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[[Berkas:West_Sumatra_pekarangan.jpg|jmpl|Pekarangan di sebauh desa di Agam, Sumatra Barat.]]
{{short description|Type of home garden developed in Indonesia}}
Pekarangan di [[Indonesia]], terutama di [[Jawa]] (????). The typical pekarangan includes plants, animals (including [[fish]], [[Ruminant|ruminants]], [[poultry]], and [[Wildlife|wild animals]]), and constructions such as animal pens and bird cages. It is used for social interactions and yield sharing, and provides materials for cultural ceremonies and religious practices. Some pekarangans are made, maintained, and spatially arranged according to local values. Home gardens of this kind may have existed for several thousand years, but the first record of it is found in a Javanese chronicle that was written in 860 AD. In 2010, around {{convert|103,000|sqkm|sqmi|sp=us}} of Indonesian land were used for gardens of the sort.
[[File:West Sumatra pekarangan.jpg|thumb|upright=1.33|Pekarangan di [[Kabupaten Agam]], [[Sumatera Barat]]]]
 
'''Pekarangan''' adalah jenis [[Halaman bangunan|taman rumah]] tropis yang dikembangkan di [[Indonesia]], terutama di [[Jawa|Pulau Jawa]]. Pekarangan umumnya berisi ragam tanaman, sementara beberapa pekarangan memiliki hewan (termasuk [[ikan]] ternak, [[Hewan pemamah biak|pemamah biak]], [[unggas]], dan [[satwa liar]]) serta bangunan seperti kandang dan sangkar burung. Pekarangan menghasilkan pangan untuk kebutuhan sehari-hari dan untuk dijual serta menghasilkan tanaman hias. Selain itu, pekarangan juga menjadi tempat interaksi sosial (termasuk bagi hasil panen pekarangan) serta menyediakan hasil tani untuk upacara adat dan keagamaan. Beberapa pekarangan dibuat, dipelihara, dan diatur tata ruangnya sesuai dengan nilai-nilai lokal. Pekarangan diperkirakan sudah ada selama beberapa ribu tahun, tetapi catatan pertama mengenai pekarangan ditemukan dalam sebuah babad Jawa yang ditulis pada tahun 860 M. Pada tahun 2010, sekitar 103.000 kilometer persegi lahan di Indonesia digunakan untuk pekarangan.
Kelestarian dan peran sosial pekarangan di Indonesia terancam oleh fragmentasi karena sistem pembagian warisan, urbanisasi, dan komersialisasi yang bermula pada paruh akhir abad dua puluh. Lahan pekarangan yang semakin sempit, karena fragmentasi dan urbanisasi, menjadi penyebab menurunnya keragaman hayati dalam pekarangan-pekarangan tersebut. Terkadang, penyeragaman tumbuhan dalam pekarangan disengaja dengan tujuan mengoptimalisasi produksi pekarangan. Masalah-masalah seperti wabah hama dan naiknya hutang pemilik pekarangan muncul karena degradasi kelestarian tersebut.
 
Peran keberlanjutan dan sosial pekarangan terancam oleh urbanisasi massal dan fragmentasi lahan, yang menjadi faktor penyusutan luas lahan tempat tinggal rata-rata. Penurunan ini kemudian diikuti dengan hilangnya keragaman tanaman di dalam pekarangan. Selain itu, sebagian pemilik pekarangan secara sengaja mengurangi keragaman tanaman untuk mengoptimalkan hasil tani komersial. Masalah seperti wabah hama dan peningkatan utang rumah tangga muncul akibat terdegradasinya keberlanjutan pekarangan.
Sepanjang [[Sejarah Indonesia|sejarah Jawa]], pekarangan luput dari perhatian berbagai pemerintahan di Pulau Jawa karena sukarnya mengambil hasil bumi secara sistematis dari pekarangan. Pada tahun 2010-an, pekarangan menjadi perhatian pemerintah Indonesia lewat program P2KP (''Percepatan Penganekaragaman Konsumsi Pangan''), yang berfokus pada pekarangan perkotaan dan pinggiran kota yang bertujuan untuk mengoptimalisasi pekarangan dengan pendekatan yang lestari.
 
Pekarangan pada masa lampau, khususnya di Pulau Jawa, kurang mendapatkan perhatian khusus dari pihak-pihak yang memerintah, mulai dari [[Daftar kerajaan yang pernah ada di Nusantara|kerajaan-kerajaan]], [[Hindia Belanda|pihak kolonial]], hingga [[pemerintah Indonesia]] sebelum dasawarsa [[2010-an]]. Hal ini disebabkan karena kesulitan untuk membuat sistem pemanenan dan perpajakan hasil panen dari pekarangan. Pekarangan kemudian mendapatkan perhatian dari pemerintah Indonesia sejak awal dasawarsa 2010-an melalui program P2KP (Percepatan Penganekaragaman Konsumsi Pangan) yang berfokus pada daerah perkotaan dan sekitarnya. Program tersebut bertujuan untuk mengoptimalkan produksi hasil tani pekarangan dengan pendekatan yang berkelanjutan.
== Unsur ==
 
