-online.net/analysis/ip-profile-grand-theft-auto/0116103 |title=IP profile: Grand Theft Auto |website=[[Develop (magazine)|Develop]] |accessdate=30 October 2017}}</ref>
 
<ref name="Digital Spy: Beast Reflections">{{cite web |url=http://www.digitalspy.com/gaming/retro-gaming/news/a401590/retro-corner-shadow-of-the-beast/ |title=Retro Corner: 'Shadow of the Beast' |last=Langshaw |first=Mark |website=[[Digital Spy]] |date=25 August 2012 |accessdate=27 March 2016 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6gJtPLyUp?url=http://www.digitalspy.com/gaming/retro-corner/news/a401590/retro-corner-shadow-of-the-beast/ |archivedate=27 March 2016 |deadurl=no |df=dmy}}</ref>
 
<ref name="DMA: 1st Column">{{cite web |url=http://www.dmadesign.net/manual-override/scottish-games-net-1st-column/ |title=Scottish Games NET 1st Column |last=Hammond |first=Steve |website=dmadesign.net |accessdate=27 March 2016 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6c02pbYtd?url=http://www.dmadesign.net/manual-override/scottish-games-net-1st-column/ |archivedate=3 October 2015 |deadurl=no |df=dmy}}</ref>
 
<ref name="Engadget: GTA docs">{{cite web |url=https://www.engadget.com/2011/03/22/race-n-chase-original-gta-design-docs-posted/ |title=Race'n'Chase: Original GTA design docs posted |last=Ransom-Wiley |first=James |website=[[Engadget]] |date=22 March 2011 |accessdate=27 March 2016 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6gJZHB0sK?url=http://www.engadget.com/2011/03/22/race-n-chase-original-gta-design-docs-posted/ |archivedate=27 March 2016 |deadurl=no |df=dmy}}</ref>
 
<ref name="Eurogamer: almost cancelled">{{cite web |url=http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2013-09-16-how-the-first-grand-theft-auto-was-almost-cancelled |title=How the first Grand Theft Auto was almost cancelled |last=Yin-Poole |first=Wesley |website=[[Eurogamer]] |date=16 September 2013 |accessdate=27 March 2016 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6gJZTVt5O?url=http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2013-09-16-how-the-first-grand-theft-auto-was-almost-cancelled |archivedate=27 March 2016 |deadurl=no |df=dmy}}</ref>
 
<ref name="Eurogamer: Christmas Lemmings">{{cite web |url=http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/the-12-days-of-last-christmas-article |title=The 12 Days of Last Christmas |website=[[Eurogamer]] |date=21 December 2007 |accessdate=27 March 2016 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6gJshe1dL?url=http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/the-12-days-of-last-christmas-article |archivedate=27 March 2016 |deadurl=no |df=dmy}}</ref>
 
<ref name="Eurogamer: Walker">{{cite web |url=http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2014-09-14-after-lemmings-was-a-hit-dma-design-declared-war-with-walker |title=After Lemmings was a hit, DMA Design declared war with Walker |last=Virtue |first=Graeme |website=[[Eurogamer]] |date=14 September 2014 |accessdate=27 March 2016 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6gJGCnOYp?url=http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2014-09-14-after-lemmings-was-a-hit-dma-design-declared-war-with-walker |archivedate=27 March 2016 |deadurl=no |df=dmy}}</ref>
 
<ref name="Gamasutra: Hired Guns">{{cite web |url=https://www.gamasutra.com/view/feature/130124/the_history_of_computer_.php |title=The History of Computer Role-Playing Games Part 2: The Golden Age (1985–1993) |last=Barton |first=Matt |website=[[Gamasutra]] |date=23 February 2007 |accessdate=27 March 2016 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6gJTQDAAr?url=http://www.gamasutra.com/features/20070223b/barton_pfv.htm |archivedate=27 March 2016 |deadurl=no |df=dmy}}</ref>
 
