Teori puncak Hubbert: Perbedaan antara revisi
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[[Berkas:Hubbert-curve.png|
'''Puncak teori Hubbert''', juga dikenal dengan '''puncak minyak''' adalah sebuah teori berpengaruh mengenai pengambilan dan penghabisan jangka-panjang dari [[minyak bumi]] konvensional (dan [[bahan bakar fosil]] lainnya). Teori ini dinamakan atas seorang [[geofisika]]wan Amerika [[M. King Hubbert]], yang menciptakan sebuah model dari persediaan yang diketahui, dan mengusulkan sebuah teori. Pada [[1956]], Hubbert mempresentasikan [http://www.hubbertpeak.com/hubbert/1956/1956.pdf sebuah paper] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080527233843/http://www.hubbertpeak.com/hubbert/1956/1956.pdf |date=2008-05-27 }} pada rapat American Petroleum Institute di mana ia memperkirakan produksi minyak di [[Amerika Serikat]] akan memuncak pada 1965 dan 1970. Dan produksi minyak Amerika memang [http://www.peakoil.ie/downloads/newsletters/newsletter23_200211.pdf memuncak pada 1971] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050911141056/http://www.peakoil.ie/downloads/newsletters/newsletter23_200211.pdf |date=2005-09-11 }}, dan telah berkurang sejak saat itu.
Hubbert mengusulkan bahwa
Teori puncak Hubbert merupakan subjek dari diskusi yang berkelanjutan karena efek potensial dari produksi minyak yang rendah, dan karena debat yang
▲Teori puncak Hubbert merupakan subjek dari diskusi yang berkelanjutan karena efek potensial dari produksi minyak yang rendah, dan karena debat yang terlur berlanjut dari aspek [[kebijakan energi]].
== Lihat pula ==
Baris 28 ⟶ 27:
== Referensi ==
* "Feature on United States oil production." (November, 2002) [http://www.peakoil.ie/downloads/newsletters/newsletter23_200211.pdf ASPO Newsletter #23] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050911141056/http://www.peakoil.ie/downloads/newsletters/newsletter23_200211.pdf |date=2005-09-11 }}.
* Bentley, R.W. (2002). [http://www.oilcrisis.com/bentley/depletionOverview.pdf Global oil & gas depletion: an overview.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080527233844/http://www.oilcrisis.com/bentley/depletionOverview.pdf |date=2008-05-27 }} ''Energy Policy'' '''30''', 189–205
* Greene, D.L. & J.L. Hopson. (2003). [http://www-cta.ornl.gov/cta/Publications/ORNL_TM_2003_259.pdf Running Out of and Into Oil: Analyzing Global Depletion and Transition Through 2050] ORNL/TM-2003/259, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, Octobe
* [http://www.mafhoum.com/press7/204E14.htm Economists Challenge Causal Link Between Oil Shocks And Recessions] (August 30, 2004). ''Middle East Economic Survey'' VOL. XLVII No 35
* Hubbert, M. King. (1956) [http://www.hubbertpeak.com/hubbert/1956/1956.pdf Nuclear Energy and the Fossil Fuels.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080527233843/http://www.hubbertpeak.com/hubbert/1956/1956.pdf |date=2008-05-27 }} Presented before the Spring Meeting of the Southern District, American Petroleum Institute, Plaza Hotel, San Antonio, Texas, March 7-8-9, 1956.
* Maugeri, Leonardo (2004). [http://www.condition.org/sm4602.htm Oil: Never Cry Wolf--Why the Petroleum Age Is Far from over.] ''Science'' '''304''', 1114-1115
== Bacaan lebih lanjut dan diskusi ==
* Michael Ruppert, [http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0865715408/qid=/sr=/ref=cm_lm_asin/103-1942701-3978210?v=glance ''Crossing the Rubicon: The Decline of the American Empire at the End of the Age of Oil''], New Society Publishers, 2004, ISBN 0-86571-540-8
* M. King Hubbert, "Energy from Fossil Fuels", ''Science'', vol. 109, pp.
