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'''AF/91''' adalah tipuan virus ([[Bahasa Inggris|Inggris]]: ''virus hoax'') seputar [[virus komputer]] yang konon dibuat oleh [[Komunitas Intelijen Amerika Serikat]] sebagai [[senjata siber]] selama [[Perang Teluk]]. Tipuan ini bermula dari sebuah artikel ''[[InfoWorld]]'' tahun 1991 yang diterbitkan sebagai lelucon [[April Mop]]; pada kenyataannya, virus semacam itu tidak pernah ada, dan [[militer AS]] tidak diketahui pernah menggunakan strategi serupa dalam Perang Teluk. Meskipun tanggal penerbitannya dan artikel tersebut menjelaskan bahwa itu untuk April Mop, cerita tersebut menarik perhatian media yang signifikan, dengan beberapa sumber keliru menggambarkan AF/91 sebagai nyata hingga awal tahun 2000-an.
{{inuse}}
{{Short description|Fake computer virus envisioned as an April Fools' Day joke in 1991}}
==Deskripsi==
{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2023}}
AF/91 originatedberasal fromdari the articleartikel "Meta-Virus SetSiap toMenyebarkan UnleashWabah Plaguepada onPengguna Windows 3.0 Users" writtenyang byditulis oleh editor ''Tech Street Journal'' editor John Gantz, publishedyang onditerbitkan Aprilpada tanggal 1 , April 1991 indi majalah ''InfoWorld'' magazine volume 13, issueedisi 13.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |last=Gantz |first=John |date=April 1, 1991 |title=Meta-Virus Set to Unleash Plague on Windows 3.0 Users |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0FAEAAAAMBAJ&q=Virus+AF+91&pg=PA39 |accessdate=November 13, 2015 |website=[[InfoWorld]]}}</ref> Gantz claimedmengklaim indalam theartikel articletersebut thatbahwa heia hadpertama firstkali heardmendengar oftentang AF/91 indalam asebuah conversationpercakapan heyang overheardtak atsengaja thedidengarnya 1991di Federal Office Systems Expo (FOSE) tahun 1991, asebuah [[U.S.konvensi federalperlengkapan government]]kantor [[officepemerintah supplies]]federal conventionAS. MostSebagian otherbesar detailsrincian relatinglain toyang berkaitan dengan AF/91 cameberasal fromdari anseorang unnamedteman friend,yang whotidak Gantzdisebutkan claimednamanya, wasyang employedmenurut asGantz abekerja [[Unitedsebagai Statesspesialis Navy|U.S.pemrosesan Navy]]data automatedotomatis dataAngkatan processingLaut specialistAS.<ref name=":0" /> ▼
AF/91 digambarkan sebagai "meta-virus" yang dirancang sebagai "[[Kode mesin|bahasa mesin]] [[palindrome]]" dan digunakan untuk menonaktifkan sistem [[Komputasi waktu nyata|komputer waktu nyata]] dengan "menyerang perangkat lunak dalam [[Bahasa deskripsi halaman|pencetak]] dan [[Pengontrol tampilan video|pengontrol tampilan]]". AF/91 diklaim mampu memakan [[Window (komputasi)|jendela]] (''windows''), tampaknya secara harfiah "melahapnya di bagian tepi", yang pada akhirnya membebani [[periferal]] dengan [[badai siaran]] dan membekukan komputer secara permanen. [[Chip komputer]] [[Intel]] dan [[Motorola]] diketahui sangat rentan terhadap virus, seperti halnya komputer yang menjalankan [[Sistem operasi]] [[Microsoft Windows]], yaitu [[Windows 3.0]] yang baru saat itu (seperti yang disebutkan dalam judul artikel). AF/91 menggunakan [[jaringan saraf]] yang belajar pada setiap [[siklus mesin]] namun memerlukan waktu yang lama agar dapat bekerja sebagaimana mestinya, bahkan setelah waktu aktivasinya dikurangi hingga 75%, dan dilaporkan memerlukan waktu beberapa minggu untuk menyiapkan, mempelajari, dan mengaktifkan pada sistem yang beroperasi 24 jam setiap hari.<ref name=":0" />
'''AF/91''' was a [[virus hoax]] surrounding a [[computer virus]] purportedly created by the [[United States Intelligence Community]] as a [[cyberweapon]] during the [[Gulf War]]. The hoax originated in a 1991 ''[[InfoWorld]]'' article published as an [[April Fools' Day]] joke; in reality, no such virus ever existed, and the [[U.S. military]] is not known to have used a strategy similar to this in the Gulf War. Despite its publication date and the article clarifying it was for April Fools' Day, the story drew significant media attention, with several sources erroneously describing AF/91 as real well into the early 2000s.