<ref name="Gamasutra: Catch Up">{{cite web |url=https://www.gamasutra.com/view/news/103142/Playing_Catch_Up_GTALemmings_Dave_Jones.php |title=Playing Catch Up: ''GTA/Lemmings''{{'}} Dave Jones |last=Wallis |first=Alistair |website=[[Gamasutra]] |date=21 December 2006 |accessdate=27 March 2016 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6gJtjE2vb?url=http://www.gamasutra.com/view/news/103142/Playing_Catch_Up_GTALemmings_Dave_Jones.php |archivedate=27 March 2016 |deadurl=no |df=dmy}}</ref>
 
<ref name="GameRankings: Lemmings 2">{{cite web |url=https://www.gamerankings.com/pc/564598-lemmings-2-the-tribes/index.html |title=Lemmings 2: The Tribes for PC |website=[[GameRankings]] |accessdate=27 March 2016 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6gJrUYOkh?url=http://www.gamerankings.com/pc/564598-lemmings-2-the-tribes/index.html |archivedate=27 March 2016 |deadurl=no |df=dmy}}</ref>
 
<ref name="GameSpot: Acquires">{{cite web |url=https://www.gamespot.com/articles/take-two-acquires-dma-design/1100-2450254/ |title=Take-Two Acquires DMA Design |last=Kennedy |first=Sam |website=[[GameSpot]] |date=29 September 1999 |accessdate=27 March 2016 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170404210337/http://www.gamespot.com/articles/take-two-acquires-dma-design/1100-2450254/ |archivedate=4 April 2017 |deadurl=no}}</ref>
 
<ref name="GameSpot: Agent">{{cite web |url=https://www.gamespot.com/articles/take-two-grooming-agent-to-be-the-next-gta/1100-6211640/ |title=Take-Two grooming Agent to be the next GTA |website=[[GameSpot]] |accessdate=5 June 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111001143216/http://e3.gamespot.com/story/6211640/take-two-grooming-agent-to-be-the-next-gta |archivedate=1 October 2011 |df=dmy-all}}</ref>
 
<ref name="GameSpot: Wild Metal">{{cite web |url=https://www.gamespot.com/reviews/wild-metal-review/1900-2540781/ |title=Wild Metal Review |last=Stahl |first=Ben |website=[[GameSpot]] |date=2 February 2000 |accessdate=27 March 2016 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530024628/http://www.gamespot.com/reviews/wild-metal-review/1900-2540781/ |archivedate=30 May 2015 |deadurl=no |df=dmy-all}}</ref>
 
<ref name="GIBiz: 926000">{{cite web |url=http://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/gta-iv-926-000-copies-sold-in-five-days |title=GTA IV: 926,000 copies sold in five days |website=[[GamesIndustry.biz]] |accessdate=30 December 2016}}</ref>
 
<ref name="GIBiz: Benzies">{{cite web |url=http://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/2016-04-12-rockstar-benzies-claims-downright-bizarre |title=Rockstar: Benzies' claims "downright bizarre" |website=[[GamesIndustry.biz]] |accessdate=14 April 2016}}</ref>
 
<ref name="GIBiz: leave Take-Two">{{cite web |url=http://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/2016-04-12-grand-theft-auto-devs-planned-to-leave-take-two |title=Grand Theft Auto devs planned to leave Take-Two |website=[[GamesIndustry.biz]] |accessdate=30 October 2017}}</ref>
 
<ref name="HeraldScotland: Jones">{{cite web |url=http://www.heraldscotland.com/news/11952408.GAME_BOY_He_is_the_Scottish_computer_wizard_compared_to_Branson_and_loved_by_Labour__But_as_his_empire_continues_to_expand__how_much_of_Chris_van_der_Kuyl_apos_s_success_is_down_to_spin_/ |title=GAME BOY He is the Scottish computer wizard compared to Branson and loved by Labour. But as his empire continues to expand, how much of Chris van der Kuyl's success is down to spin? |website=[[The Herald (Glasgow)|The Herald]] |date=24 August 2002 |accessdate=27 March 2016 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6gIcfC2CR?url=http://www.heraldscotland.com/news/11952408.GAME_BOY_He_is_the_Scottish_computer_wizard_compared_to_Branson_and_loved_by_Labour__But_as_his_empire_continues_to_expand__how_much_of_Chris_van_der_Kuyl_apos_s_success_is_down_to_spin_/ |archivedate=26 March 2016 |deadurl=no |df=dmy}}</ref>
 