== Definition ==
Istilah "pekarangan", menurut [[Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia]], memiliki arti "tanah sekitar rumah", "halaman rumah", atau "tanah yang disiapkan untuk tempat tinggal".{{sfn|KBBI}} Namun, istilah ini banyak digunakan dalam pustaka ilmiah, khususnya dalam topik [[wanatani]] dan [[lingkungan]], untuk merujuk pada "kebun rumah".{{sfn|Kaswanto|Nakagoshi|2014|p=290}} Kata pekarangan dapat berasal dari kata "karang", yang berarti "tanaman menahun," menurut Ashari et al..{{sfn|Ashari|Saptana|Purwantini|2016|p=15}}
 
Para ilmuwan memberikan berbagai definisi tentang istilah "pekarangan". Menurut Sajogyo, pekarangan adalah sebidang tanah yang terletak di samping rumah dan digunakan secara sambilan. Totok Mardikanto dan Sri Sutami mendefinisikan pekarangan sebagai sebidang tanah yang mengelilingi perumahan. Kebanyakan pekarangan dipagari, dan biasanya ditanami dengan tanaman rapat yang terdiri dari berbagai tanaman semusim dan menahun untuk kebutuhan sehari-hari dan komersial. Euis Novitasari mengartikan pekarangan sebagai bentuk tata guna lahan berupa sistem produksi makanan skala kecil yang dilakukan oleh anggota keluarga, yang juga merupakan ekosistem dengan lapisan tajuk yang bersusun. Lebih jauh lagi, Euis Novitasari menggambarkan pekarangan sebagai area dengan batas yang jelas dan memiliki unsur-unsur seperti rumah, pelataran, dapur, kandang, dan pagar. Simatupang dan Suryana berpendapat bahwa sulit untuk mendefinisikan istilah "pekarangan" secara jelas, karena perannya dapat beragam, mulai dari bentuk lahan pertanian hingga sebidang tanah halaman rumah.{{sfn | Ashari | Saptana | Purwantini | 2016 | p=15}} Rahu et al. mengartikan istilah "pekarangan" secara sepsifik, yakni sebagai kebun rumah Jawa.{{sfn|Rahu|Hidayat|Ariyadi|Hakim|2013|p=5}}
 
== Unsur-unsur ==
=== Tanaman ===
{{multiple image
{{multiple image|align=right|width=150|image1=Annona muricata 1.jpg|alt1=Buah sirsak|image2=Leucaena leucocephala.jpg|alt2=Daun lamtoro|footer=[[Sirsak]] dan [[lamtoro]], dua dari tanaman khas pekarangan perdesaan.{{sfn|Arifin|Sakamoto|Chiba|1998|p=99}}|direction=|total_width=|caption1=|caption2=}}
| align = right
[[Berkas:West_Sumatran_brick_house_and_home_garden_with_orange.jpg|jmpl|Pepohonan jeruk (depan) dan pisang (belakang) dalam sebuah pekarangan]]
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Pekarangan di Indonesia pada umumnya tersusun dari kombinasi tanaman [[Tumbuhan semusim|semusim]] dan [[Tumbuhan menahun|menahun]]. Tanaman-tanaman tersebut dipanen secara harian atau musiman.{{sfn|Abdoellah|Parikesit|Gunawan|Hadikusumah|2001|p=140}} Beberapa tanaman menahun, seperti [[melinjo]], menumbuhkan daun secara konsisten. Sementara itu, sebagian tanaman menahun lain, seperti [[kelapa]] [[nangka]], [[pisang]], and [[salak]] menghasilkan buah sepanjang tahun. Sebagian tanaman menahun lainnya memiliki masa berbuah yang terbatas. Conohnya adalah [[jambu semarang]] yang berbuah pada April–Juni, [[mangga]] pada Juli–Agustus, dan [[durian]] pada Juni–September.{{sfn|Soemarwoto|Soemarwato|Karyono|Soekartadiredja|1985|p=3}} Menurut Christanty, tanaman menahun di pekarangan lebih menonjol di daerah-daerah yang 40% dari luas wilayahnya digunakan sebagai sawah padi.{{sfn|Christanty|Abdoellah|Marten|Iskandar|1986|p=143}} Tanaman menahun juga mendominasi pada pekarangan yang jarang diolah.{{sfn|Christanty|Abdoellah|Marten|Iskandar|1986|p=143}} Pekarangan di Indonesia juga dikenal dengan pepohonan yang menjadi salah satu komponen utamanya. Keberlimpahan pepohonan tersebut menjadi salah satu ciri pedesaan di Indonesia.{{sfn|Soemarwoto|Conway|1992|p=101}}
| image1 = Annona muricata 1.jpg
| alt1 = Sirsak
| image2 = Leucaena leucocephala.jpg
| alt2 = Lamtoro
| footer = [[Sirsak]] dan [[lamtoro]], beberapa tumbuhan yang khususnya ditanam di pekarangan desa{{sfn|Arifin|Sakamoto|Chiba|1998|p=99}}
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[[File:West Sumatran brick house and home garden with orange.jpg|thumb|Pohon jeruk (depan) dan pohon pisang (belakang) di dalam pekarangan]]
Sebuah pekarangan umumnya terdiri dari gabungan tanaman [[Tumbuhan semusim|semusim]] dan [[Tumbuhan menahun|menahun]]. Tanaman-tanaman tersebut bisa dipanen setiap hari atau musiman. Beberapa tanaman menahun seperti [[melinjo]] menghasilkan daun secara konsisten. Beberapa tanaman menahun lainnya seperti [[kelapa]], [[nangka]], [[pisang]], dan [[salak]] menghasilkan buah sepanjang tahun. Tanaman menahun lainnya memiliki masa berbuah yang terbatas. Misalnya, [[jambu semarang]] berbuah dari April hingga Juni, [[mangga]] berbuah pada bulan Juli dan Agustus, dan [[Durio zibethinus|durian]] berbuah dari Juni hingga September.{{sfn|Soemarwoto|Soemarwato|Karyono|Soekartadiredja|1985|p=3}} Tanaman menahun lebih umum ditemukan dibandingkan tanaman semusim pada pekarangan di daerah yang luas sawahnya melebihi 40 persen. Tanaman semusim lebih umum di daerah lain dengan luas sawah lebih rendah, tetapi tanaman menahun kembali diutamakan bila terjadi keterbatasan tenaga kerja.{{sfn|Christanty|Abdoellah|Marten|Iskandar|1986|p=143}} Pepohonan adalah salah satu komponen paling umum dari pekarangan. Pepohonan juga membantu memberikan gambaran pedesaan Indonesia dengan rumah yang cenderung tersembunyi di antara pekarangan yang "lebat dan menyerupai hutan".{{sfn|Soemarwoto|Conway|1992|p=101}}
 