Menurut artikel tersebut, [[National Security Agency]] (NSA) mengembangkan AF/91 untuk mengalahkan [[sistem pertahanan udara]] Irak selama Perang Teluk sebagai bagian dari operasi [[Penindasan Pertahanan Udara Musuh]] militer AS. Menjelang Operasi Badai Gurun, AF/91 dipasang pada perangkat lunak [[Trojan horse (komputasi)|Trojan horse]] untuk sebuah [[Printer (komputasi)|printer]] dan diselundupkan ke [[Irak]] melalui [[Yordania]] oleh [[Central Intelligence Agency]]. Setelah menginfeksi situs pertahanan udara Irak, AF/91 tetap tidak aktif di sistem komputer Irak hingga tahap awal [[kampanye udara Perang Teluk]]—yang seharusnya ditunda supaya AF/91 dapat diselundupkan ke Irak dan mulai bekerja—saat itulah ia diaktifkan, melumpuhkan pertahanan udara Irak dan membuat setengah dari komputer dan printer mereka tidak dapat digunakan.<ref name=":0" />
==Description==
▲AF/91 originated from the article "Meta-Virus Set to Unleash Plague on Windows 3.0 Users" written by ''Tech Street Journal'' editor John Gantz, published on April 1, 1991 in ''InfoWorld'' magazine volume 13, issue 13.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |last=Gantz |first=John |date=April 1, 1991 |title=Meta-Virus Set to Unleash Plague on Windows 3.0 Users |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0FAEAAAAMBAJ&q=Virus+AF+91&pg=PA39 |accessdate=November 13, 2015 |website=[[InfoWorld]]}}</ref> Gantz claimed in the article that he had first heard of AF/91 in a conversation he overheard at the 1991 Federal Office Systems Expo (FOSE), a [[U.S. federal government]] [[office supplies]] convention. Most other details relating to AF/91 came from an unnamed friend, who Gantz claimed was employed as a [[United States Navy|U.S. Navy]] automated data processing specialist.<ref name=":0" />
Namun, AF/91 secara tidak sengaja berhasil keluar dari Irak setelah pilot [[Angkatan Udara Irak]] yang membelot ke [[Iran]] membawa beberapa printer yang terinfeksi; printer-printer ini kemudian digunakan oleh [[Kementerian Informasi dan Teknologi Komunikasi Iran]], yang memungkinkan virus menyebar dengan cepat. Saat itu, virus tersebut telah "bermutasi", mampu melekatkan dirinya secara permanen ke dalam [[perangkat tampilan]] komputer dan memengaruhi perangkat lunak pengiriman pesannya. Militer AS, yang sebagian besar berkomitmen untuk menggunakan Windows untuk program komputer mereka, menjadi semakin khawatir tentang kemungkinan AF/91 menjangkau mereka, oleh karena itu hal itu disebutkan di FOSE. Meskipun NSA dikatakan telah menganggap komputer apa pun dengan teknologi windowing akan "hancur", komputer yang terinfeksi AF/91 dapat bertahan hingga empat tahun jika digunakan sangat jarang karena jaringan saraf virus tersebut memerlukan penggunaan terus-menerus untuk belajar, yang mungkin cukup lama bagi NSA untuk mengembangkan [[perangkat lunak antivirus]] khusus untuk melawan AF/91.<ref name=":0" />
AF/91 was described as a "meta-virus" designed as a "[[Machine code|machine-language]] [[palindrome]]" and used to disable [[Real-time computing|real-time computer]] systems by "attacking the software in [[Page description language|printer]] and [[Video display controller|display controllers]]". AF/91 was claimed to be able to eat [[Window (computing)|windows]], apparently literally "gobbling them at the edges", ultimately overloading the [[peripheral]]s with a [[broadcast storm]] and permanently freezing the computer. [[Intel]] and [[Motorola]] [[computer chip]]s were noted to be especially vulnerable to the virus, as were computers running [[Microsoft Windows]] [[operating system]]s, namely the then-new [[Windows 3.0]] (as mentioned in the article's title). AF/91 used a [[neural network]] that learned with each [[machine cycle]] but required lengthy periods of time to work as intended, even after its activation time was reduced by 75%, reportedly taking several weeks to set up, learn, and activate on systems operating 24 hours every day.<ref name=":0" />