<ref name="HeraldScotland: new headquarters">{{cite web |title=Scotsman group seeks new headquarters as Rockstar prepares to move into Barclay House |url=http://www.heraldscotland.com/business_hq/13137464.Scotsman_group_seeks_new_headquarters_as_Rockstar_prepares_to_move_into_Barclay_House/ |website=[[The Herald (Glasgow)|The Herald]] |date=22 December 2013 |accessdate=31 January 2017}}</ref>
 
<ref name="IGN: Agent">{{cite web |url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2009/06/02/rockstars-agent-announced-for-ps3 |title=Rockstar's 'Agent' Announced For PS3 |last=Reilly |first=Jim |date=2 June 2009 |website=[[IGN]] |accessdate=5 June 2009}}</ref>
 
<ref name="IGN: History of the PlayStation">{{cite web |url=http://www.ign.com/articles/1998/08/28/history-of-the-playstation |title=History of the PlayStation |website=[[IGN]] |date=27 August 1998 |accessdate=27 March 2016 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130125054331/http://www.ign.com/articles/1998/08/28/history-of-the-playstation |archivedate=25 January 2013 |deadurl=no |df=dmy-all}}</ref>
 
<ref name="IGN: How">{{cite web |url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2018/05/04/how-rockstar-is-making-its-open-worlds-even-better |title=How Rockstar Is Making Its Open Worlds Even Better |first=Daniel |last=Krupa |date=4 May 2018 |website=[[IGN]] |accessdate=6 May 2018}}</ref>
 
<ref name="IGN: Jones">{{cite web |url=http://www.ign.com/articles/1997/03/11/interview-with-dmas-david-jones |title=Interview with DMA's David Jones |website=[[IGN]] |date=10 March 1997 |accessdate=27 March 2016 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408032105/http://www.ign.com/articles/1997/03/11/interview-with-dmas-david-jones |archivedate=8 April 2016 |deadurl=no}}</ref>
 
<ref name="IGN: Rockstar North">{{cite web |url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2002/05/24/e3-2002-rockstar-studios-changes-name-again |title=E3 2002: Rockstar Studios Changes Name Again |website=[[IGN]] |date=24 May 2002 |accessdate=26 March 2016 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031155044/http://www.ign.com/articles/2002/05/24/e3-2002-rockstar-studios-changes-name-again |archivedate=31 October 2013 |deadurl=no}}</ref>
 
<ref name="IGN: Rockstar Studios">{{cite web |url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2002/03/19/scottish-developer-becomes-rockstar |title=Scottish Developer Becomes Rockstar |website=[[IGN]] |date=19 March 2002 |accessdate=26 March 2016 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160322025101/http://www.ign.com/articles/2002/03/19/scottish-developer-becomes-rockstar |archivedate=22 March 2016 |deadurl=no}}</ref>
 
<ref name="Jacked: The Outlaw Story">{{cite book |title=Jacked: The Outlaw Story of Grand Theft Auto |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Jacked.html?id=csIFPG6XK0UC |last=Kushner |first=David |authorlink=David Kushner |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]] |isbn=0470936371 |location=United States |date=1 April 2012 |page=23}}</ref>
 
<ref name="Jeuxvideo: Evo's Space Adventures">{{cite web |url=http://www.jeuxvideo.com/articles/0000/00000746_test.htm |title=Test du jeu Evos Space Adventures sur PS1 |language=French |website=Jeuxvideo.com |date=7 July 2000 |accessdate=27 March 2016 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6gJuCHrky?url=http://www.jeuxvideo.com/articles/0000/00000746_test.htm |archivedate=27 March 2016 |deadurl=no |df=dmy}}</ref>
 
