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(7 revisi perantara oleh pengguna yang sama tidak ditampilkan)
Baris 1:
{{inuse}}
{{Infobox software
| title = Community Notes
Baris 6 ⟶ 5:
| logo caption = Logo of Community Notes on X
| logo size = 200px
| logo alt = CommunityCatatan NotesKomunitas
| collapsible = <!-- Any text here will collapse the screenshot. -->
| screenshot size = 200px
| screenshot alt = Rating a Community Note on X
| caption = RatingMenilai aCatatan CommunityKomunitas Note ondi X
| other_names = Birdwatch
| author = [[Twitter, Inc.]]
Baris 37 ⟶ 36:
| language count = <!-- Number only -->
| language footnote =
| genre = {{ubl|[[Crowdsourcingcrowdsourcing]]|[[Fact-checkingPemeriksaan fakta]]|[[ContentModerasi moderationkonten]]}}
| license = [[Apache License|Lisensi Apache-2.0 license]]
| website = https://communitynotes.x.com/guide
| AsOf =
}}
 
'''''Community Notes''''', sebelumnya dikenal sebagai '''''Birdwatch''''', adalah [[Fitur perangkat lunak|fitur]] di [[Twitter|X (sebelumnya Twitter)]] tempat kontributor dapat menambahkan [[Konteks (linguistik)|konteks]] seperti [[Pemeriksaan fakta|pemeriksaan fakta]] di bawah kiriman, gambar, atau video. Ini adalah program [[moderasi konten]] yang digerakkan oleh komunitas, yang dimaksudkan untuk menyediakan konteks yang bermanfaat dan informatif, berdasarkan sistem [[Urun daya|sumber daya massa]]. Catatan diterapkan pada konten yang berpotensi [[Muslihat|menyesatkan]] oleh [[algoritme]] yang tidak didasarkan pada [[Kekuasaan mayoritas|aturan mayoritas]], tetapi persetujuan dari pengguna di berbagai sisi [[spektrum politik]].
 
Program ini diluncurkan pada tahun 2021 dan tersebar luas di X pada tahun 2023. Awalnya hanya diperlihatkan kepada pengguna AS, catatan tersebut dipopulerkan pada Maret 2022 mengenai [[Disinformasi dalam krisis Rusia-Ukraina 2021–2022|misinformasi mengenai invasi Rusia ke Ukraina]] yang diikuti oleh [[Misinformasi Covid-19|misinformasi COVID-19]] pada bulan Oktober. Birdwatch kemudian berganti nama menjadi ''Community Notes'' dan diperluas pada bulan November 2022. Hingga bulan November 2023, catatan tersebut memiliki sekitar 133.000 kontributor; catatan tersebut dilaporkan menerima puluhan juta tampilan per hari, dengan tujuannya untuk melawan [[propaganda]] dan [[misinformasi]]. Menurut [[Mashable]], sebagian besar pengguna tidak melihat catatan yang mengoreksi konten tersebut hingga bulan November 2023.<ref name="Binder-2023" /> Pada bulan Mei 2024, sebuah studi mengenai catatan [[vaksin COVID-19]] dianggap akurat hingga 97% dari waktu.<ref name=":1" />
 
Kritikus juga menyoroti bagaimana program ini menyebarkan [[disinformasi]], rentan terhadap manipulasi, dan tidak konsisten dalam penerapan catatan, serta upayanya dalam memerangi misinformasi.{{efn|name=StudySources}} [[Elon Musk]], pemilik X, menganggap program ini sebagai pengubah permainan dan memiliki potensi yang besar. Setelah sebuah posting oleh Musk menerima Catatan Komunitas, ia mengklaim program tersebut telah [[manipulasiManipulasi Internetinternet|dimanipulasi]] oleh [[aktor negara]].<ref name="Sky-News-2023" />
 
== Sejarah ==
[[File:Birdwatch Logo.svg|thumb|TheLogo originalasli logo ofdari ''Birdwatch'']]
Pada bulan Februari 2020, Twitter memperkenalkan label dan pesan peringatan yang dimaksudkan untuk membatasi konten yang berpotensi membahayakan dan menyesatkan.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Roth |first1= Yoel |last2=Achuthan |first2=Ashita |date=2020-02-04 |title=Building rules in public: Our approach to synthetic & manipulated media |url=https://blog.x.com/en_us/topics/company/2020/new-approach-to-synthetic-and-manipulated-media |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231218200329/https://blog.twitter.com/en_us/topics/company/2020/new-approach-to-synthetic-and-manipulated-media |archive-date=December 18, 2023 |access-date=2024-12-03 |website=Twitter blog |language=en}}</ref> Pada bulan Agustus 2020, pengembangan Birdwatch diumumkan, yang awalnya digambarkan sebagai alat moderasi. Twitter pertama kali meluncurkan program Birdwatch pada bulan Januari 2021, yang dimaksudkan sebagai cara untuk membantah misinformasi dan propaganda, dengan [[Eksperimen pendahuluan|program percontohan]] yang melibatkan 1.000 kontributor,<ref name="Hollister-2020">{{Cite web |last=Hollister |first=Sean |date=2020-10-04 |title=Twitter's 'Birdwatch' looks like a new attempt to root out propaganda and misinformation |url=https://www.theverge.com/2020/10/4/21500687/twitter-birdwatch-misinfo-tool-propaganda |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231119051019/https://www.theverge.com/2020/10/4/21500687/twitter-birdwatch-misinfo-tool-propaganda |archive-date=November 19, 2023 |access-date=2023-11-19 |website=The Verge |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Lyons-2021">{{cite web |last=Lyons |first=Kim |date=January 25, 2021 |title=Twitter launches Birdwatch, a fact-checking program intended to fight misinformation |url=https://www.theverge.com/2021/1/25/22248903/twitter-birdwatch-fact-checking-misinformation |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210324160905/https://www.theverge.com/2021/1/25/22248903/twitter-birdwatch-fact-checking-misinformation |archive-date=March 24, 2021 |access-date=January 25, 2021 |work=[[The Verge]]}}</ref> beberapa minggu setelah [[Penyerbuan Gedung Kapitol 2021|serangan Gedung Capitol Amerika Serikat pada tanggal 6 Januari]].