Pemberontakan di Aceh: Perbedaan antara revisi
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{{For|konflik dengan Belanda|Perang Aceh}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict
| partof = [[Separatisme di
| image
| image1 = Free Aceh Movement women soldiers.jpg
| image2 =}}
| image_size
| caption
| date
| place
| result
* [[Kesepakatan Helsinki]]
* Otonomi khusus diberikan untuk Aceh
* Pelucutan senjata GAM
* Ditariknya pasukan non-organik Indonesia, hanya menyisakan 25.000 prajurit di provinsi tersebut▼
* Berakhirnya klaim kemerdekaan GAM
* [[Misi Pemantau Aceh]]▼
▲*
▲* [[Aceh Monitoring Mission|Misi Pemantau Aceh]]
| combatant1 ={{flag|Indonesia}}▼
* [[Pemilihan umum Gubernur Aceh 2006|Pemilihan umum daerah diselenggarakan]]
*{{flagicon image|Flag of the Indonesian National Armed Forces.svg}} [[Tentara Nasional Indonesia]]▼
*{{flagicon image|Flag of the Indonesian National Police.png}} [[Kepolisian Negara Republik Indonesia]]▼
*{{flag|Indonesia}}
▲**{{flagicon image|Flag of the Indonesian National Armed Forces.svg}} [[Tentara Nasional Indonesia]]
▲**{{flagicon image|Flag of the Indonesian National Police.png}} [[Kepolisian Negara Republik Indonesia]]
{{tree list/end}}
<br />
| commander1 = {{flagdeco|Indonesia}} [[Soeharto]] (1976–1998)<br />{{flagdeco|Indonesia}} [[B. J. Habibie]] (1998–1999)<br />{{flagdeco|Indonesia}} [[Abdurrahman Wahid]] (1999–2001)<br />{{flagdeco|Indonesia}} [[Megawati Sukarnoputri]] (2001–2004)<br />{{flagdeco|Indonesia}} [[Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono]] (2004–2005){{br}}{{flagdeco|Indonesia}} [[Try Sutrisno]]{{br}}{{flagdeco|Indonesia}} [[Endriartono Sutarto]]{{br}}{{flagdeco|Indonesia}} [[Sutiyoso]]{{br}}{{flagdeco|Indonesia}} [[Bambang Darmono]]{{br}}{{flagdeco|Indonesia}} [[Da'i Bachtiar]]▼
▲| combatant2 = {{flagicon image|Flag of Free Aceh Movement.svg}} [[Gerakan Aceh Merdeka]]
| commander2 = {{flagicon image|Flag of Free Aceh Movement.svg}} [[Hasan di Tiro]]<br />{{flagicon image|Flag of Free Aceh Movement.svg}} [[Malik Mahmud]]<br/>{{flagicon image|Flag of Free Aceh Movement.svg}} [[Zaini Abdullah]]<br />{{flagicon image|Flag of Free Aceh Movement.svg}} [[Abdullah Syafi'i]]{{KIA}}<ref>[http://reliefweb.int/report/indonesia/indonesia-ocha-consolidated-situation-report-no-60 Indonesia – OCHA consolidated situation report No. 60 http://reliefweb.int/report/indonesia/indonesia-ocha-consolidated-situation-report-no-60#sthash.zrgPBcJj.dpuf] [[ReliefWeb]], 25 Januari 2002</ref><br />{{flagicon image|Flag of Free Aceh Movement.svg}} [[Muzakir Manaf]]<br />{{flagicon image|Flag of Free Aceh Movement.svg}} [[Sofyan
▲| commander1 = {{flagdeco|Indonesia}} [[Soeharto]]<br />{{flagdeco|Indonesia}} [[B. J. Habibie]]<br />{{flagdeco|Indonesia}} [[Abdurrahman Wahid]]<br />{{flagdeco|Indonesia}} [[Megawati Sukarnoputri]]<br />{{flagdeco|Indonesia}} [[Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono]]{{br}}{{flagdeco|Indonesia}} [[Try Sutrisno]]{{br}}{{flagdeco|Indonesia}} [[Endriartono Sutarto]]{{br}}{{flagdeco|Indonesia}} [[Sutiyoso]]{{br}}{{flagdeco|Indonesia}} [[Bambang Darmono]]{{br}}{{flagdeco|Indonesia}} [[Da'i Bachtiar]]
▲| commander2 = {{flagicon image|Flag of Free Aceh Movement.svg}} [[Hasan di Tiro]]<br />{{flagicon image|Flag of Free Aceh Movement.svg}} [[Zaini Abdullah]]<br />{{flagicon image|Flag of Free Aceh Movement.svg}} [[Abdullah Syafi'i]]{{KIA}}<ref>[http://reliefweb.int/report/indonesia/indonesia-ocha-consolidated-situation-report-no-60 Indonesia – OCHA consolidated situation report No. 60 http://reliefweb.int/report/indonesia/indonesia-ocha-consolidated-situation-report-no-60#sthash.zrgPBcJj.dpuf] [[ReliefWeb]], 25 Januari 2002</ref><br />{{flagicon image|Flag of Free Aceh Movement.svg}} [[Muzakir Manaf]]<br />{{flagicon image|Flag of Free Aceh Movement.svg}} Sofyan Daud<br />{{flagicon image|Flag of Free Aceh Movement.svg}} Ayah Muni{{KIA}}<ref>[http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2001/05/30/tni-claims-have-shot-gam-commander.html TNI claims to have shot GAM commander] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150603133101/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2001/05/30/tni-claims-have-shot-gam-commander.html |date=3 Juni 2015 }} ''[[The Jakarta Post]]'', 30 Mei 2011</ref><br />{{flagicon image|Flag of Free Aceh Movement.svg}} [[Ishak Daud]]{{KIA}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://steemit.com/aceh/@harrysm07/wishing-ishak-daud-or-war-of-the-end-in-alue-nireh-f6841c1348bf|title=ISHAK DAUD, War of the End in Alue Nireh.|date=2018-12-02|website=steemit|language=en}}</ref>