* Kenneth S. Deffeyes, [http://pup.princeton.edu/titles/7121.html ''Hubbert's Peak: The Impending World Oil Shortage''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050830065526/http://pup.princeton.edu/titles/7121.html |date=2005-08-30 }}, Princeton University Press, 2003, ISBN 0-691-11625-3
* [[Colin Campbell (geologist)|Colin J. Campbell]], [http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ISBN=0906522110 ''The Coming Oil Crisis''], Multi-Science Publishing Co. Ltd., 2004, ISBN 0-906522-11-0
* Richard Heinberg, [http://www.newsociety.com/bookid/3811 ''The Party's Over: Oil, War and the Fate of Industrial Societies''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050728130716/http://www.newsociety.com/bookid/3811 |date=2005-07-28 }}, New Society Publishers, 2003, ISBN 0-86571-482-7
* David Goodstein, [http://www.wwnorton.com/catalog/fall03/005857.htm ''Out of Gas: The End of the Age of Oil''], W.W. Norton & Company, 2004, ISBN 0-393-05857-3
* Stephen Leeb and Donna Leeb, [http://www.twbookmark.com/books/60/0446533173/ ''The Oil Factor: How Oil Controls the Economy and Your Financial Future''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050907120059/http://www.twbookmark.com/books/60/0446533173/ |date=2005-09-07 }}, Warner Books, 2004, ISBN 0-446-53317-3
* Amory B. Lovins, E. Kyle Datta, Odd-Even Bustnes, Jonathan G. Koomey, Nathan J. Glasgow, [http://oilendgame.org/ '' Winning the Oil Endgame: Innovation for Profits, Jobs, and Security''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050429023256/http://oilendgame.org/ |date=2005-04-29 }}, Rocky Mountain Institute, 2004, ISBN 1-881071-10-3
* Jeremy Rifkin, [http://www.emagazine.com/january-february_2003/0103feat1.html ''The Hydrogen Economy: After Oil, Clean Energy From a Fuel-Cell-Driven Global Hydrogen Web''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516200440/http://www.emagazine.com/january-february_2003/0103feat1.html |date=2008-05-16 }}, Blackwell Publishers, 2002, ISBN 0-7456-3042-1
* Paul Roberts, [http://www.houghtonmifflinbooks.com/catalog/titledetail.cfm?titleNumber=688199 ''The End of Oil: On the Edge of a Perilous New World''], Houghton Mifflin, 2004, ISBN 0-618-23977-4
* Paul Roberts, Last Stop Gas, ''[[Harper's Magazine]]'', August 2004, pp.
* Documentary film [http://www.endofsuburbia.com/ ''The End of Suburbia'']
* [http://www.gasresources.net/DisposalBioClaims.htm Dismissal of the Claims of a Biological Connection for Natural Petroleum.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030221233432/http://www.gasresources.net/DisposalBioClaims.htm |date=2003-02-21 }}
* Howard James Kunstler ''The Long Emergency: Surviving the Converging Catastrophes of the Twenty-First Century'', Atlantic Monthly Press, 2005, ISBN 0-87113-888-3
* Matthew R. Simmons, [http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ISBN=047173876X ''Twilight in the Desert: The Coming Saudi Oil Shock and the World Economy''], Wiley, 2005, ISBN 0-471-73876-X
'''Film'''
* [http://www.oilcrashmovie.com/film.html ''The Oilcrash''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060315032254/http://www.oilcrashmovie.com/film.html |date=2006-03-15 }}, 2006
'''Pranala luar'''
* [http://www.peakoil.org.nz/ Peak Oil NZ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050924133921/http://peakoil.org.nz/ |date=2005-09-24 }}
* [http://peakoil.blogspot.com Peak Oil News] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051025112135/http://peakoil.blogspot.com/ |date=2005-10-25 }}
* [http://www.peakwiki.org Peak Oil Wiki]
* [http://www.big-picture.tv/index.php?id=28&cat=&a=49 Big Picture TV] Free video clip of petroleum geologist Colin Campbell discussing peak oil
* [http://www.energybulletin.net/news.php Energy Bulletin] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050831173039/http://www.energybulletin.net/news.php |date=2005-08-31 }} - Peak oil related news stories
* [http://peakoil.com/gate.html?name=Forums Peak oil forum]
* [http://www.webcasting.com/houston/ Dwindling Supply vs. Abundant Oil: A Timely Debate - General Session of the Society of Petroleum Engineers 2004]
* [http://www.bnp.org.uk/peakoil/index.htm New Peak Oil Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050829075918/http://www.bnp.org.uk/peakoil/index.htm |date=2005-08-29 }} - online videos, articles and statistics.