<ref name="Elliott-2023">{{Cite magazine |last=Elliott |first=Vittoria |date=October 17, 2023 |title=Elon Musk's Main Tool for Fighting Disinformation on X Is Making the Problem Worse, Insiders Claim |url=https://www.wired.com/story/x-community-notes-disinformation/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231017224528/https://www.wired.com/story/x-community-notes-disinformation/ |archive-date=October 17, 2023 |access-date=2023-11-17 |magazine=Wired |language=en-US |issn=1059-1028}}</ref> Tujuannya adalah untuk "membangun Birdwatch secara terbuka, dan dibentuk oleh komunitas Twitter." Pada bulan November 2021, Twitter memperbarui alat moderasi Birdwatch untuk membatasi visibilitas identitas kontributor dengan membuat alias untuk akun mereka, dalam upaya untuk membatasi bias terhadap penulis catatan.<ref name="Lyons-2021" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Lyons |first=Kim |date=November 22, 2021 |title=Twitter introduces aliases for contributors to its Birdwatch moderation program |url=https://www.theverge.com/2021/11/22/22796918/twitter-moderation-birdwatch-aliases-contributors-misinformation |access-date=November 22, 2021 |website=The Verge |archive-date=November 22, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122212018/https://www.theverge.com/2021/11/22/22796918/twitter-moderation-birdwatch-aliases-contributors-misinformation |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
Twitter kemudian memperluas akses ke catatan yang dibuat oleh kontributor Birdwatch pada bulan Maret 2022, memberikan sekelompok pengguna AS secara acak kemampuan untuk melihat catatan yang dilampirkan ke tweet dan menilai catatan tersebut,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Perez |first=Sarah |date=March 3, 2022 |title=Twitter to show 'Birdwatch' community fact-checks to more users, following criticism |url=https://techcrunch.com/2022/03/03/twitter-to-show-birdwatch-community-fact-checks-to-more-users-following-criticism/ |access-date=March 3, 2022 |website=Tech Crunch |archive-date=March 3, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220303144716/https://techcrunch.com/2022/03/03/twitter-to-show-birdwatch-community-fact-checks-to-more-users-following-criticism/ |url-status=live }}</ref> dengan pilot sebanyak 10.000 kontributor.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sato |first=Mia |date=2022-03-03 |title=Twitter will start showing crowd-sourced fact checks to some users |url=https://www.theverge.com/2022/3/3/22959888/twitter-birdwatch-crowdsourcing-fact-checking |access-date=2024-02-28 |website=The Verge |language=en |archive-date=November 19, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231119053846/https://www.theverge.com/2022/3/3/22959888/twitter-birdwatch-crowdsourcing-fact-checking |url-status=live }}</ref> Rata-rata, kontributor mencatat 43 kali sehari pada tahun 2022 sebelum [[invasi Rusia ke Ukraina]]. Jumlah ini kemudian meningkat menjadi 156 pada hari invasi, yang diperkirakan merupakan sebagian kecil dari unggahan menyesatkan di platform tersebut. Hingga 1 Maret, hanya 359 dari 10.000 kontributor yang mengajukan catatan pada tahun 2022, sementara juru bicara Twitter menjelaskan rencana untuk meningkatkan program tersebut, dengan fokus pada "memastikan bahwa Birdwatch adalah sesuatu yang dianggap bermanfaat oleh orang-orang dan dapat membantu memberikan pemahaman".<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Oremus |first1=Will |last2=Merrill |first2=Jeremy B. |date=March 2, 2022 |title=As Ukraine misinformation rages, Twitter's fact-checking tool is a no-show |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2022/03/01/twitter-birdwatch-ukraine-fact-checking-misinfo/ |access-date=March 3, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604063853/https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2022/03/01/twitter-birdwatch-ukraine-fact-checking-misinfo/ |archive-date=June 4, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Godel |first1=William |last2=Sanderson |first2=Zeve |last3=Aslett |first3=Kevin |last4=Nagler |first4=Jonathan |last5=Bonneau |first5=Richard |last6=Persily |first6=Nathaniel |last7=Tucker |first7=Joshua A. |date=2021-10-28 |title=Moderating with the Mob: Evaluating the Efficacy of Real-Time Crowdsourced Fact-Checking |url=https://www.tsjournal.org/index.php/jots/article/view/15/6 |journal=[[Journal of Online Trust and Safety]] |language=en |volume=1 |issue=1 |doi=10.54501/jots.v1i1.15 |issn=2770-3142 |doi-access=free |access-date=November 25, 2023 |archive-date=November 24, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231124151440/https://www.tsjournal.org/index.php/jots/article/view/15/6 |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