Pekarangan [[Suku Sunda|Sunda]] memilki pola tanaman tersendiri. Tanaman hias, serta tanaman bernilai komersial seperti [[cengkih]], [[jeruk]], dan mangga sering ditanam di pekarangan depan agar dapat lebih mudah diawasi. Tanaman pangan yang mengandung [[Amilum|pati]], [[Tumbuhan obat|tanaman obat]], dan tanaman komoditas lebih sering ditanam di pekarangan depan dan belakang, dan lebih sedikit di pekarangan samping. Kopi dapat digunakan sebagai [[pagar]] di pekarangan samping dan belakang. Tanaman hias juga dapat difungsikan sebagai pagar di pekarangan depan. Sayuran biasanya ditanam di area depan dan samping yang terpapar cahaya, karena pohon-pohon besar jarang ditemukan di area tersebut. Pohon bertajuk besar dapat ditanam di pekarangan depan untuk memberikan naungan bagi anak-anak. Kelapa, pohon buah, dan pohon-pohon tinggi yang kayunya digunakan untuk konstruksi ditanam di pekarangan belakang untuk menghindari kerusakan rumah jika pohon-pohon tersebut tumbang akibat badai. Sebagian besar tanaman berkembang biak tanpa campur tangan secara sengaja dari manusia. Proses ini disebut ''janteun ku anjeun'' dalam [[bahasa Sunda]], karena penyebaran biji secara alami oleh burung, mamalia, atau manusia setelah mereka makan. Karena hal ini, tidak ditemukan pengaturan ruang yang jelas di bagian belakang pekarangan Sunda.{{sfn|Christanty|Abdoellah|Marten|Iskandar|1986|p=145}}
 
Tanaman di pekarangan [[Suku Jawa|Jawa]] dan Sunda, termasuk tanaman semusim yang dibudidayakan di musim kemarau (misalnya [[terung]]), biasanya ditanam di dekat sumber air seperti kolam ikan, selokan terbuka, dan sumur.{{sfn | Soemarwoto | Soemarwato | Karyono | Soekartadiredja | 1985 | p=3}}{{sfn|Christanty|Abdoellah|Marten|Iskandar|1986|p=145}} Tanaman yang membutuhkan tingkat nutrisi tinggi, seperti pisang, mangga, nangka, dan tanaman buah lainnya, ditanam dekat tempat pembuangan sampah.{{sfn|Christanty|Abdoellah|Marten|Iskandar|1986|p=145}} Sementara itu, tanaman yang sering dipanen untuk masakan, seperti [[cabai]], [[lengkuas]], [[Serai dapur|serai]], dan [[tomat]], ditanam dekat dapur.{{sfn|Christanty|Abdoellah|Marten|Iskandar|1986|p=145}}{{sfn|Torquebiau|1992|p=193}}
 