Di akhir artikelnya, Gantz mengungkapkan rahasia di balik arti “AF/91”: “91 adalah [[Tanggal Julian]] untuk April Mop.”<ref name=":0" />
According to the article, the [[National Security Agency]] (NSA) developed AF/91 to defeat Iraqi [[air defense system]]s during the Gulf War as part of the U.S. military's [[Suppression of Enemy Air Defenses]] operations. In the lead-up to Operation Desert Storm, AF/91 was installed on [[Trojan horse (computing)|Trojan horse]] software for a [[Printer (computing)|printer]] and smuggled into [[Iraq]] through [[Jordan]] by the [[Central Intelligence Agency]]. After infecting an Iraqi air defense site, AF/91 remained dormant in Iraqi computer systems until the opening stages of the [[Gulf War air campaign]]—which was supposedly delayed just so AF/91 could be smuggled into Iraq and start working—at which point it was activated, disabling Iraqi air defenses and rendering half of their computers and printers unserviceable.<ref name=":0" />
=== Tambahan lebih lanjut ===
However, AF/91 unintentionally made its way out of Iraq after [[Iraqi Air Force]] pilots deserting to [[Iran]] brought several infected printers with them; these were then used by the [[Ministry of Information and Communications Technology of Iran]], allowing the virus to spread rapidly. By then, the virus had "mutated", capable of permanently embedding itself into a computer's [[display device]] and affecting its messaging software. The U.S. military, which had mostly committed to using Windows for their computer programs, became increasingly concerned about AF/91 potentially reaching them, hence why it was mentioned at FOSE. Though the NSA was said to have considered any computer with windowing technology to be "doomed", computers infected by AF/91 could last up to four years if used very infrequently due to the virus' neural network requiring continuous use to learn, potentially long enough for the NSA to develop dedicated [[antivirus software]] to counter AF/91.<ref name=":0" />
Seiring berjalannya waktu, beberapa tambahan [[yang tidak dapat dibuktikan kebenarannya]] dibuat pada cerita AF/91 yang tidak ada dalam artikel asli Gantz, termasuk:
* ASatuan [[ U.S.Pasukan ArmyKhusus SpecialAngkatan ForcesDarat AS]] unit inserted thememasukkan virus intoke a dug-updalam [[ fiber-optickabel cableserat optik]] connectedyang digali dan terhubung toke Iraqipertahanan airudara defensesIrak<ref name="SecurityFocus">{{cite web |last=Smith |first=George |date=March 10, 2003 |title=Iraqi Cyberwar: an Ageless Joke |url=http://www.securityfocus.com/columnists/147 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030605080122/http://www.securityfocus.com/columnists/147 |archive-date=June 5, 2003 |accessdate=November 13, 2015 |website=[[SecurityFocus]]}}</ref> ▼At the end of the article, Gantz revealed the secret of what "AF/91" meant: "91 is the [[Julian Date]] for April Fool's Day."<ref name=":0" />
* Perangkat lunak yang diinstal AF/91 secara khusus adalah chip komputer<ref name="SecurityFocus" />
* AF/91 wasdiinstal installedpada inpencetak theitu printer itselfsendiri, not separatebukan softwareperangkat thatlunak cameterpisah withyang itmenyertainya<ref name="SecurityFocus" /><ref name=":1">{{cite web |date=February 12, 2003 |title=Email |url=http://www.tscm.com/tscm-l/021003.txt |accessdate=November 13, 2015 |publisher=Granite Island Group}}</ref> ▼* Sistem Irak yang menjadi sasaran adalah Kari, sistem komando dan kendali Angkatan Bersenjata Irak yang sebenarnya<ref name=":1" />