| strength1
▲| units1 =
| strength2 = {{flagicon image|Flag of Free Aceh Movement.svg|20px}} 25 (1976)<ref name=Ref2>Michael L.Ross (2007). ''[http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/polisci/faculty/ross/ResourcesRebellion.pdf "Resources and Rebellion in Aceh , Indonesia"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081030151630/http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/polisci/faculty/ross/ResourcesRebellion.pdf |date=30 Oktober 2008 }}'' (PDF), pp. 6. The World Bank.</ref><br/>{{flagicon image|Flag of Free Aceh Movement.svg|20px}} 200 (1979–1989)<ref name=Ref2/><br/>{{flagicon image|Flag of Free Aceh Movement.svg|20px}} 750 (1991)<ref name= REF1 /><br/>{{flagicon image|Flag of Free Aceh Movement.svg|20px}} 15.000–27.000 (1999)<ref name=Ref2/><br/>{{flagicon image|Flag of Free Aceh Movement.svg|20px}} 3.000 (2005)<ref name= REF3 >[http://escolapau.uab.cat/img/programas/procesos/06anuarie.pdf ECP. Annuario 2006 de procesos de paz. Vicenç Fisas] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304022857/http://escolapau.uab.cat/img/programas/procesos/06anuarie.pdf |date=4 March 2016 }} pág. 75.</ref>
▲| units2 =
| casualties1
▲| strength1 = {{flagdeco|Indonesia}} 12.000 (1990)<ref name="essex">[https://web.archive.org/web/20120121112118/http://privatewww.essex.ac.uk/~ksg/data/eacd_notes.pdf Uppsala conflict data expansion. Non-state actor information. Codebook] pp. 295–296</ref><br />{{flagdeco|Indonesia}} 30.000 (2001)<ref name="essex" /><br />{{flagicon|Indonesia}} 15.000 (2002)<ref name= REF1 /><br/>{{flagdeco|Indonesia}} 35.000<ref>[http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/para/aceh.htm Global Security – Free Aceh Movement]</ref>–50.000 (2003)<ref name= "essex"/>
|
▲| casualties1 = {{Flagdeco|Indonesia}} kurang dari 100 orang terbunuh<ref>{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7249/j.ctt5hhsjk.47|jstor=10.7249/j.ctt5hhsjk.47|chapter=Indonesia (Aceh), 1976–2005|last1=Paul|first1=Christopher|last2=Clarke|first2=Colin P.|last3=Grill|first3=Beth|last4=Dunigan|first4=Molly|title=Paths to Victory|year=2013|pages=403–414|publisher=RAND Corporation|isbn=9780833081094}}</ref>
Total: 15.000 total tewas<ref name="BBC_4690293">{{cite web |date= 17 Juli 2005|url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4690293.stm|title = Indonesia agrees Aceh peace deal|work = [[BBC News]]| access-date = 11 Oktober 2008 }}</ref>
| notes
| campaignbox
}}
Baris 72 ⟶ 75:
Insiden pada tahap kedua dimulai pada tahun 1989 setelah kembalinya para peserta pelatihan dari Libya.<ref name=Aspinall_Islam_110>{{harvp|Aspinall|2009|p=110}}</ref> Operasi yang dilakukan GAM meliputi perampasan senjata, penyerangan terhadap pos polisi dan militer, pembakaran dan pembunuhan yang ditargetkan terhadap personel polisi dan militer, informan pemerintah dan individu lainnya.<ref name=Aspinall_Islam_110/>
Meskipun gagal mendapatkan dukungan luas, tindakan kelompok ini menyebabkan pemerintah Indonesia melakukan tindakan represif. Periode antara tahun 1989 dan 1998 dikenal sebagai era [[Operasi militer Indonesia di Aceh 1990-1998|"Daerah Operasi Militer" (DOM)]] ketika militer Indonesia meningkatkan upaya pemberantasan pemberontakannya. tindakan.<ref name=Schulz_p4/> Tindakan ini, meskipun secara taktis berhasil menghancurkan GAM sebagai kekuatan gerilya, namun mengasingkan masyarakat Aceh setempat yang membantu GAM membangun kembali dirinya ketika militer Indonesia hampir ditarik seluruhnya dari Aceh atas perintah presiden [[B. J. Habibie|Habibie]] pada akhir tahun 1998.<ref>Leonard Sebastian, "Realpolitik: Indonesia's Use of Military Force", 2006, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies</ref> Komandan penting GAM terbunuh (Komandan Distrik Pasè [[Yusuf Ali]] dan Panglima Senior GAM [[Keuchik Umar]]), ditangkap ([[Ligadinsyah|Ligadinsyah Ibrahim]]) atau melarikan diri ([[Robert (GAM)|Robert]], [[Arjuna (GAM)|Arjuna]] dan Daud Kandang).<ref>{{harvp|Aspinall|2009|p=113}}</ref>
