Bahasa Indonesia: Perbedaan antara revisi

{{about|bahasa resmi sekaligus bahasa nasional di Indonesia|ringkasan mengenai bahasa-bahasa yang ada di [[Indonesia]]|Bahasa di Indonesia}}

{{Infobox Bahasa

|name=Bahasa Indonesia

|states=[[Bahasa di Indonesia|Indonesia]]

'''Bahasa Indonesia''' ({{IPA-id|baˈhasa indoˈnesija|}}) merupakan [[bahasa resmi]] sekaligus [[bahasa nasional]] di [[Indonesia]].<ref name="uud">{{cite wikisource |title=Article 36 of The 1945 Constitution of The Republic of Indonesia |wslink=Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia}}</ref> Bahasa Indonesia merupakan [[varietas (linguistik)|varietas]] [[bahasa baku|yang dibakukan]] dari [[bahasa Melayu]],<ref name=bc>{{cite book|author = Uri Tadmor |editor1= Yaron Matras |editor2=Jeanette Sakel |chapter= Grammatical borrowing in Indonesian |title= Grammatical Borrowing in Cross-Linguistic Perspective |date= 2008 |isbn = 978-3-11-019919-2 |publisher= Walter de Gruyter |page = 301 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Es4T018diPIC |language= en}}</ref> sebuah bahasa rumpun {{PRBahasa|Austronesia}} yang digolongkan ke dalam rumpun {{PRBahasa|Melayik}} yang sendirinya merupakan cabang turunan dari cabang {{PRBahasa|Melayu-Polinesia}}. Bahasa Indonesia telah sejak lama digunakan sebagai [[basantara]] di wilayah kepulauan Indonesia yang rata-rata memiliki kemajemukan linguistika. Dengan jumlah penutur bahasa yang lumayan besar ditambah dengan populasi diaspora yang tinggal di luar negeri, bahasa Indonesia masuk sebagai salah satu bahasa yang paling banyak digunakan atau dituturkan di seluruh dunia.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/266808/the-most-spoken-languages-worldwide/|title=The Most Spoken Languages Worldwide|lang=en|trans-title=Bahasa Yang Paling Banyak Dituturkan Seluruh Dunia|author=<!--Not stated-->|date=2021|website=statista.com|publisher=Statista|access-date=2021-09-13|archive-date=2015-06-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150628162716/http://www.statista.com/statistics/266808/the-most-spoken-languages-worldwide/|dead-url=no}}</ref>

 

 

 