* ThePencetak printersyang useddigunakan indalam theoperasi operationtersebut wereadalah Frenchpencetak buatan Perancis<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Wilson |first=Jim |date=March 1999 |title=Information Warfare |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PmYEAAAAMBAJ&q=Iraqi+air+defense+system&pg=PP143 |access-date=February 17, 2023 |website=[[Popular Mechanics]] |publisher=[[Hearst Communications]]}}</ref> ▼* AF/91 actuallysebenarnya failedgagal, beingia destroyedhancur aftersetelah theAngkatan [[U.S.Udara AirAS Force]]mengebom bombedgedung the building storing itpenyimpanannya<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Adams |first=James |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/38976269 |title=The Next World War: Computers Are the Weapons and the Front Line Is Everywhere |publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]] |year=1998 |isbn=0-684-83452-9 |location=New York |oclc=38976269}}</ref> ▼
==Kesalahpahaman media==
=== Further additions ===
ThoughMeskipun AF/91 wasdimaksudkan intendedsebagai as a jokelelucon, severalbeberapa [[ NewsMedia mediaberita| newsoutlet outletsberita]] reportedmelaporkan keberadaan AF/91 's existenceseolah-olah asitu though it was realnyata, withdengan thecerita storyyang presenteddisajikan assebagai ancontoh early example ofawal [[ cyberwarfareperang dunia maya]]. MediaOutlet outletsmedia saidyang todikatakan havetelah reported onmelaporkan AF/91 as factsebagai includedfakta thetermasuk [[Associated Press]], [[CNN]], ''[[Nightline]]'', anddan severalbeberapa Americansurat newspaperskabar suchAmerika asseperti ''[[The Commercial Appeal]]''.<ref name="SecurityFocus" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite magazine |last=Hambling |first=David |date=May 2, 2000 |title=Pentagon's 'Kill Switch': Urban Myth? |language=en-US |magazine=Wired |url=https://www.wired.com/2008/05/kill-switch-urb/ |access-date=February 17, 2023 |issn=1059-1028}}</ref> OthersYang thatlain erroneouslyyang presentedkeliru menyajikan AF/91 assebagai realnyata includedtermasuk ''[[Popular Mechanics]]'' indalam theiredisi MarchMaret 1999 issuemereka,<ref name=":2" /> authorpenulis [[James Adams ( entrepreneurpengusaha)|James Adams]] indalam hisbuku 1998tahun book1998-nya ''The Next World War'',<ref name=":3" /> anddan seorang aanalis [[Hudson Institute]] analystdalam insebuah amakalah papertentang aboutperang Russiansiber cyberwarfareRusia.<ref name="SecurityFocus" /> ▼Over time, several [[apocryphal]] additions were made to the story of AF/91 that were not present in Gantz's original article, including that:
InDalam buku ''[[U.S. News & World Report]]''<nowiki/> 's tahun 1992 book ''Triumph Without Victory: The Unreported History of the Persian Gulf War'', onesatu sectionbagian describedmenggambarkan AF/91 asseolah-olah though it was realnyata, although it was not referredmeskipun totidak bydisebutkan namenamanya.<ref>{{Cite book |last=[[U.S. News & World Report]] |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/24503100 |title=Triumph Without Victory: The Unreported History of the Persian Gulf War |date=February 4, 1992 |publisher=[[Times Books]] |isbn=0-8129-1948-3 |edition=1st |location=New York |oclc=24503100}}</ref> WhenKetika questionedditanya ontentang thetopik topictersebut, writerpenulis Brian Duffy claimedmengklaim hissumbernya sourcesadalah were"perwira unnamedintelijen tingkat "senior " levelyang intelligencetidak officers",disebutkan andnamanya, stateddan hemenyatakan haddia " notidak doubtragu" thatbahwa AF/91 existedada.<ref name="SecurityFocus" /><ref name=":4" /> ▼▲* A [[U.S. Army Special Forces]] unit inserted the virus into a dug-up [[fiber-optic cable]] connected to Iraqi air defenses<ref name="SecurityFocus">{{cite web |last=Smith |first=George |date=March 10, 2003 |title=Iraqi Cyberwar: an Ageless Joke |url=http://www.securityfocus.com/columnists/147 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030605080122/http://www.securityfocus.com/columnists/147 |archive-date=June 5, 2003 |accessdate=November 13, 2015 |website=[[SecurityFocus]]}}</ref>