Pekarangan di [[Kalimantan]] mengandung jumlah [[Introduksi spesies|spesies introduksi]] yang lebih rendah dari pekarangan di wilayah lain di Indonesia. Banyak tanaman di pekarangan Kalimantan yang merupakan tanaman asli Kalimantan. Di antara tanaman-tanaman di pekarangan Kalimantan yang dianggap penting secara ekonomi dan ekologi adalah [[durian]] (termasuk [[lai]]), [[nangka]], [[duku]], dan [[rambutan]].{{sfn|Rahu|Hidayat|Ariyadi|Hakim|2013|p=8-9}}
Dalam pekarangan masyarakat [[Suku Sunda|Sunda]], tanaman hias dan tanaman panen seperti tembakau, jeruk, dan mangga seringkali ditanam di halaman depan karena nilai ekonominya. Tanaman pati, tanaman obat, dan tanaman komersial lebih sering ditanam di halaman depan dan belakang, dan lebih jarang di bagian samping. Tanaman kopi bisa dimanfaatkan sebagai pagar di halaman samping dan belakang. Tanaman hias pun bisa memiliki fungsi serupa di halaman depan. Sayuran are habitually grown in front and side yards to be exposed to light, as tall trees are rare in those yards. Trees with large canopies might be planted in front yards, providing shade for children. The back yards of the Sundanese gardens might be planted with coconuts, fruit trees, and tall trees whose woods are used for construction. They are planted in back yards to avoid damage to the house when any of them falls due to a storm. Most plants propagate without intentional human intervention (the natural process is called ''janteun ku anjeun'' in Sundanese) due to seed scattering by birds, mammals, or humans after they eat. Because of this, no clear spatial arrangement is found in Sundanese back yards.{{sfn|Christanty|Abdoellah|Marten|Iskandar|1986|p=145}}
 
=== Hewan ===
Plants in Javanese and Sundanese pekarangans, among them annual plants cultivated in the dry season (e.g. eggplants), are habitually grown near water sources such as fish ponds, open sewage ditches, and wells.{{sfn|Soemarwoto|Soemarwato|Karyono|Soekartadiredja|1985|p=3}}{{sfn|Christanty|Abdoellah|Marten|Iskandar|1986|p=145}} Plants that need high levels of nutrients, e.g. banana, mango, jackfruit, and other fruit plants, are planted close to garbage dumps, called ''jarian'' in Sundanese.{{sfn|Christanty|Abdoellah|Marten|Iskandar|1986|p=145}} Meanwhile, crops frequently harvested for cooking, e.g. chili peppers, langua, lemongrass, and tomatoes, are planted near the kitchen.{{sfn|Christanty|Abdoellah|Marten|Iskandar|1986|p=145}}{{sfn|Torquebiau|1992|p=193}}
[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Geitenhok ingericht voor de mestverzameling voor de groententuin Sindanglaja TMnr 10013517.jpg|thumb|left|Kandang kambing milik rumah tangga di masa [[Hindia Belanda]], awal abad 20|alt=]]
 
Beberapa pemilik pekarangan memelihara ternak dan unggas (biasanya [[ayam]], [[kambing]], dan [[domba]]). Hewan-hewan tersebut biasanya dipelihara di dalam kandang pekarangan, tetapi dibiarkan berkeliaran di sekitar kebun, area desa, dan pasar tradisional untuk mencari makanan sendiri. Mereka dikandangkan pada malam hari dan biasanya diberi pakan tambahan. Hewan domestik lainnya yang umum dipelihara di pekarangan adalah ikan di kolam dan [[burung pengicau]] (misalnya [[perkutut jawa]], ''Geopelia striata''). Burung pengicau umumnya dipelihara dalam sangkar yang digantung pada tiang bambu. Salah satu faktor yang mempengaruhi kepemilikan ternak dala pekarangan adalah status ekonomi pemiliknya. Pemilik dari golongan kelas bawah cenderung hanya memelihara beberapa ayam, sementara pemilik kelas menengah dapat memelihara seekor kambing atau domba, dan pemilik yang memiliki kelebihan secara ekonomi dapat memelihara beberapa [[sapi]] atau [[kerbau]]. Kotoran ternak berfungsi sebagai pupuk organik untuk pekarangan dalam bentuk [[kompos]], dan terkadang sebagai sumber pakan bagi ikan kolam.{{sfn | Soemarwoto | Conway | 1992 | p=105}}{{sfn | Soemarwoto | Soemarwato | Karyono | Soekartadiredja | 1985 | p=2}}
=== Animals ===
[[File:Domestic goat in Agam, West Sumatra.jpg|thumb|Sebagian masyarakat Indonesia memelihara ternak, seperti kambing, di pekarangan]]
[[Berkas:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Geitenhok_ingericht_voor_de_mestverzameling_voor_de_groententuin_Sindanglaja_TMnr_10013517.jpg|al=|kiri|jmpl|A household's goat pen in the colonial [[Dutch East Indies]].]]
Kolam ikan produktif banyak ditemukan di pekarangan tradisional suku Sunda. Ikan-ikan tersebut diberi pakan berupa [[Sampah makanan|limbah dapur]] yang disertai dengan limbah hewan dan manusia. Masyarakat cenderung menghindari penggunaan air kolam ikan untuk kebutuhan rumah tangga dan lebih memilih menggunakan air dari tanah yang lebih tinggi dan disalurkan dengan pipa air.{{sfn | Soemarwoto | Soemarwato | Karyono | Soekartadiredja | 1985 | p=2}}
Some owners of pekarangans keep livestock and poultry (traditionally chickens, goats, and [[sheep]]), usually in a household pen. These are usually allowed to roam around the gardens, village areas, and traditional markets to find food on their own. They are penned at night and are usually given additional feed. Other common domestic animals kept in pekarangans are fishes in ponds and [[Songbird|songbirds]] (e.g. [[zebra dove]], ''Geopelia striata''), which are kept in cages on bamboo poles. The economic status of pekarangan owners plays a role in livestock ownership; lower-class owners tend to own several chickens whereas middle-class owners might have a goat or a sheep, and high-class owners may own several cows or water buffaloes. Livestock manure acts as an organic fertilizer for the gardens via [[Compost|composting]], and sometimes a nutritional source for pond fishes.{{sfn|Soemarwoto|Conway|1992|p=105}}{{sfn|Soemarwoto|Soemarwato|Karyono|Soekartadiredja|1985|p=2}}
[[Berkas:Domestic_goat_in_Agam,_West_Sumatra.jpg|jmpl|Some Indonesians keep farm animals in their pekarangans, such as goat.]]
Productive fish ponds are common in Sundanese traditional pekarangans.{{sfn|Soemarwoto|Conway|1992|p=105}} The fishes are fed with [[Food waste|Kitchen waste]] supplemented by animal and human waste. Villagers avoid the domestic use of fish pond water and instead use water from higher-ground water pipes.{{sfn|Soemarwoto|Soemarwato|Karyono|Soekartadiredja|1985|p=2}}
 