Pada September 2022, program ini telah diperluas hingga mencapai 15.000 pengguna.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Makena |date=2022-09-07 |title=Twitter is expanding its experimental community moderation system |url=https://www.theverge.com/2022/9/7/23341003/twitter-birdwatch-community-moderation-notes-misinformation-tweets-qanon |access-date=2023-11-19 |website=The Verge |language=en |archive-date=November 19, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231119051023/https://www.theverge.com/2022/9/7/23341003/twitter-birdwatch-community-moderation-notes-misinformation-tweets-qanon |url-status=live }}</ref> Pada bulan Oktober 2022, catatan yang paling sering diterbitkan terkait dengan [[Misinformasi Covid-19|misinformasi COVID-19]] berdasarkan penggunaan historis.<ref name="Faife-2022">{{Cite web |last=Faife |first=Corin |date=2022-10-10 |title=COVID misinfo is the biggest challenge for Twitter's Birdwatch program, data shows |url=https://www.theverge.com/2022/10/10/23393021/twitter-birdwatch-covid-misinformation-data-analysis-misinformation-fact-check |access-date=2023-11-19 |website=The Verge |language=en |archive-date=November 19, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231119051020/https://www.theverge.com/2022/10/10/23393021/twitter-birdwatch-covid-misinformation-data-analysis-misinformation-fact-check |url-status=live }}</ref> InPada bulan November 2022, atatas the request ofpermintaan [[Twitter under Elon Musk|newpemilik ownerbaru Elon Musk]], Birdwatch wasdiubah rebrandednamanya tomenjadi ''Community Notes'','' takingmengambil anpendekatan [[Open source|open-sourcesumber terbuka]] approachuntuk tomenangani deal with misinformationmisinformasi,<ref name="Sankaran-2022">{{Cite web |last=Sankaran |first=Vishwam |date=2022-12-12 |title=Twitter's new Community Notes feature lets people add context to tweets |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/tech/twitter-community-notes-tweet-context-b2243311.html |access-date=2023-11-18 |website=The Independent |language=en |archive-date=November 18, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118135420/https://www.independent.co.uk/tech/twitter-community-notes-tweet-context-b2243311.html |url-status=live }}</ref> anddan expandedmeluas toke EuropeEropa anddan countriesnegara-negara outsidedi of theluar USAS.<ref name="Biron-2022">{{Cite web |last=Biron |first=Bethany |title=Elon Musk said Twitter's Birdwatch feature will be renamed 'Community Notes' and is aimed at 'improving information accuracy' amid growing content-moderation concerns |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/musk-renames-birdwatch-community-notes-touts-improving-accuracy-2022-11 |access-date=November 15, 2022 |website=Business Insider |archive-date=November 15, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221115023929/https://www.businessinsider.com/musk-renames-birdwatch-community-notes-touts-improving-accuracy-2022-11 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Baldacchino-2023">{{Cite web |last=Baldacchino |first=Julien |date=August 10, 2023 |title=Avec les 'notes de communauté', Twitter (X) marche sur les pas... de Wikipédia |url=https://www.radiofrance.fr/franceinter/avec-les-notes-de-communaute-twitter-x-marche-sur-les-pas-de-wikipedia-8574656 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230902034750/https://www.radiofrance.fr/franceinter/avec-les-notes-de-communaute-twitter-x-marche-sur-les-pas-de-wikipedia-8574656 |archive-date=2023-09-02 |access-date=October 21, 2023 |website=France Inter |language=fr}}</ref><ref name="Leloup-2023">{{Cite news |last=Leloup |first=Damien |date=July 3, 2023 |title=I spent one week as an 'arbiter of truth' on Twitter's 'Community Notes' service |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/en/pixels/article/2023/07/03/i-spent-one-week-as-an-arbiter-of-truth-on-twitter-s-community-notes-service_6042188_13.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022014427/https://www.lemonde.fr/en/pixels/article/2023/07/03/i-spent-one-week-as-an-arbiter-of-truth-on-twitter-s-community-notes-service_6042188_13.html |archive-date=October 22, 2023 |access-date=October 21, 2023 |work=Le Monde.fr |language=en}}</ref>
 
CommunityCatatan NotesKomunitas waskemudian thendiperluas extendeduntuk tomenyertakan includecatatan notestentang ongambar misleadingyang imagesmenyesatkan pada inbulan MayMei 2023<ref name="Sato-2023">{{Cite web |last=Sato |first=Mia |date=2023-05-30 |title=Twitter is adding crowdsourced fact checks to images |url=https://www.theverge.com/2023/5/30/23742851/twitter-notes-images-crowdsourced-fact-checks-misinformation-moderation |access-date=2023-11-19 |website=The Verge |language=en |archive-date=November 19, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231119051022/https://www.theverge.com/2023/5/30/23742851/twitter-notes-images-crowdsourced-fact-checks-misinformation-moderation |url-status=live }}</ref> anddan inpada bulan September 2023 furtherdiperluas extendedke to videosvideo, buttetapi onlyhanya foruntuk a group ofsekelompok [[Power user|powerpengguna-userspengguna hebat]] referredyang todisebut assebagai "TopPenulis WritersTop".<ref name="Khalid-2023">{{Cite web |last=Khalid |first=Amrita |date=2023-09-06 |title=X's Community Notes feature will now include videos |url=https://www.theverge.com/2023/9/6/23861669/x-twitter-community-notes-video-fact-checking |access-date=2023-11-19 |website=The Verge |language=en |archive-date=November 20, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120062327/https://www.theverge.com/2023/9/6/23861669/x-twitter-community-notes-video-fact-checking |url-status=live }}</ref> Twitter subsequentlykemudian endedmengakhiri thekemampuan abilityuntuk tomelaporkan reportpostingan misleadingyang postsmenyesatkan, insteaddan relyinghanya exclusivelymengandalkan onCatatan Community NotesKomunitas,<ref name="Taylor-2023">{{Cite news |last=Taylor |first=Josh |date=2023-09-27 |title=X/Twitter scraps feature letting users report misleading information |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2023/sep/27/xtwitter-scraps-function-letting-users-report-misleading-information |access-date=2023-11-17 |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=November 27, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231127072258/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2023/sep/27/xtwitter-scraps-function-letting-users-report-misleading-information |url-status=live }}</ref> withdengan contributorskontributor proposingmengusulkan overlebih dari 21,.200 notes oncatatan thepada platform.