<ref name="Kotaku: Benzies">{{cite web |url=https://kotaku.com/rockstar-north-boss-leslie-benzies-is-out-after-nearly-1752495562 |title=Rockstar North Boss Leslie Benzies Is Out After Nearly Two Decades |last=Klepek |first=Patrick |website=[[Kotaku]] |date=12 January 2016 |accessdate=13 January 2016}}</ref>
 
<ref name="Kotaku: GTA IV Overtakes">{{cite web |url=https://kotaku.com/5840484/gta-iv-overtakes-san-andreas-in-lifetime-sales |title=''GTA IV'' Overtakes San Andreas in Lifetime Sales [Correction] |website=[[Kotaku]] |date= |accessdate=30 October 2013}}</ref>
 
<ref name="MCV: Deals">{{cite web |url=http://www.mcvuk.com/articles/publishing/deals-that-shook-the-industry-3-10 |title=Deals that shook the industry: 3/10 |last=Ingham |first=Tim |website=[[MCV (magazine)|MCV]] |date=25 July 2008 |accessdate=27 March 2016 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6gJawGyP8?url=http://www.mcvuk.com/news/read/deals-that-shook-the-industry-3-10/0700 |archivedate=27 March 2016 |deadurl=no |df=dmy}}</ref>
 
<ref name="MCV: Sam Houser">{{cite web |url=http://www.mcvuk.com/articles/publishing/sam-housers-cv-in-his-own-words |title=Sam Houser's CV – in his own words |website=[[MCV (magazine)|MCV]] |date=11 July 2008 |accessdate=27 March 2016 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6gJkKAqlB?url=http://www.mcvuk.com/news/read/sam-houser-s-cv-in-his-own-words/0691 |archivedate=27 March 2016 |deadurl=no |df=dmy}}</ref>
 
<ref name="NowGamer: History Of DMA">{{cite web |url=https://www.nowgamer.com/history-of-dma-design/ |title=History Of DMA Design |website=[[NowGamer]] |date=28 June 2010 |accessdate=27 March 2016 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6gJTn8QjN?url=http://www.nowgamer.com/history-of-dma-design/ |archivedate=27 March 2016 |deadurl=no |df=dmy}}</ref>
 
<ref name="Polygon: lawsuit explained">{{cite web |url=https://www.polygon.com/2016/4/14/11428072/the-great-grand-theft-auto-lawsuit-explained |title=The great Grand Theft Auto lawsuit explained |first=Colin |last=Campbell |date=14 April 2016 |website=[[Polygon (website)|Polygon]] |accessdate=30 October 2017}}</ref>
 
<ref name="Startups: Zoo Digital">{{cite web |url=https://startups.co.uk/zoo-digital-ian-stewart/ |title=Zoo Digital: Ian Stewart |last=Weiner |first=Anastasia |website=Startups.co.uk |date=9 August 2007 |accessdate=27 March 2016 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6gJaquTDp?url=http://startups.co.uk/zoo-digital-ian-stewart/ |archivedate=27 March 2016 |deadurl=no |df=dmy}}</ref>
 
<ref name="The Video Games Guide">{{cite book |last=Fox |first=Matt |date=30 November 2012 |title=The Video Games Guide: 1,000+ Arcade, Console and Computer Games, 1962–2012 |edition=2d |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Video_Games_Guide.html?id=LVc1QNGo_g0C |publisher=[[McFarland & Company]] |page=169 |isbn=078647257X}}</ref>
 
<ref name=NGen28>{{cite magazine |title=NG Alphas: Gamespotting |magazine=[[Next Generation (magazine)|Next Generation]]|issue=28 |publisher=[[Imagine Media]] |date=April 1997|pages=98–102}}</ref>
 
}}-->
== Pranala luar ==
* {{Official website|http://rockstarnorth.com/}}
[[Kategori: Perusahaan permainan video]]
 
{{DMA Design}}
{{Rockstar Games}}
{{Take-Two Interactive}}
 
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