=== Tahap ketiga ===
Baris 214 ⟶ 217:
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last=Aspinall |first=Edward |year=2005 |title=The Helsinki Agreement: A More Promising Basis for Peace in Aceh? |publisher=East-West Center Washington |location=Washington |isbn=978-1-932728-39-2 }}
* {{cite journal |last=Aspinall |first=Edward |year=2007 |title=The construction of grievance: natural resources and identity in a separatist conflict |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-conflict-resolution_2007-12_51_6/page/950 |journal=[[Journal of Conflict Resolution]] |volume=51 |issue=6 |pages=950–972 |doi=10.1177/0022002707307120 |s2cid=145677680 |hdl=1885/29992 |hdl-access=free }}
* {{cite book |last=Aspinall |first=Edward |year=2009 |title=Islam and Nation: Separatist Rebellion in Aceh, Indonesia |publisher=National University of Singapore Press |location=Singapore |isbn=978-9971-69-485-2 }}
* {{cite book |last=Awaludin |first=Hamid |year=2009 |title=Peace in Aceh: Notes on the Peace Process between the Republic of Indonesia and the Aceh Freedom Movement (GAM) in Helsinki |others=Translated by Tim Scott |publisher=[[Centre for Strategic and International Studies (Indonesia)|Centre for Strategic and International Studies]] |location=Jakarta |isbn=978-979-1295-11-6 }}
* {{cite book |last=Dawood |first=Dayan |author2=Syafrizal |year=1989 |chapter=Aceh: the LNG boom and enclave development |title=Unity and Diversity: Regional Economic Development in Indonesia Since 1970 |editor=Hal Hall |location=Singapore |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780195885637 }}
* {{cite book |last=Drexler |first=Elizabeth |year=2008 |title=Aceh, Indonesia: Securing the Insecure State |url=https://archive.org/details/acehindonesiasec0000drex |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |location=Philadelphia, PA |isbn=978-0-8122-4057-3 }}
* {{cite book |last=Kell |first=Tim |year=1995 |title=The Roots of Acehnese Rebellion 1989–1992 |publisher=Cornell Modern Indonesia Project |location=Ithaca, NY |isbn=978-6028397179 }}
* {{cite book |last=Kingsbury |first=Damien |year=2006 |title=Peace in Aceh: a Personal Account of the Helsinki Peace Process |publisher=Equinox |location=Jakarta |isbn=979-3780-25-8 }}
* {{cite book |last=Miller |first=Michelle Ann |year=2008 |title=Rebellion and Reform in Indonesia. Jakarta's Security and Autonomy Policies in Aceh |location=London |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-45467-4 }}
* {{cite thesis |last=Morris |first=Eric Eugene |year=1983 |title=Islam and Politics in Aceh: a Study of Center-Periphery Relations in Indonesia |degree=[[Doctor of Philosophy|Ph.D.]] |publisher=Cornell University|location=Ithaca, NY }}
* {{cite journal |last=Robinson |first=Geoffrey |date=1998 |title=''Rawan'' is as ''Rawan'' does: the origins of disorder in New Order Aceh |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_indonesia_1998-10_66/page/126 |journal=Indonesia |volume=66 |issue=66 |pages=126–157 |jstor=3351450 |doi=10.2307/3351450 |hdl=1813/54152 |hdl-access=free }}
* {{cite book |last=Schulze |first=Kirsten E. |year=2004 |title=The Free Aceh Movement (GAM): Anatomy of a Separatist Organization |url=https://archive.org/details/freeacehmovement0002schu |publisher=East-West Center Washington |location=Washington |isbn=1-932728-03-1 }}
* {{cite book |last=Sulaiman |first=M. Isa |year=2006 |chapter=From autonomy to periphery |title=Verandah of Violence: The Background of the Aceh Problem |editor=Anthony Reid |location=Singapore |publisher=Singapore University Press }}
* {{cite book |last=di Tiro |first=Hasan M. |year=1984 |title=The Price of Freedom: The Unfinished Diary |publisher=Information Department, National Liberation Front Acheh Sumatara |location=Norsborg, Sweden }}
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