* [http://www.dynamiclist.com/?worldview/peakoil Peak Oil reading list] - Books, articles, web sites and more
* [http://www.thewatt.com/ Energy news and views] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060402225323/http://thewatt.com/ |date=2006-04-02 }}
* [http://www.drydipstick.com/ Dry Dipstick] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050831215308/http://www.drydipstick.com/ |date=2005-08-31 }} - A Peak Oil metadirectory
* [[Association for the Study of Peak Oil and Gas]] (ASPO), founded by [[Colin Campbell (geologist)|Dr. Colin J. Campbell]].
* [[The Bioregional Revolution]] -Organization promoting sustainability and bioregionalism in response to peak oil.
Baris 72 ⟶ 71:
'''Advokasi teori Hubbert dan riset'''
* [http://www.peakoil.net/ ASPO, Association for the Study of Peak Oil & Gas]
* [http://www.peakoil.ie/ ASPO Ireland] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200510195732/http://www.peakoil.ie/ |date=2020-05-10 }} Dr Colin Campbell's Office
* [http://www.odac-info.org/ ODAC, Oil Depletion Analysis Centre] independent, UK education charity
* [http://www.peakoil.org.nz/ Peak Oil NZ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050924133921/http://peakoil.org.nz/ |date=2005-09-24 }}
* [http://www.powerswitch.org.uk/ PowerSwitch.org.uk - Raising awareness of Britain's Energy Future]
* [http://www.willyoujoinus.com/ Chevron's Peak Oil Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070108134241/http://www.willyoujoinus.com/ |date=2007-01-08 }}
* [http://www.peakoilaction.org/ PeakOilAction] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050901003738/http://www.peakoilaction.org/ |date=2005-09-01 }} people working together to raise awareness of oil depletion, prepare for post petroleum age
* [http://www.oilawareness.meetup.com/ International Peak Oil Awareness Meetup] meet others in your area on 2nd Wednesday of month
* [http://peakoil.technocracy.org/ Peak oil and Technocracy] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050804022601/http://peakoil.technocracy.org/ |date=2005-08-04 }}
* [http://www.oilcrash.com/ Oilcrash.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050901033814/http://www.oilcrash.com/ |date=2005-09-01 }}
* [http://www.hubbertpeak.com/ Hubbert Peak of Oil Production] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127015615/http://www.hubbertpeak.com/ |date=2020-11-27 }}
* [http://www.energiekrise.de/e/ Energy Crisis/Shortage], English, German
* [http://culturechange.org/ Culture Change], promotes lifestyle change as a reponse to the Hubbert peak
* [http://www.greatchange.org/ Ecological Basis for Great Change]
* [http://www.lifeaftertheoilcrash.net/ Life After The Oil Crash]
* [http://www.wolfatthedoor.org.uk/ Wolf at the Door] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100205062457/http://www.wolfatthedoor.org.uk/ |date=2010-02-05 }}
* [http://www.dieoff.org/ Die Off]
* [http://www.planetforlife.com/ Planet for Life]
Baris 92 ⟶ 91:
* [http://www.feasta.org/documents/wells/contents.html?four/plesch.html Before The Wells Run Dry] - Analysis about the oil situation from Feasta.org, an Irish website
* [http://mobjectivist.blogspot.com/ Facts on the inevitable world-wide energy transition].
* [http://www.hubbertpeak.com/hubbert/ biography of Dr Hubbert]
* [http://www.postcarbon.org Post Carbon Institute]
* [http://endofsuburbia.com The End of Suburbia]
Baris 100 ⟶ 99:
* [http://hubbert.mines.edu/ M. King Hubbert Center for Petroleum Supply Studies]
* [http://www.oilempire.us/ OilEmpire.US: 9/11 and Peak Oil]
* [http://www.oilempire.us/peakoil-scenarios.html Evaluating Peak Oil scenarios - will we use the remaining oil for solar panels or fighter planes?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050830143007/http://www.oilempire.us/peakoil-scenarios.html |date=2005-08-30 }}
* [http://www.permatopia.com Permatopia.com - a graceful end to cheap oil]
* [http://www.alternative-energy.ws Alt-E] - Virtual watering hole for Alaskans groping their way into a future characterized by increasing high-quality primary-energy-source scarcity, i.e., a "bottleneck" future.