ThePekarangan gardensmemiliki maypotensi have[[Keanekaragaman ahayati|keanekaragaman]] highfauna diversitytanah ofyang soil faunatinggi. According toMenurut Widyastuti, the soilkeanekaragaman fauna diversitytanah indi thepekarangan gardensdiperkirakan islebih suggestedtinggi todibandingkan bedengan higherhutan than that of teak forests[[jati]].{{sfn|Widyastuti|2011|p=1}} TheKeanekaragaman diversityini mightdapat bedisebabkan causedoleh bytumbuh-tumbuhan theyang vegetation,melindungi whichfauna protectstanah soildari faunaterik fromsinar direct sunshinematahari, especially interutama thepada drymusim seasonkemarau.{{sfn|Widyastuti|2011|p=5}} The[[Otto gardensSoemarwoto]] aredan also[[Gordon believedConway]] tojuga bemencatat bahwa kebun-kebun tersebut diyakini sebagai "ahabitat goodyang habitatbaik" forbagi reptiles[[reptil]] anddan amphibians[[amfibi]].{{sfn | Soemarwoto | Conway | 1992 | p=102}}
 
Terdapat perbedaan temuan ilmiah mengenai keanekaragaman burung liar di pekarangan. Sebuah penelitian di Jawa Barat mencatat adanya keanekaragaman burung yang tinggi di pekarangan, termasuk spesies burung yang dilindungi. Sementara itu, penelitian lain di [[Jambi]] menunjukkan bahwa pekarangan (secara satuan) tidak efektif sebagai sarana untuk melestarikan [[Komunitas (ekologi)|komunitas ekologis]] burung. Hal ini disebabkan oleh [[efek tepi]] ekologis dari bentuk pekarangan yang tidak teratur, gangguan yang sering terjadi pada pekarangan, dan kedekatan pekarangan dengan jalan serta rumah. Pekarangan yang diteliti di Jambi tersebut memiliki tingkat keanekaragaman tanaman yang sangat rendah, berbeda dibandingkan pekarangan pada umumnya. Meskipun demikian, pekarangan pada studi tersebut masih menarik burung karena sumber makanan yang ada.{{sfn | Soemarwoto | Conway | 1992 | p=102}}{{sfn|Prabowo|Darras|Clough|Toledo-Hernandez|2016|p=13}} Temuan serupa juga ditemukan dalam studi lainnya di Jawa Barat, yang menunjukkan bahwa anak-anak melemparkan batu dengan ketapel ke burung-burung di pekarangan dan mengambil telurnya, sementara orang dewasa membunuh atau mengejar burung karena dianggap sebagai hama.{{sfn|Christanty|Abdoellah|Marten|Iskandar|1986|p=154}}<div style="{{{style|text-align: center; height: 20%; width: 30%; margin: 0; padding: 1em; border: {{{border|solid 2px gold}}}; letter-spacing: {{{spacing|0px}}}; background-color: {{{bgcolor|black}}}; color: {{{fgcolor|white}}}; font-weight: bold;}}}"><span style="padding-left: {{{spacing|0px}}};">{{{1|{{#if: {{{bot|}}}|(penanda draf suntingan)|(penanda draf suntingan)}}}}}</span></div>
There are different findings in relation to wild birds. A high diversity of birds within the gardens, including legally protected species, were recorded in West Java research while another study in [[Jambi]] suggests individual pekarangans are not effective as a means to conserve bird communities. This is because of the edge effects of their irregular shapes, their frequent disturbance, and their proximity to roads and houses. The pekarangans used for the Jambi study had unusually low levels of plant diversity, which may account for the results. Despite this, the gardens apparently still attract birds due to their food resources.{{sfn|Soemarwoto|Conway|1992|p=102}}{{sfn|Prabowo|Darras|Clough|Toledo-Hernandez|2016|p=13}} A similar finding was repeated in a separate West Java study, indicating children shoot birds in the gardens and take their eggs while adults kill or chase them due to the perception of them as pests.{{sfn|Christanty|Abdoellah|Marten|Iskandar|1986|p=154}}
 