Meskipun dipahami dan dituturkan oleh lebih dari 90% warga Indonesia, bahasa Indonesia bukanlah [[bahasa ibu]] bagi kebanyakan penuturnya. Sebagian besar warga Indonesia menggunakan salah satu dari [[Daftar bahasa di Indonesia|748 bahasa yang ada di Indonesia]] sebagai [[bahasa ibu]].<ref>[http://www.bahasakita.com/news/depdiknas-terbitkan-peta-bahasa/ Depdiknas Terbitkan Peta Bahasa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100429103749/http://www.bahasakita.com/news/depdiknas-terbitkan-peta-bahasa/ |date=2010-04-29 }} Blog BahasaKita 4 Maret 2009, mirror dari berita AntaraOnline edisi 22 Oktober 2008.</ref> Istilah "bahasa Indonesia" paling umum dikaitkan dengan [[bahasa baku|bentuk baku]] yang digunakan dalam situasi resmi.<ref name=:0 /> Ragam bahasa baku tersebut berhubungan [[diglosia|diglosik]] dengan bentuk-bentuk bahasa Melayu vernakular yang digunakan sebagai peranti komunikasi sehari-hari.<ref name=:0>{{cite journal |first = James |last = Sneddon |title = Diglossia in Indonesian |journal = Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde |year = 2003 |issn = 0006-2294 |volume = 159 |number = 4 |page = 519–549 |url = https://www.jstor.org/stable/27868068 |access-date = 2019-09-29 |archive-date = 2019-09-29 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190929165801/https://www.jstor.org/stable/27868068 |dead-url = no }}</ref> Artinya, penutur bahasa Indonesia kerap kali menggunakan ragam sehari-hari dan/atau mencampuradukkan dengan dialek Melayu lainnya atau bahasa ibunya. Meskipun demikian, bahasa Indonesia digunakan sangat luas di perguruan-perguruan, di media massa, sastra, perangkat lunak, surat-menyurat resmi, dan berbagai forum publik lainnya,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ohio.edu/LINGUISTICS/indonesian/index.html |title=''Why Indonesian is important to learn''. Situs web pengajaran bahasa Indonesia di Universitas Negeri Ohio. |access-date=2009-10-08 |archive-date=2010-06-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100613005120/http://www.ohio.edu/linguistics/indonesian/index.html |dead-url=no }}</ref> sehingga dapatlah dikatakan bahwa bahasa Indonesia digunakan oleh semua warga Indonesia. Selain dalam skala nasional, bahasa Indonesia juga diakui sebagai salah satu bahasa resmi di negara lain seperti [[Timor Leste]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.easttimorgovernment.com/languages.htm|title=East Timor Languages|language=en|trans-title=Bahasa-bahasa Timor Leste|website=www.easttimorgovernment.com|access-date=21 Maret 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304130633/http://easttimorgovernment.com/languages.htm|archive-date=4 Maret 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Berlie2017ch1">{{cite book |last1=Berlie |first1=Jean A. |title=East Timor's Independence, Indonesia and ASEAN |date=1 Oktober 2017 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9783319626307 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6EQ4DwAAQBAJ |ref=Berlie2007ch1 |chapter=A Socio-Historical Essay: Traditions, Indonesia, Independence, and Elections |access-date=2023-03-31 |archive-date=2023-03-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326152317/https://books.google.com/books?id=6EQ4DwAAQBAJ |dead-url=no }}</ref>{{rp|3}}<ref name="thejakartapost.com">{{Cite news |url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2012/04/20/timor-leste-tetum-portuguese-bahasa-indonesia-or-english.html |title=Timor Leste, Tetum, Portuguese, Bahasa Indonesia or English? |last=Ramos-Horta |first=J. |date=20 April 2012 |work=The Jakarta Post |language=en |author-link=José Manuel Ramos-Horta |access-date=2023-03-31 |archive-date=2021-02-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225013449/https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2012/04/20/timor-leste-tetum-portuguese-bahasa-indonesia-or-english.html |dead-url=no }}</ref> Bahasa Indonesia juga secara resmi diajarkan dan digunakan di sekolah, universitas maupun institusi di seluruh dunia, terutama di [[Australia]], [[Belanda]], [[Jepang]], [[Korea Selatan]], [[Timor Leste]], [[Vietnam]], [[Taiwan]], [[Amerika Serikat]], [[Inggris]], dll.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.vietnamnet.vn/fms/education/217807/indonesian-language-officially-taught-at-vietnam-national-university.html|title=Indonesian Language Officially Taught at Vietnam National University|website=english.vietnamnet.vn|access-date=2021-09-13|archive-date=2022-07-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701193026/http://english.vietnamnet.vn/fms/education/217807/indonesian-language-officially-taught-at-vietnam-national-university.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://kansai.jpf.go.jp/en/news/2017/05/indonesian-thai-and-spanish-language-versions-of-the-marugoto-a1-japanese-online-course-are-now-avai.html|title=Indonesian, Thai, and Spanish language versions of the 'Marugoto (A1) Japanese Online Course' are now available|author=<!--Not stated-->|website=kansai.jpf.go.jp|publisher=Japanese-Language Institute, Kansai|access-date=2021-09-13|archive-date=2021-09-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210913065140/https://kansai.jpf.go.jp/en/news/2017/05/indonesian-thai-and-spanish-language-versions-of-the-marugoto-a1-japanese-online-course-are-now-avai.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://cltr.asia.edu.tw/files/15-1028-57989,c1693-1.php?Lang=en|title=The Indonesian, Vietnamese and Thai Language Courses|author=<!--Not stated-->|website=cltr.asia.edu.tw|publisher=Center for the Development of Language Teaching and Research, Asia University|location=Taiwan (Republic of China)|access-date=2021-09-13|archive-date=2021-09-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210913065144/https://cltr.asia.edu.tw/files/15-1028-57989,c1693-1.php?Lang=en|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://sas.fas.harvard.edu/bahasa-indonesia|title=Bahasa Indonesia (Indonesian language)|author=<!--Not stated-->|website=sas.fas.harvard.edu|publisher=Harvard University: Faculty of Arts and Sciences|access-date=2021-09-13|archive-date=2021-10-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211018200303/https://sas.fas.harvard.edu/bahasa-indonesia|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cambridgeinternational.org/programmes-and-qualifications/cambridge-igcse-indonesian-foreign-language-0545/|title=Cambridge IGCSE Indonesian - Foreign Language|author=<!--Not stated-->|website=cambridgeinternational.org|publisher=Cambridge University Press & Assessment|access-date=2021-09-13|archive-date=2021-09-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210913065139/https://www.cambridgeinternational.org/programmes-and-qualifications/cambridge-igcse-indonesian-foreign-language-0545/|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://arts.adelaide.edu.au/study-with-us/undergraduate/indonesian-studies|title=Indonesian Studies|author=<!--Not stated-->|website=arts.adelaide.edu.au|publisher=The University of Adelaide, Australia|access-date=2021-09-13|archive-date=2021-09-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210913065332/https://arts.adelaide.edu.au/study-with-us/undergraduate/indonesian-studies|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://arts.unimelb.edu.au/asia-institute/discipline-areas/indonesian|title=Indonesia’s geographic proximity and strategic importance to Australia make it vital to understand its peoples, politics, history, languages and cultures|work=The University of Melbourne|access-date=2021-09-13|archive-date=2021-09-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210913070657/https://arts.unimelb.edu.au/asia-institute/discipline-areas/indonesian|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.monash.edu/arts/languages-literatures-cultures-linguistics/indonesian-studies |title=Indonesian studies |author=<!--Not stated--> |website= |publisher=Monash University, Australia |access-date=2021-09-13 |archive-date=2021-09-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210913065205/https://www.monash.edu/arts/languages-literatures-cultures-linguistics/indonesian-studies |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://pursuit.unimelb.edu.au/articles/creativity-and-crisis-teaching-indonesian-in-australian-schools|title=Teaching Indonesian in Australian Schools|author=Hamish Curry|work=The University of Melbourne|access-date=2021-09-13|archive-date=2021-09-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210913065150/https://pursuit.unimelb.edu.au/articles/creativity-and-crisis-teaching-indonesian-in-australian-schools|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sydney.edu.au/arts/schools/school-of-languages-and-cultures/department-of-indonesian-studies.html|title=Department of Indonesian Studies|author=<!--Not stated-->|website=www.sydney.edu.au|publisher=The University of Sydney, Australia|access-date=2021-09-13|archive-date=2021-09-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210913065139/https://www.sydney.edu.au/arts/schools/school-of-languages-and-cultures/department-of-indonesian-studies.html|dead-url=no}}</ref>