<ref name="Coffee-2023">{{Cite news |last1=Coffee |first1=Patrick |last2=Graham |first2=Megan |date=2023-10-05 |title='This Is a False Advertisement': X Ads Are Being Challenged by Reader Context |language=en-US |work=The Wall Street Journal |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/this-is-a-false-advertisement-x-ads-are-being-challenged-by-reader-context-239ef2e6 |access-date=2023-11-19 |issn=0099-9660 |archive-date=November 18, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118223500/https://www.wsj.com/articles/this-is-a-false-advertisement-x-ads-are-being-challenged-by-reader-context-239ef2e6 |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
InPada Octoberbulan Oktober 2023, Elon Musk announcedmengumumkan thatbahwa postskiriman yang "correcteddikoreksi" byoleh CommunityCatatan NotesKomunitas wouldtidak noakan longerlagi bememenuhi eligiblesyarat foruntuk [[AdvertisingPendapatan revenueiklan|adpendapatan revenueiklan]] in order toguna "maximizememaksimalkan theinsentif incentiveuntuk forakurasi accuracy overdaripada [[sensationalismsensasionalisme]]" anddan inguna ordermencegah to discourage the spread ofpenyebaran [[Twitter underdi bawah Elon Musk#HandlingPenanganan ofmisinformasi misinformationdan and disinformationdisinformasi|misinformationmisinformasi anddan disinformationdisinformasi]] ondi theplatform platformtersebut. TheLangkah movetersebut wasdikritik criticisedoleh bybeberapa somepengguna usersdan anddipuji applaudedoleh byyang otherslain.<ref name="Roeloffs-2023">{{Cite web |last=Roeloffs |first=Mary Whitfill |date=October 29, 2023 |title=Musk: X Users Won't Make Money Off Corrected Tweets |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/maryroeloffs/2023/10/29/musk-x-users-wont-make-money-off-corrected-tweets/ |access-date=2023-11-17 |website=Forbes |language=en |archive-date=November 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117173212/https://www.forbes.com/sites/maryroeloffs/2023/10/29/musk-x-users-wont-make-money-off-corrected-tweets/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Bellan-2023">{{Cite web |last=Bellan |first=Rebecca |date=2023-10-29 |title=Posts with misinformation on X become 'ineligible for revenue share' says Musk |url=https://techcrunch.com/2023/10/29/posts-with-misinformation-on-x-become-ineligible-for-revenue-share-says-musk/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231124132249/https://techcrunch.com/2023/10/29/posts-with-misinformation-on-x-become-ineligible-for-revenue-share-says-musk/ |archive-date=November 24, 2023 |access-date=2023-11-24 |website=TechCrunch |language=en-US}}</ref> As ofHingga November 2023, ittelah hasberkembang expandedke tolebih overdari 50 countriesnegara, withdengan approximatelysekitar 133,.000 contributorskontributor.<ref name="Kenningham-2023">{{Cite web |last=Kenningham |first=Lucy |date=2023-11-09 |title=Bird watching: What's going on with X/Twitter's Community Notes? |url=https://uk.finance.yahoo.com/news/bird-watching-going-x-twitter-111442959.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118145544/https://uk.finance.yahoo.com/news/bird-watching-going-x-twitter-111442959.html |archive-date=November 18, 2023 |access-date=2023-11-18 |website=Yahoo Finance |language=en-GB}}</ref>
 
== OperationCatatan ==
[[File:Community Notes Algorithms.png|thumb|Algorithms used by Community Notes, November 17, 2023<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 17, 2023 |title=Note ranking algorithm |url=https://communitynotes.twitter.com/guide/en/under-the-hood/ranking-notes |access-date=2023-11-29 |website=Community Notes |language=en |archive-date=November 29, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129133731/https://communitynotes.twitter.com/guide/en/under-the-hood/ranking-notes |url-status=live }}</ref>]]
The Community Notes algorithm publishes notes based on agreement from contributors who have a history of disagreeing.<ref name="Leloup-2023" /> Rather than based on [[majority rule]],<ref name="Bellingcat-2023">{{Cite web |last=Bellingcat Investigation Team |date=2023-10-20 |title=X's Community Notes is Spreading False Information About Taylor Swift's Bodyguard |url=https://www.bellingcat.com/news/2023/10/20/xs-community-notes-is-spreading-false-information-about-taylor-swifts-bodyguard/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129131736/https://www.bellingcat.com/news/2023/10/20/xs-community-notes-is-spreading-false-information-about-taylor-swifts-bodyguard/ |archive-date=November 29, 2023 |access-date=2023-11-17 |website=bellingcat |language=en-GB}}</ref> the program's algorithm prioritizes notes that receive ratings from a "diverse range of perspectives".<ref name="Kenningham-2023" /> Programmer [[Vitalik Buterin]] has described the [[Open-source software|open-source]] algorithm as "insanely complicated".