== Ecology ==
[[BerkasFile:Kebun_belakang_rumah_Kebun belakang rumah -_panoramio panoramio.jpg|al=thumb|jmpl|CanopySusunan structure of a ruraltajuk pekarangan. desa|alt=]]
Plant diversity in pekarangans arises from complex interactions between several factors that are not fully understood.{{sfn|Kehlenbeck|Arifin|Maass|2007|p=300}} These include environmental stability, the [[tropical climate]] that is favorable to plant growth, and their close proximity to the owners' domestic activities.{{sfn|Soemarwoto|Conway|1992|p=103}} Other natural factors are size, temperature decrease due to elevation, precipitation, and climatic events like [[El Niño]] {{sfn|Kehlenbeck|Arifin|Maass|2007|pp=300-302}} Anthropological factors include individual preferences and market proximity.{{sfn|Kehlenbeck|Arifin|Maass|2007|pp=300, 303}}
 
ThePlant diversity ofin plants{{lang|id|pekarangans}} aidsarises individualfrom plantscomplex tointeractions adaptbetween toseveral afactors changingthat environment,are helpingnot themfully survive in the long termunderstood. {{sfn|Kehlenbeck|Arifin|Maass|2007|p=299300}} TheThese biodiversityinclude in the multi-layered system also helps to optimize solar energy and carbonenvironmental harvestingstability, cool the domestic[[tropical climate,]] protectthat theis soilfavorable fromto plant erosiongrowth, and accommodatetheir habitatsclose forproximity wild plants and animals.{{sfn|Arifin|2013|p=18}}{{sfn|Kehlenbeck|Arifin|Maass|2007|p=299}} The genetic diversity also gives protection fromto the effectsowners' of pests anddomestic diseasesactivities.{{sfn|Soemarwoto|Conway|1992|p=108103}} AsOther annatural examplefactors are size, thetemperature abundancedecrease ofdue insectivorousto birdselevation, in[[precipitation]], theand gardensclimatic helpsevents controllike pests,[[El Niño]].{{sfn|TorquebiauKehlenbeck|1992Arifin|pMaass|2007 |pp=195300–302}} helpingAnthropological thefactors gardeninclude remainindividual productivepreferences and market proximity.{{sfn|Kehlenbeck|Arifin|Maass|2007|ppp=299300, 303}}
 
The diversity of plants aids individual plants to adapt to a changing environment, helping them survive in the long term.{{sfn|Kehlenbeck|Arifin|Maass|2007|p=299}} The biodiversity in the multi-layered system also helps to optimize solar energy and carbon harvesting, cool the domestic climate, protect the soil from erosion, and accommodate habitats for wild plants and animals.{{sfn|Arifin|2013|p=18}}{{sfn|Kehlenbeck|Arifin|Maass|2007|p=299}} The [[Genetics|genetic]] diversity also gives protection from the effects of pests and diseases.{{sfn|Soemarwoto|Conway|1992|p=108}} As an example, the abundance of [[insectivorous]] birds in the gardens helps control pests,{{sfn|Torquebiau|1992|p=195}} helping the garden remain productive.{{sfn|Kehlenbeck|Arifin|Maass|2007|p=299}}
Individual pekarangans are believed to store only small amounts of carbon. Despite that, the gardens are argued to hold an amount of carbon per area that is similar to primary or secondary forests, and greatly surpassing ''[[Imperata]]'' grasslands and fallow lands.{{sfn|Roshetko|Delaney|Hairiah|Purnomosidhi|2002|p=146}}
 
While on per individual basis {{lang|id|pekarangans}} store only small amounts of carbon due to their size, on per area basis they hold an amount of carbon that is similar to primary or secondary forests, and greatly surpassing ''[[Imperata]]'' grasslands and [[fallow land]]s.{{sfn|Roshetko|Delaney|Hairiah|Purnomosidhi|2002|p=146}}<div style="{{{style|text-align: center; height: 20%; width: 30%; margin: 0; padding: 1em; border: {{{border|solid 2px gold}}}; letter-spacing: {{{spacing|0px}}}; background-color: {{{bgcolor|black}}}; color: {{{fgcolor|white}}}; font-weight: bold;}}}"><span style="padding-left: {{{spacing|0px}}};">{{{1|{{#if: {{{bot|}}}|(penanda draf suntingan)|(penanda draf suntingan)}}}}}</span></div>
 