* The software AF/91 was installed on was specifically a computer chip<ref name="SecurityFocus" />
▲* AF/91 was installed in the printer itself, not separate software that came with it<ref name="SecurityFocus" /><ref name=":1">{{cite web |date=February 12, 2003 |title=Email |url=http://www.tscm.com/tscm-l/021003.txt |accessdate=November 13, 2015 |publisher=Granite Island Group}}</ref>
* The Iraqi system targeted was [[Suppression of Enemy Air Defenses#Gulf War|Kari]], the actual [[Iraqi Armed Forces]] [[command and control]] system<ref name=":1" />
▲* The printers used in the operation were French<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Wilson |first=Jim |date=March 1999 |title=Information Warfare |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PmYEAAAAMBAJ&q=Iraqi+air+defense+system&pg=PP143 |access-date=February 17, 2023 |website=[[Popular Mechanics]] |publisher=[[Hearst Communications]]}}</ref>
▲* AF/91 actually failed, being destroyed after the [[U.S. Air Force]] bombed the building storing it<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Adams |first=James |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/38976269 |title=The Next World War: Computers Are the Weapons and the Front Line Is Everywhere |publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]] |year=1998 |isbn=0-684-83452-9 |location=New York |oclc=38976269}}</ref>
== Warisan ==
==Media misinterpretation==
Penulis teknologi George Smith, mengomentari tentang penerimaan luas atas keberadaan AF/91 sebagai fakta meskipun ada bukti jelas tentang sifatnya yang fiktif, menulis di kolom [[SecurityFocus]] bahwa ia percaya hal itu disebabkan oleh "antusiasme yang menyeramkan" terhadap senjata yang tidak biasa, persaingan media untuk melaporkan "berita terkini", dan keyakinan "khas Amerika" bahwa teknologi adalah jawaban untuk segalanya.<ref name="SecurityFocus" />
▲Though AF/91 was intended as a joke, several [[News media|news outlets]] reported AF/91's existence as though it was real, with the story presented as an early example of [[cyberwarfare]]. Media outlets said to have reported on AF/91 as fact included the [[Associated Press]], [[CNN]], ''[[Nightline]]'', and several American newspapers such as ''[[The Commercial Appeal]]''.<ref name="SecurityFocus" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite magazine |last=Hambling |first=David |date=May 2, 2000 |title=Pentagon's 'Kill Switch': Urban Myth? |language=en-US |magazine=Wired |url=https://www.wired.com/2008/05/kill-switch-urb/ |access-date=February 17, 2023 |issn=1059-1028}}</ref> Others that erroneously presented AF/91 as real included ''[[Popular Mechanics]]'' in their March 1999 issue,<ref name=":2" /> author [[James Adams (entrepreneur)|James Adams]] in his 1998 book ''The Next World War'',<ref name=":3" /> and a [[Hudson Institute]] analyst in a paper about Russian cyberwarfare.<ref name="SecurityFocus" />