<ref name="Kenningham-2023" /><ref name="Fan-2022">{{Cite news |last1=Fan |first1=Eric |last2=Dottle |first2=Rachael |last3=Wagner |first3=Kurt |date=December 19, 2022 |title=Twitter's Fact-Checking System Has a Major Blind Spot: Anything Divisive |work=Bloomberg |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/graphics/2022-twitter-birdwatch-community-notes-misinformation-politics/ |url-status=live |access-date=December 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230133333/https://www.bloomberg.com/graphics/2022-twitter-birdwatch-community-notes-misinformation-politics/ |archive-date=December 30, 2022}}</ref> For a note to be published, a contributor must first propose a note under a tweet.<ref name="Leloup-2023" /> The program assigns different values to contributors' ratings, categorising users with similar rating histories as a form of "opinion classification", determined by a vague alignment with the [[Left-wing|left]] and [[right-wing]] political spectrum. The [[machine-learning]] algorithm requires ratings from both sides of the spectrum in order to publish notes, that can have the intended effect of decreasing interaction with such content.<ref name="Fan-2022" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Czopek |first=Madison |date=2023-06-30 |title=Why Twitter's Community Notes feature mostly fails to combat misinformation |url=https://www.poynter.org/fact-checking/2023/why-twitters-community-notes-feature-mostly-fails-to-combat-misinformation/ |access-date=2023-12-06 |website=Poynter |language=en-US |archive-date=November 27, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231127215055/https://www.poynter.org/fact-checking/2023/why-twitters-community-notes-feature-mostly-fails-to-combat-misinformation/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
Contributors are [[Virtual volunteering|volunteers]] with access to an [[User interface|interface]] from which they have the ability to monitor tweets and replies that may be misleading.<ref name="Leloup-2023" /><ref name="Lyons-2021" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=About Community Notes on X {{!}} X Help |url=https://help.twitter.com/en/using-x/community-notes |access-date=2023-11-17 |website=help.twitter.com |language=en |archive-date=November 24, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231124015843/https://help.twitter.com/en/using-x/community-notes |url-status=live }}</ref> Notes in need of ratings by contributors are located under a "Needs your help" section of the interface. Other contributors then give their opinion on the usefulness of the note, identifying notes as "Helpful" or "Not Helpful".<ref name="Leloup-2023" /><ref name="Weatherbed-2022">{{Cite web |last=Weatherbed |first=Jess |date=2022-12-21 |title=Twitter is restricting who can write Community Notes |url=https://www.theverge.com/2022/12/21/23520486/twitter-community-notes-restriction-rating-impact-content-moderation |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118135425/https://www.theverge.com/2022/12/21/23520486/twitter-community-notes-restriction-rating-impact-content-moderation |archive-date=November 18, 2023 |access-date=2023-11-18 |website=The Verge |language=en}}</ref> The contributor gets points if their note is validated,<ref name="Kelly-2023">{{Cite news |last=Kelly |first=Jemima |date=May 4, 2023 |title=Has Twitter discovered a better way of correcting online falsehoods? |work=Financial Times |url=https://www.ft.com/content/d4e4f0f2-6240-4b19-b85f-7ca2da3a3aa9 |access-date=October 21, 2023 |archive-date=October 22, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022014428/https://www.ft.com/content/d4e4f0f2-6240-4b19-b85f-7ca2da3a3aa9 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Leloup-2023" /> known as "Rating Impact", that reflects how helpful a contributors' ratings have been.<ref name="Weatherbed-2022" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Perez |first=Sarah |date=2022-11-28 |title=Twitter says crowdsourced fact-checking system updated to better address 'low quality' contributions |url=https://techcrunch.com/2022/11/28/twitter-says-crowdsourced-fact-checking-system-updated-to-better-address-low-quality-contributions/ |access-date=2023-11-18 |website=TechCrunch |language=en-US |archive-date=November 23, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231123180517/https://techcrunch.com/2022/11/28/twitter-says-crowdsourced-fact-checking-system-updated-to-better-address-low-quality-contributions/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rating and Writing Impact |url=https://communitynotes.twitter.com/guide/en/contributing/writing-and-rating-impact |access-date=2023-11-17 |website=communitynotes.twitter.com |language=en |archive-date=November 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117173225/https://communitynotes.twitter.com/guide/en/contributing/writing-and-rating-impact |url-status=live }}</ref> X users are able to vote on whether they find notes helpful or not,<ref name="Sankaran-2022-2">{{Cite web |last=Sankaran |first=Vishwam |date=December 12, 2022 |title=Twitter's new Community Notes feature lets people add context to tweets |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/tech/twitter-community-notes-tweet-context-b2243311.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118135420/https://www.independent.co.uk/tech/twitter-community-notes-tweet-context-b2243311.html |archive-date=November 18, 2023 |access-date=2023-11-24 |website=The Independent |language=en}}</ref> but must apply to become contributors in order to write notes, the latter being restricted by "Rating Impact" as well as the Community Notes guidelines.<ref name="Weatherbed-2022" /><ref name=":0" />
 
== Application ==
[[File:ElonMuskCommunityNote.jpg|thumb|right|Elon Musk receives a Community Note, November 12, 2022.]]