Baris 108 ⟶ 107:
* [http://www.jakeg.co.uk/dissertation The unsustainability of full employment and cheap energy]
* [http://www.after-oil.co.uk/ UK Survival in the 21st Century]
* [http://www.tekno.dk/subpage.php3?article=1025&toppic=kategori11&language=uk&category=11/ Review: Oil-based technology and economy - prospects for the future] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060428050924/http://www.tekno.dk/subpage.php3?article=1025 |date=2006-04-28 }} The Danish Board of Technology (Teknologi-radet)
* [http://www.technocracy.org/articles/hub-gro.html M. King Hubbert on the Nature of Growth] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041209154522/http://www.technocracy.org/articles/hub-gro.html |date=2004-12-09 }}
* [http://www.gasandoil.com/peakoil Peakoil conference 19-20 October 2004] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050713074025/http://www.gasandoil.com/peakoil/ |date=2005-07-13 }}
* [http://www.hubbertpeak.com/blanchard/ graph showing oil production in lower 48 US states following Hubbert's predictions] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051119173918/http://www.hubbertpeak.com/blanchard/ |date=2005-11-19 }}
* [http://www.geologie.tu-clausthal.de/Campbell/lecture.html Peak Oil presentation by Dr. Campbell, TU Clausthal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050831090018/http://www.geologie.tu-clausthal.de/Campbell/lecture.html |date=2005-08-31 }}
* [http://www.energybulletin.net/5080.html Rep. Prof. Roscoe Bartlett's hour long Peak Oil presentation to (an empty) U.S. House of Representatives]
* [http://www.thesharpener.net/?p=41 An Introduction to Peak Oil by Jim Bliss] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928221006/http://www.thesharpener.net/?p=41 |date=2007-09-28 }}
* [http://www.thewatt.com/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=99&mode=nested&order=0&thold=0 Oil: Burnt Out?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060516163202/http://www.thewatt.com/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=99&mode=nested&order=0&thold=0 |date=2006-05-16 }} theWatt.com article
'''Artikel'''
* [http://dieoff.org/page140.htm "The End of Cheap Oil", Colin Campbell & Jean Laherrère on Peak Oil] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927012357/http://dieoff.org/page140.htm |date=2007-09-27 }} [[Scientific American]] article
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/3777413.stm Is the world's oil running out fast?] [[BBC News|BBC news]] article
* [http://money.cnn.com/2004/11/02/markets/peak_oil/index.htm Oil: Is the end at hand?] CNN article
* [http://www.guardian.co.uk/life/feature/story/0,13026,1464050,00.html The end of oil is closer than you think] [[The Guardian]] article
* [http://www.technologyreview.com/articles/05/02/issue/review_oil.asp The End of Oil?] MIT Technology Review article
* [http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/4287300/ David Goodstein on Peak Oil] MSNBC news article
* [http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/4287300/ How long will the world's oil last?] MSNBC news article
* [http://magma.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0406/feature5/ The End of Cheap Oil] National Geographic article
* [http://www.commondreams.org/views04/0301-12.htm Will The End of Oil Mean The End of America?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051013093708/http://www.commondreams.org/views04/0301-12.htm |date=2005-10-13 }} Common Dreams NewsCenter article
* [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/06/09/AR2005060900148_pf.html Top Saudi Says Kingdom Has Plenty of Oil]{{Pranala mati|date=Juni 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} "261 billion barrels in reserve..."
'''Forum/Blog/halaman diskusi'''
* [http://peakoil.blogspot.com/ Peak Oil News Blog] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051025112135/http://peakoil.blogspot.com/ |date=2005-10-25 }}
* [http://peakenergy.blogspot.com/ Peak Energy Blog (bg)]
* [http://mobjectivist.blogspot.com/ mobjectivist Blog]
Baris 141 ⟶ 140:
* [http://peakoil.com/ Peakoil.com.]
* [http://peakoiloptimist.blogspot.com/ Peak Oil Optimist]
* [http://trendwatcher.koan.net/node/420 How much peak-oil is being talked about ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060101163827/http://trendwatcher.koan.net/node/420 |date=2006-01-01 }}
* [http://flavor8.com/index.php/category/energy-crisis/ Flavor8: Energy Crisis News] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051124091516/http://flavor8.com/index.php/category/energy-crisis/ |date=2005-11-24 }}
* [http://thefraserdomain.typepad.com/ The Energy Blog]
* [http://alteng.blogspot.com/ Alternate Energy Blogspot.]
