Tanaman penutup tanah: Perbedaan antara revisi

'''Tanaman penutup tanah''' adalah [[tumbuhan]] atau [[tanaman]] yang khusus ditanam untuk melindungi [[tanah]] dari ancaman kerusakan oleh [[erosi]] dan / atau untuk memperbaiki [[sifat kimia]] dan [[sifat fisik]] tanah.{{Butuh rujukan}}

Tanaman penutup tanah berperan: (1) menahan atau mengurangi daya perusak butir-butir [[hujan]] yang jatuh dan [[aliran air]] di atas [[permukaan tanah]], (2) menambah bahan [[Senyawa organik|organik]] tanah melalui batang, ranting dan [[daun]] mati yang jatuh, dan (3) melakukan transpirasi, yang mengurangi kandungan air tanah. Peranan tanaman penutup tanah tersebut menyebabkan berkurangnya kekuatan [[dispersi]] [[air hujan]], mengurangi jumlah serta kecepatan [[aliran permukaan]] dan memperbesar infiltrasi [[air]] ke dalam tanah, sehingga mengurangi erosi.{{Butuh rujukan}}

Tumbuhan atau tanaman yang sesuai untuk digunakan sebagai penutup tanah dan digunakan dalam sistem pergiliran tanaman harus memenuhi syarat-syarat (Osche et al, 1961): (a) mudah diperbanyak, sebaiknya dengan biji, (b) mempunyai sistem perakaran yang tidak menimbulkan kompetisi berat bagi tanaman pokok, tetapi mempunyai sifat pengikat tanah yang baik dan tidak mensyaratkan tingkat kesuburan tanah yang tinggi, (c) tumbuh cepat dan banyak menghasilkan daun, (d) toleransi terhadap pemangkasan, (e) resisten terhadap gulma, penyakit dan kekeringan, (f) mampu menekan pertumbuhan gulma, (g) mudah diberantas jika tanah akan digunakan untuk penanaman tanaman semusim atau tanaman pokok lainnya, (h) sesuai dengan kegunaan untuk reklamasi tanah, dan (i) tidak mempunyai sifat-sifat yang tidak menyenangkan seperti duri dan sulur-sulur yang membelit.{{Butuh rujukan}}

=== Tanaman penutup tanah rendah= ==

Tanaman penutup tanah rendah terdiri dari jenis rumput-rumputan dan [[tumbuhan merambat]] atau menjalar:{{Butuh rujukan}}

* Dipakai dalam pola pertanaman rapat: [[Calopogonium muconoidesmucunoides|Calopogonium mucunoides Desv]], Centrosema pubescens Benth, Mimosa invisa Mart, Peuraria phaseoloides Benth, Psophocarpus palustris, Calopogonium cearuleum, Crotalaria mucronata, Mucuna bracteata.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wahyuni|first=Mardiana|date=2020, 30-06|title=Pengaruh Kompos Mucuna bracteata Dan Azotobacter Terhadap Pertumbuhan Dan Kadar Nitrogen Bibit Kelapa Sawit|url=http://ojs.uma.ac.id/index.php/agrotekma/article/view/3735|journal=Jurnal Agrotekma|volume=4|issue=2|pages=119-127|doi=10.31289/agr.v4i2.3735}}</ref>

* Digunakan dalam pola pertanaman barisan: Eupatorium triplinerve Vahl (daun panahan, godong, prasman, jukut prasman), Salvia occidentalis Schwartz (langon, lagetan, randa nunut), Ageratum mexicanum Sims.

*Digunakanuntuk Digunakan untuk penguat teras dan saluran-saluran air: Althenanthera amoena Voss (bayem kremah, kremek), Indigofera endecaphylla jacq (dedekan), Ageratum conyzoides L (babandotan), Erechtites valerianifolia Rasim (sintrong), Borreria latifolia Schum (bulu lutung, gempurwatu), Oxalis corymbosa DC, Brachiaria decumbens, Andropogon zizanoides (akar wangi), Panicum maximum (rumput benggala), Panicum ditachyum (balaban, paitan), Paspalum dilatum (rumput Australia), Pennisetum purpureum (rumput gajah) .

=== Tanaman Penutup Tanah sedang (perdu)= ==

* Dipakai dalam pola pertanaman teratur di antara baris tanaman pokok: Clibadium surinamense var asperum baker, Eupatorium pallessens DC (Ki Dayang, Kirinyuh){{Butuh rujukan}}

* Digunakan dalam pola pertanaman pagar: Lantana camara L (tahi ayam, gajahan, seruni), Crotalaria anagyroides HBK, Tephrosia candida DC, Tepherosia vogelii, Desmodium gyroides DC (kakatua, jalakan). Acacia villosa Wild (lamtoro merah), Sesbania grandiflora PERS (turi), Calliandra calothyrsus Meissn (kaliandra merah), Gliricidia maculata (johar cina, gamal), Flemingia congesta Roxb, Crotalaria striata DC., Clorataria juncea, L. Crotalaria laurifolia Poir (urek-urekan, kacang cepel), Cajanus cajan Nillst (kacang hiris, kacang sarde) dan Indigofera arrecta Hooscht.{{Butuh rujukan}}

* Penggunaan di luar areal pertanaman utama dan merupakan sumber [[pupuk hijau]] dan [[mulsa]], untuk penghutanan dan perlindungan dinding jurang: Leucaena glauca (L) Benth (pete cina, lamtoro, kemelandingan), Tithonia tagetiflora Desp, Graphtophyllum pictum Gries (daun ungu, handeuleum), Cordyline fruticosa Backer, Eupatorium riparium REG.{{Butuh rujukan}}

=== Tanaman penutup tanah tinggi atau tanaman pelindung= ==

* Digunakan dalam pola teratur di antara baris tanaman utama: Albizia falcata (sengon laut, jeunjing), Grevillea robusta A Cum, Pithecellobium saman benth (pohon hujan), Erythrina sp (dadap), Gliricidia sepium{{Butuh rujukan}}

* Dipakai dalam barisan: Leucaena glauca atau Leucaena leucocephala{{Butuh rujukan}}

* Penggunaan untuk melindungi jurang, tebing atau untuk penghutanan kembali: Albizia falcata dan Leucaena glauca, Albizia procera Benth, Acacia melanoxylon, Acacia mangium, Eucalyptus saligna, Cinchona succirubra, Gigantolochloa apus (bambu apus), Dendrocalamus asper, Bambusa bambos.{{Butuh rujukan}}

=== Tumbuh-tumbuhan bawah (undergrowth) alami pada perkebunan= ==

Banyak usaha telah dilakukan pada beberapa perkebunanaperkebunan, terutama perkebunan karet, dalam memanfaatkan tumbuh-tumbuhan bawah alami untuk melindungi tanah.

Tumbuhan yang tidak disukai{{Butuh rujukan}}

* SARE National. Topic: Cover Crops. [http://www.sare.org/Learning-Center/Topic-Rooms/Cover-Crops]

* Midwest Cover Crops Council. [http://www.mccc.msu.edu] Resources for growers, researchers, and educators.

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* [http://www.tumbledownfarm.com/drupal/Cyclopedia_of_American_Agriculture/Crops/Cover_Crops] "Cover Crops," ''Cyclopedia of American Agriculture'', v. 2, ed. by L. H. Bailey (1911). A short encyclopedia article, early primary source on varieties and uses of cover crops.