Since 2023, Community Notes are often attached to shared articles missing context, misleading advertisements or political tweets with false arguments,<ref name="Baldacchino-2023" /> from content receiving widespread attention.<ref name="Reimann-2022">{{Cite web |last=Reimann |first=Nicholas |date=November 2, 2022 |title=White House Deletes Misleading Tweet Giving Biden Credit For Social Security Check Raise |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/nicholasreimann/2022/11/02/white-house-deletes-misleading-tweet-giving-biden-credit-for-social-security-check-raise/ |access-date=2023-12-05 |website=Forbes |language=en |archive-date=December 5, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205174316/https://www.forbes.com/sites/nicholasreimann/2022/11/02/white-house-deletes-misleading-tweet-giving-biden-credit-for-social-security-check-raise/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
Notes have appeared on posts by government accounts and various politicians: the [[White House]],<ref name="Miller-2022">{{Cite magazine |last=Miller |first=Carl |date=November 20, 2022 |title=Elon Musk Embraces Twitter's Radical Fact-Checking Experiment |url=https://www.wired.com/story/elon-musk-embraces-twitters-radical-crowdsourcing-experiment/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120120442/https://www.wired.com/story/elon-musk-embraces-twitters-radical-crowdsourcing-experiment/ |archive-date=November 20, 2022 |access-date=2023-11-24 |magazine=Wired |language=en-US |issn=1059-1028}}</ref><ref name="Reimann-2022" /> the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=McHardy |first=Martha |date=2024-01-16 |title=FBI hit with community note after tweeting praise of Martin Luther King Jr |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/fbi-martin-luther-king-community-note-b2479653.html |access-date=2024-01-22 |website=The Independent |language=en |archive-date=January 20, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240120112648/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/fbi-martin-luther-king-community-note-b2479653.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and U.S. President [[Joe Biden]];<ref name="Biden">{{multiref|1={{Cite web |last=Goldsberry |first=Jenny |date=2023-05-04 |title=Twitter fact-checks Joe Biden, listing multiple times US defaulted on debt |url=https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/news/twitter-fact-checks-joe-biden-defaulted%20debt |access-date=2023-12-05 |website=Washington Examiner |language=en |archive-date=May 18, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230518173654/https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/news/twitter-fact-checks-joe-biden-defaulted%20debt |url-status=live }}|2={{Cite web |last=Goldsberry |first=Jenny |date=2023-06-22 |title=Biden fact-checked by Twitter Community Notes after deficit claim |url=https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/news/biden-fact-checked-deficit-claim |access-date=2023-12-05 |website=Washington Examiner |language=en |archive-date=December 5, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205172814/https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/news/biden-fact-checked-deficit-claim |url-status=live }}|3={{Cite web |last=Mahapatra |first=Tuhin Das |date=2023-12-01 |title=Biden claims 'inflation has come down' in US, X adds a 'context' to the tweet with many Americans wondering how |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/us-news/biden-claims-inflation-has-come-down-in-us-x-adds-a-context-to-the-tweet-with-many-americans-wondering-how-101701400588614.html |access-date=2023-12-05 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=December 5, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205172814/https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/us-news/biden-claims-inflation-has-come-down-in-us-x-adds-a-context-to-the-tweet-with-many-americans-wondering-how-101701400588614.html |url-status=live }}}}</ref> UK Prime Ministers [[Rishi Sunak]]<ref name="Sunak">{{multiref|1={{Cite web |last=Nicholson |first=Kate |date=2023-10-10 |title=Rishi Sunak Gets A Geography Lesson After Making Unfortunate Social Media Blunder |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/entry/rishi-sunak-geography-lesson-social-media-blunder_uk_65253010e4b0102e69637330 |access-date=2023-12-05 |website=HuffPost UK |language=en |archive-date=December 5, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205203721/https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/entry/rishi-sunak-geography-lesson-social-media-blunder_uk_65253010e4b0102e69637330 |url-status=live }}|2={{Cite web |last=Nicholson |first=Kate |date=2023-10-12 |title=Rishi Sunak's 3 Big Social Media Fails This Week |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/entry/rishi-sunaks-3-big-social-media-fails-this-week_uk_6527f767e4b09f4b8d435662 |access-date=2023-12-06 |website=HuffPost UK |language=en |archive-date=December 7, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207180316/https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/entry/rishi-sunaks-3-big-social-media-fails-this-week_uk_6527f767e4b09f4b8d435662 |url-status=live }}|3={{Cite web |last=Price |first=Emily |date=2023-11-16 |title=Rishi Sunak's X posts flagged as 'potentially misleading' |url=https://nation.cymru/news/rishi-sunaks-x-posts-flagged-as-potentially-misleading/ |access-date=2023-12-05 |website=Nation.Cymru |language=en-GB |archive-date=December 5, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205172815/https://nation.cymru/news/rishi-sunaks-x-posts-flagged-as-potentially-misleading/ |url-status=live }}|4={{Cite web |last=Schofield |first=Kevin |date=2024-01-08 |title=Rishi Sunak Keeps Getting Community Noted On X For Posting Misleading Claims |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/entry/rishi-sunak-keeps-getting-community-noted-on-x-for-posting-misleading-claims_uk_659bd058e4b0bfe5ff63fdb6 |access-date=2024-02-28 |website=HuffPost UK |language=en |archive-date=February 28, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228193853/https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/entry/rishi-sunak-keeps-getting-community-noted-on-x-for-posting-misleading-claims_uk_659bd058e4b0bfe5ff63fdb6 |url-status=live }}}}</ref> and [[Liz Truss]];<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nicholson |first=Kate |date=2024-02-26 |title=Liz Truss Publicly Corrected By X Users After Disgruntled Attempt To Defend Herself |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/entry/liz-truss-x-community-note-migration_uk_65dc601ae4b0189a6a7e8a34 |access-date=2024-02-28 |website=HuffPost UK |language=en |archive-date=February 28, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228193853/https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/entry/liz-truss-x-community-note-migration_uk_65dc601ae4b0189a6a7e8a34 |url-status=live }}</ref> former [[Speaker of the United States House of Representatives|U.S. speakers of the House]]<ref name="Speakers">{{multiref|{{Cite web |last=Rogers |first=Zachary |date=2023-03-31 |title=Nancy Pelosi fact-checked by Twitter for claiming Trump can 'prove innocence' at trial |url=https://wpde.com/news/nation-world/twitter-fact-checks-nancy-pelosi-for-saying-trump-can-prove-innocence-at-trial-donald-president-speaker-house-indictment-stormy-daniels-innocent-proven-guilty |access-date=2023-12-06 |website=WPDE |language=en |archive-date=December 7, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207180132/https://wpde.com/news/nation-world/twitter-fact-checks-nancy-pelosi-for-saying-trump-can-prove-innocence-at-trial-donald-president-speaker-house-indictment-stormy-daniels-innocent-proven-guilty |url-status=live }}|{{Cite web |last=Writer |first=Andrew Stanton Weekend Staff |date=2023-11-27 |title=Kevin McCarthy fact-checked on American history in brutal community note |url=https://www.newsweek.com/kevin-mccarthy-fact-checked-american-history-community-note-1847264 |access-date=2023-12-05 |website=Newsweek |language=en |archive-date=December 5, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205125227/https://www.newsweek.com/kevin-mccarthy-fact-checked-american-history-community-note-1847264 |url-status=live }}|{{Cite web |last=Moye |first=David |date=2023-12-07 |title=Kevin McCarthy Tweet That Didn't Age Well Gets A Hilarious Community Note |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/kevin-mccarthy-i-never-quit-tweet-badly-aged_n_6570f390e4b0f96b99d9f1be |access-date=2023-12-08 |website=HuffPost |language=en |archive-date=December 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208125459/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/kevin-mccarthy-i-never-quit-tweet-badly-aged_n_6570f390e4b0f96b99d9f1be |url-status=live }}}}</ref> and presidential candidates [[Ron DeSantis]] and [[Vivek Ramaswamy]];<ref>{{Cite web |last=Stokel-Walker |first=Chris |date=June 13, 2023 |title=Twitter's Community Notes is the fiercest 2024 primary battleground |url=https://www.dailydot.com/debug/desantis-trump-twitter-community-notes/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230613214315/https://www.dailydot.com/debug/desantis-trump-twitter-community-notes/ |archive-date=June 13, 2023 |access-date=2024-01-22 |website=[[The Daily Dot]]}}</ref> [[U.S. Representatives|U.S. representatives]],<ref name="Reps">{{multiref|1={{Cite web |last=Reporter |first=Anders Anglesey U. S. News |date=2023-05-14 |title=Marjorie Taylor Greene's attack on Joe Biden fact checked by Twitter users |url=https://www.newsweek.com/marjorie-taylor-greenes-attack-joe-biden-fact-checked-twitter-users-1800160 |access-date=2023-12-05 |website=Newsweek |language=en |archive-date=December 5, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205172814/https://www.newsweek.com/marjorie-taylor-greenes-attack-joe-biden-fact-checked-twitter-users-1800160 |url-status=live }}|2={{Cite web |last=Plummer |first=Kate |date=2023-10-25 |title=George Santos hit with brutal context note |url=https://www.newsweek.com/george-santos-indictment-fraud-donors-context-note-1837717 |access-date=2023-12-05 |website=Newsweek |language=en |archive-date=December 5, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205172815/https://www.newsweek.com/george-santos-indictment-fraud-donors-context-note-1837717 |url-status=live }}}}</ref> [[List of current United States senators|senators]],<ref name="Pahwa-2023">{{Cite news |last=Pahwa |first=Nitish |date=2023-07-10 |title=What I Saw in Elon Musk's Truth Army |language=en-US |work=Slate |url=https://slate.com/technology/2023/07/twitter-community-notes-elon-musk-fact-checking.html |access-date=2023-12-05 |issn=1091-2339 |archive-date=December 5, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205172814/https://slate.com/technology/2023/07/twitter-community-notes-elon-musk-fact-checking.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Senators">{{multiref|1={{Cite web |last=Night |first=Kaitlin Lewis |date=2023-11-23 |title=Ted Cruz claim about "terrorist attack" sparks outrage |url=https://www.newsweek.com/ted-cruz-claim-about-terrorist-attack-sparks-outrage-1846539 |access-date=2023-12-05 |website=Newsweek |language=en |archive-date=December 5, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205204851/https://www.newsweek.com/ted-cruz-claim-about-terrorist-attack-sparks-outrage-1846539 |url-status=live }}|2={{Cite magazine |last=Ramirez |first=Nikki McCann |date=2023-08-31 |title=Ted Cruz Might Be the Most Gullible Person on the Internet |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/political-commentary/ted-cruz-internet-hoaxes-1234816193/ |access-date=2023-12-05 |magazine=Rolling Stone |language=en-US |archive-date=September 20, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230920062521/https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/political-commentary/ted-cruz-internet-hoaxes-1234816193/ |url-status=live }}}}</ref> and Australian [[Minister (government)|ministers]];<ref name="Ministers">{{multiref|1={{Cite web |last=Landsey |first=Amy |date=2023-05-15 |title=Chris Bowen