=== Natural factors ===
Plant diversity in {{lang|id|pekarangans}} tends to increase as their size increases.{{sfn|Arifin|Sakamoto|Chiba|1996|pp=492-493492–493}} Diversity of crop species, however, might reach a plateau in very large gardens. Larger {{lang|id|pekarangans}} have a lower density of crop species because of more constant cultivation patterns.{{sfn|Kehlenbeck|Maass|2006|p=351}} A {{lang|id|pekarangan}} whosesmaller size is belowthan {{convert|100|m2|sqft|sp=us}} is considered insufficient for plant diversity and crop production.{{sfn|Kehlenbeck|Arifin|Maass|2007|p=313}} ThisSome considersplant types, thatsuch as trees higher than {{convert|10|m| meters (33&nbsp;ft|sp=us}}), [[Spice|spice plants]], and [[Industrialindustrial crop|industrial crops]]s hitare aalmost lowcompletely point of species diversityabsent in the gardens whose size is equal or slightly lower thanof {{convert|100|m2|sqft|sp=us}} or less.{{sfn|Arifin|Sakamoto|Chiba|1996|pp=492-493492–493}} SuchHome gardens in Java tend to havebe a small sizesmaller; the majority of them are suggested to be smaller than {{convert|200|m2|sqft|sp=us|abbr=}}, as suggested by a report from 2004. Meanwhile, similar gardens in other Indonesian islands tend to havebe a big sizelarger. Their average size is estimated to be {{convert|2500|m2|sqft|sp=us|abbr=}}; a few reach the size of {{convert|3|ha|sqft|sp=us|abbr=}}.{{sfn|Mitchell|Hanstad|2004|p=3}}
 
Pekarangans at high [[Altitude|altitudesaltitude]]s tend to have a smaller size, increased density of plants, and a smaller range of plant diversity. As altitude increases, temperature decreases, limiting plant diversity. Coconuts and fruit trees tend to develop better in lower-altitude pekarangans while vegetables tend to grow better at higher altitudes.{{sfn | Soemarwoto | Conway | 1992 | pp=102-103102–103}}{{sfn|Kehlenbeck|Arifin|Maass|2007|p=300}}
 
{{lang|id|Pekarangans}} with better access to water—either by climate or by proximity to water resources—are able to facilitate annual crop cultivation.{{sfn | Soemarwoto | Conway | 1992 | p=107}} Those in West Java, when observed, perform better in accommodating plant diversity when the wet season occurs than in the dry season.{{sfn|Kehlenbeck|Arifin|Maass|2007|pp=300-301300–301}} The climatic conditions of Java enable the consistent growth of annual plants in its {{lang|id|pekarangans}}, even in parts of [[East Java]] where the climate is drier.{{sfn|Soemarwoto| Soemarwato | Karyono | Soekartadiredja |1985|p=195}}
 
[[Canopy (biology)|Canopy]] in those gardens functions as a protection from intense raindrops. This is supported by the canopy's low level. Most of their plants' heights are less than a meter, whichslowing reducesdown theraindrops forcewhen ofthey raindropshit the soil.{{sfn | Soemarwoto | Conway | 1992 | p=108}}{{sfn|Torquebiau|1992|p=193}} Leaf litter also helps protecting the soil sustainabilityagainst erosion. The importancerole of plant canopies in aidingconsistently consistent addition ofproducing organic litter is believed to be more important thanin theirreducing directerosion effectthan onits erosion bydirect speed-reducing theeffects force ofon raindrops. Despite thatNevertheless, gardens are less effective than natural forests in erosion reduction.{{sfn | Soemarwoto | Conway | 1992 | pp=108-109108–109}}{{sfn|Torquebiau|1992|p=193}}<div style="{{{style|text-align: center; height: 20%; width: 30%; margin: 0; padding: 1em; border: {{{border|solid 2px gold}}}; letter-spacing: {{{spacing|0px}}}; background-color: {{{bgcolor|black}}}; color: {{{fgcolor|white}}}; font-weight: bold;}}}"><span style="padding-left: {{{spacing|0px}}};">{{{1|{{#if: {{{bot|}}}|(penanda draf suntingan)|(penanda draf suntingan)}}}}}</span></div>
 
=== Human impact ===
Rice-harvestingHarvesting activitiesof influencerice—the dominant staple of Indonesia—influences the use of {{lang|id|pekarangans}} in some ways. Production in the gardens decreases during rice-harvesting seasonsseason but peaks during the rest of the year.{{sfn|Gliessman|1990|p=163}} Lower-classincome villagers benefit from the consistent productivity of starch crops in the gardens, especially in a period of food shortage pre-rice harvest or after a failed rice harvest by drought, known as ''paceklik.''{{sfn | Soemarwoto | Soemarwato | Karyono | Soekartadiredja | 1985 | p=3}}{{sfn | Christanty | Abdoellah | Marten | Iskandar | 1986 | p=152}}
 