* Konsonan {{IPA|/k/}}, {{IPA|/p/}}, dan {{IPA|/t/}} tidak diucapkan dengan [[Aspirasi (linguistik)|hembusan nafas yang kuat]].

* {{IPA|/t/}} dan {{IPA|/d/}} merupakan [[konsonan lidah tengah]], sehingga pengucapannya bisa berupa [[konsonan rongga gigi]] maupun [[konsonan gigi]]. Namun, pada kebanyakan penutur, konsonan {{IPA|/t/}} biasanya diucapkan sebagai konsonan gigi {{IPA|[t̪]}} dan {{IPA|/d/}} sebagai konsonan rongga gigi {{IPA|[d]}}.

* Penekanan suku kata biasanya terletak pada awal [[suku kata]] dalam perkataan yang bersuku kata dua, dan pada suku kata dalam perkataan yang bersuku kata tiga maupun lebih. Apabila ada suku kata awal yang mengandung [[pepet]], maka penekanannya pindah ke suku kata yang tidak mengandung pepet, seperti ''ayam'' {{IPA|/ˈa.jam/}}, ''halaman'' {{IPA|/haˈla.man/}}, ''kerang'' {{IPA|/kəˈraŋ/}} dan lain sebagainya.

 

== Sistem penulisan ==

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