refuses to comment on misleading Twitter post |url=https://www.skynews.com.au/australia-news/politics/energy-minister-chris-bowen-refuses-to-comment-on-twitters-community-notes-factcheck-of-his-nuclear-waste-claims/news-story/0bc137215655986106e34e3f09d2183e |access-date=2023-12-05 |website=skynews |language=en |archive-date=May 24, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230524234200/https://www.skynews.com.au/australia-news/politics/energy-minister-chris-bowen-refuses-to-comment-on-twitters-community-notes-factcheck-of-his-nuclear-waste-claims/news-story/0bc137215655986106e34e3f09d2183e |url-status=live }}|2={{Cite web |last=Grassby |first=Laura |date=2023-12-02 |title=Labor minister fact-checked over post about digital IDs |url=https://www.skynews.com.au/australia-news/finance-minister-katy-gallaghers-post-on-x-about-digital-ids-being-voluntary-factchecked-by-community-notes-volunteers/news-story/5bc823e23171856be09012731bf4d8ff |access-date=2023-12-05 |website=skynews |language=en |archive-date=December 5, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205213425/https://www.skynews.com.au/australia-news/finance-minister-katy-gallaghers-post-on-x-about-digital-ids-being-voluntary-factchecked-by-community-notes-volunteers/news-story/5bc823e23171856be09012731bf4d8ff |url-status=live }}}}</ref> as well as X owner [[Elon Musk]] multiple times,<ref name="Miller-2022" /><ref name="Pahwa-2023" /><ref name="Sky-News-2023">{{Cite web |title=Elon Musk fact-checked on X by his own system - but claims it has been 'gamed by state actors' |url=https://news.sky.com/story/elon-musk-fact-checked-on-x-by-his-own-system-but-claims-it-has-been-gamed-by-state-actors-13028020 |access-date=2023-12-11 |website=Sky News |language=en |archive-date=December 11, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211135454/https://news.sky.com/story/elon-musk-fact-checked-on-x-by-his-own-system-but-claims-it-has-been-gamed-by-state-actors-13028020 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Writer |first=Nick Mordowanec Staff |date=2023-12-15 |title=Microsoft Word's warning about using non-inclusive language goes viral |url=https://www.newsweek.com/microsoft-word-warning-non-inclusive-language-viral-1852942 |access-date=2023-12-15 |website=Newsweek |language=en |archive-date=December 15, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231215190439/https://www.newsweek.com/microsoft-word-warning-non-inclusive-language-viral-1852942 |url-status=live }}</ref> that in February 2024 led to Musk arguing with the program.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Haysom |first=Sam |date=2024-02-26 |title=Elon Musk is arguing with his own Community Notes on X |url=https://mashable.com/article/elon-musk-arguing-community-notes |access-date=2024-02-28 |website=Mashable |language=en}}</ref>
 
The feature does not directly mention fact-checking but instead indicates that "readers added context".<ref name="Kelly-2023" /> They can also note when an image is digitally altered or [[Generative artificial intelligence|AI-generated]].<ref name="Baldacchino-2023" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mehta |first=Ivan |date=2023-05-31 |title=Twitter launches Community Notes for images |url=https://techcrunch.com/2023/05/31/twitter-launches-community-notes-for-images/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205212319/https://techcrunch.com/2023/05/31/twitter-launches-community-notes-for-images/ |archive-date=December 5, 2023 |access-date=2023-12-05 |website=TechCrunch |language=en-US}}</ref> X allows contributors to add Community Notes to adverts, which the ''[[Financial Times]]'' noted was good for consumers but not for advertisers.<ref name="Kelly-2023" /> This resulted in brands such as [[Apple Inc.|Apple]], [[Samsung]], [[Uber]] and [[Evony]] receiving notes on their adverts and being accused of false or misleading posts, advertisers deleting certain posts that received notes, as well as modifying content for future advertisements.<ref name="Coffee-2023" />
 
A source is attached to the note so the information can be verified, in a similar manner to [[Wikipedia]],<ref name="Leloup-2023" /><ref name="Baldacchino-2023" /> and notes reportedly received tens of millions of views per day.<ref name="Elliott-2023" /> [[Elon Musk]], the owner of X, considers the program as a "gamechanger for combating wrong information"<ref name="Sankaran-2022-2" /> and having "incredible potential for improving information accuracy".<ref name="Elliott-2023" /> In December 2023, after receiving a note on one of his posts, Musk thanked contributors for "jumping in the honey pot" after stating that the system had been "gamed by [[state actors]]", with the intent of detecting so-called bad actors.<ref name="Sky-News-2023" />
 
In July 2024, as part of a [[pilot program]], X announced the ability for eligible users to request Community Notes for certain posts, that would be directed to "Top Writers" of the software. The threshold of five requests within 24 hours would determine a note being published.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Belanger |first=Ashley |date=2024-07-19 |title=Elon Musk’s X tests letting users request Community Notes on bad posts |url=https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2024/07/elon-musks-x-finally-allows-users-to-request-fact-checks-on-misleading-posts/ |access-date=2024-07-22 |website=[[Ars Technica]] |language=en-us |archive-date=July 22, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240722212620/https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2024/07/elon-musks-x-finally-allows-users-to-request-fact-checks-on-misleading-posts/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
 
== See also ==
* [[List of Twitter features]]
* [[Virtual volunteering]]
 
== Notes ==
{{notelist|refs=
{{efn|name=StudySources|Inconsistencies and delays in publishing notes related to the [[2023 Israel-Hamas war]]:
Baris 94 ⟶ 70:
}}
 
== ReferencesReferensi ==
{{Reflist}}
 
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