InPada tahun 2010, ''InfoWorld'' revisitedmengulas Gantz'skembali storykisah Gantz, thiskali ini timemelaporkan reportingbahwa thatvirus virusesyang similarmirip todengan AF/91 hadbenar-benar actuallytelah been developeddikembangkan. TheVirus yang realtidak unnameddisebutkan virusesnamanya, [[Trojan horse ( computingkomputasi)|Trojan horse]] s developedyang fordikembangkan untuk [[ penetrationuji testingpenetrasi]], weredisembunyikan cloakeddalam inprinter printersdan andperalatan otherkantor office equipment similarlainnya, tomirip howdengan thebagaimana originalartikel articleasli saidmengatakan AF/91 wasdiselundupkan smuggledke into IraqIrak, withdengan suchvirus virusesseperti oftenitu effectivesering againstkali efektif terhadap sistem Windows anddan [[Linux]] systems.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lemos |first=Robert |date=December 1, 2010 |title=Attack of the Trojan printers |url=https://www.infoworld.com/article/2625046/attack-of-the-trojan-printers.html |access-date=February 17, 2023 |website=InfoWorld |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Moynihan |first=Michael |date=May 29, 2013 |title=You're Being Hacked |url=https://www.newsweek.com/2013/05/29/hackers-are-spying-you-inside-world-digital-espionage-237478.html |access-date=February 17, 2023 |website=[[Newsweek]] |language=en}}</ref> ▼▲In ''[[U.S. News & World Report]]''<nowiki/>'s 1992 book ''Triumph Without Victory: The Unreported History of the Persian Gulf War'', one section described AF/91 as though it was real, although it was not referred to by name.<ref>{{Cite book |last=[[U.S. News & World Report]] |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/24503100 |title=Triumph Without Victory: The Unreported History of the Persian Gulf War |date=February 4, 1992 |publisher=[[Times Books]] |isbn=0-8129-1948-3 |edition=1st |location=New York |oclc=24503100}}</ref> When questioned on the topic, writer Brian Duffy claimed his sources were unnamed "senior level intelligence officers", and stated he had "no doubt" that AF/91 existed.<ref name="SecurityFocus" /><ref name=":4" />
== Legacy Referensi==
Technology writer George Smith, remarking on the wide acceptability of AF/91's existence as fact in spite of clear evidence of its fictional nature, wrote in his [[SecurityFocus]] column that he believed it resulted from "a creepy enthusiasm" for unusual weapons, the competitiveness of the media to report "the hot scoop", and the "uniquely American" belief that technology is the answer to everything.<ref name="SecurityFocus" />
▲In 2010, ''InfoWorld'' revisited Gantz's story, this time reporting that viruses similar to AF/91 had actually been developed. The real unnamed viruses, [[Trojan horse (computing)|Trojan horse]]s developed for [[penetration testing]], were cloaked in printers and other office equipment similar to how the original article said AF/91 was smuggled into Iraq, with such viruses often effective against Windows and [[Linux]] systems.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lemos |first=Robert |date=December 1, 2010 |title=Attack of the Trojan printers |url=https://www.infoworld.com/article/2625046/attack-of-the-trojan-printers.html |access-date=February 17, 2023 |website=InfoWorld |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Moynihan |first=Michael |date=May 29, 2013 |title=You're Being Hacked |url=https://www.newsweek.com/2013/05/29/hackers-are-spying-you-inside-world-digital-espionage-237478.html |access-date=February 17, 2023 |website=[[Newsweek]] |language=en}}</ref>
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:AF 91}}
[[CategoryKategori:1991Hoax hoaxestahun 1991]]
[[Kategori:Sejarah militer tahun 1991]]
[[Category:1991 in military history]]
[[CategoryKategori:Peristiwa April 1991 events]]
[[CategoryKategori:Lelucon April Fools' Day jokesMop]]
[[Kategori:Pengenalan terkait komputer pada tahun 1991]]
[[Category:Computer-related introductions in 1991]]
[[Kategori:Perang dunia maya]]
[[Category:Cyberwarfare]]
[[CategoryKategori:GulfFiksi WarPerang fictionTeluk]]
[[CategoryKategori:VirusHoax hoaxesvirus]]
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