* [http://www.thewatt.com/ theWatt Energy News and Discussion] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060402225323/http://thewatt.com/ |date=2006-04-02 }}
* [http://www.act-peakoil.org/ ACT Peak Oil Discussion Group]
'''Kritikan teori Hubbert'''
* [http://www2.eluniversal.com.mx/pls/impreso/noticia.html?id_nota=6110&tabla=miami Pemex's oil estimates double:] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060202094303/http://www2.eluniversal.com.mx/pls/impreso/noticia.html?id_nota=6110&tabla=miami |date=2006-02-02 }} Mexican Oil company's estimate of reserves doubled.
* [http://freeenergynews.com/Directory/Theory/SustainableOil/ Peak Oil -- NOT!] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050831174327/http://freeenergynews.com/Directory/Theory/SustainableOil/ |date=2005-08-31 }} - Directory page addresses the theory in circulation that oil is not solely of organic origin, but that there may be another, inexhaustible mode of origin from deeper in the crust, involving magma.
* [http://www.mises.org/fullstory.aspx?control=1519 Will We Run Out of Energy?] by Mark Brandly
* [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/06/09/AR2005060900148_pf.html Top Saudi Says Kingdom Has Plenty of Oil]{{Pranala mati|date=Juni 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} "261 billion barrels in reserve..."
* [http://marshallbrain.blogspot.com/2005/06/peak-oil-will-be-non-event.html Why Peak Oil will be a non-event.]
* [http://www.gasresources.net/Lynch(Hubbert-Deffeyes).htm The New Pessimism about Petroleum Resources: Debunking the Hubbert Model (and Hubbert Modelers)]
* [http://worldnetdaily.com/news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=41613 The end of the age of oil?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050302200018/http://worldnetdaily.com/news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=41613 |date=2005-03-02 }}
* [http://www.arabnews.com/?page=6§ion=0&article=44011&d=29&m=4&y=2004 Known Saudi Arabian Oil Reserves Tripled]
* [http://www.energybulletin.net/3555.html Peak production in the news again] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050204115719/http://www.energybulletin.net/3555.html |date=2005-02-04 }}
* [http://www.iea.org/Textbase/press/pressdetail.asp?PRESS_REL_ID=137 International Energy Agency press release]
* [http://www.worldoil.com/Magazine/MAGAZINE_DETAIL.asp?ART_ID=2378&MONTH_YEAR=Aug-2004 Oil shale back in the picture]
* [http://www.gasresources.net/DisposalBioClaims.htm Dismissal of the Claims of a Biological Connection for Natural Petroleum.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030221233432/http://www.gasresources.net/DisposalBioClaims.htm |date=2003-02-21 }}
* [http://www.wnd.com/news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=38645 Sustainable Oil?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050811084059/http://www.wnd.com/news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=38645 |date=2005-08-11 }} (5-25-04 WorldNet Daily)
* [http://www.rense.com/general54/moreevi.htm More Evidence for Sustainable Oil] (7-10-04 rense.com)
* [http://www.aapg.org/explorer/2002/11nov/abiogenic.cfm Abiogenic Gas Debate] 11:2002 (EXPLORER)
* [http://www.spe.org/elibinfo/eLibrary_Papers/spe/1982/82UGR/00010836/00010836.htm Unconventional Ideas About Unconventional Gas] (Society of Petroleum Engineers)
* [http://www.nexialinstitute.com/oil_recovery.htm Oil recovery technology, Nexial Institute (NEXIT), Dr. James H. L. Lawler] Integrated system promising virtual total recovery, in excess of 95%
* [http://i-newswire.com/pr39808.html Texas Research Institute Promises a Way Out of the Energy Crisis] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051121171858/http://i-newswire.com/pr39808.html |date=2005-11-21 }}
* [http://peakoildebunked.blogspot.com/ Peak Oil Debunked]
* [http://business.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,16849-1733893,00.html Lee Raymond of Exxon Mobile believes oil supplies will rise]
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[[Kategori:Futurologi]]
[[hu:Olajhozamcsúcs]]
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