Settlement dynamics affect {{lang|id|pekarangans}} in various ways. HousingExpansion of settlements to new extensionlands, caused by population growth, is the cause of the wide presence of food crops in newly- made {{lang|id|pekarangans}}.{{sfn|Wiersum|2006|p=21}} People who resettled via the [[Transmigrationtransmigration program|Indonesian transmigration program]] might support plant diversity in the gardens in the places they migrate to. Plant species brought by internal migrants shouldneed to adapt well to the local environment.{{sfn|Kehlenbeck|Arifin|Maass|2007|p=304}}
 
Commercialization, fragmentation, and urbanization are considered to be major hazards to {{lang|id|pekarangans'}} plant diversity. These change the organic cycles within the gardens, threatening their ecological sustainability.{{sfn|Kehlenbeck|Arifin|Maass|2007|p=313}} Commercialization requires a systemic change of crop planting. To optimize and produce more crops, a {{lang|id|pekarangan's}} owner must specialize in its crops, making a small number of crops dominate the garden. Some owners turn them into [[monoculture]] gardens.{{sfn|Abdoellah|Parikesit|Gunawan|Hadikusumah|2001|p=142}} Their fragmentationFragmentation stems from the traditional system of inheritance.{{sfn|Kehlenbeck|Arifin|Maass|2007|p=313}} Consequences that appear from the threereduction of plant diversity areinclude the loss of canopy structures and organic litter, resulting in less protection of the gardens' soil; loss of pest-control agents, increasing the use of pesticides; loss of production stability; loss of nutrients' diversity; and the disappearance of yields-sharing culture.{{sfn|Soemarwoto|Conway|1992|pp=110-111110–111}} Despite urbanization's negative effect in reducing their plant diversity, it increases that of the [[Ornamentalornamental plant|ornamental plants]]s.{{sfn|Kehlenbeck|Arifin|Maass|2007|p=312}}
 
A case study of home gardens in [[Bada Valley|Napu Valley]], [[Central Sulawesi]], shows that the decrease in soil protection is caused by insufficient soil fertility management, regular [[Weed control|weeding]] and waste burning, waste dumping waste in garbage pits instead of using themit for compost, and spread of inorganic waste.{{sfn|Kehlenbeck|Maass|2006|p=349}} The decrease of soil fertility worsens the decrease of crop diversity in the gardens.{{sfn|Wiersum|2006|p=19}}<div style="{{{style|text-align: center; height: 20%; width: 30%; margin: 0; padding: 1em; border: {{{border|solid 2px gold}}}; letter-spacing: {{{spacing|0px}}}; background-color: {{{bgcolor|black}}}; color: {{{fgcolor|white}}}; font-weight: bold;}}}"><span style="padding-left: {{{spacing|0px}}};">{{{1|{{#if: {{{bot|}}}|(penanda draf suntingan)|(penanda draf suntingan)}}}}}</span></div>
 
== Uses ==
[[File:Pasar buah lokal.jpg|thumb|left|Warung buah di [[pasar tradisional]]]]
[[Berkas:Pasar_buah_lokal.jpg|kiri|jmpl|A fruit stall in an Indonesian traditional market.]]
 
=== Subsistence ===
Products from {{lang|id|pekarangans}} have multiple uses; for example, a coconut tree can provide food, oil, fuel, and building materials, and also be used in rituals and ceremonies.{{sfn | Soemarwoto | Conway | 1992 | p=106}} The gardens' plants are known for their products' nutritional benefits and diversity. While rice is low in vitamins [[Vitamin A|A]] and [[Vitamin C|C]], products from the gardens offer an abundance of them. {{lang|id|Pekarangans}} with more perennial crops tend to create more carbohydrates[[carbohydrate]]s and proteins[[protein]]s, and those with more annual plants tend to create more portions of vitamin A.{{sfn|Torquebiau|1992|p=199}}{{sfn | Soemarwoto | Soemarwato | Karyono | Soekartadiredja | 1985 | p=3}} {{lang|id|Pekarangans}} also act as a source of fuel woodfirewood and building materials.{{sfn|Soemarwoto|Conway|1992|p=106}}{{sfn|Abdoellah|Parikesit|Gunawan|Hadikusumah|2001|p=141}}
 
Lower-classincome families tend to consume more [[Leaf vegetable|leafy vegetables]] than thewealthier upper-class onesfamilies, due to their consistent availability and low price.{{sfn | Soemarwoto | Soemarwato | Karyono | Soekartadiredja | 1985 | p=3}} Low-classincome families also favor bigger use of fuel sources from the gardens.{{sfn | Soemarwoto | Conway | 1992 | p=106}} {{lang|id|Pekarangans}} in villages act as [[Subsistence agriculture|subsistence]] systems for families rather than an income source. In areas such as [[Gunung Kidul Regency|Gunung Kidul]], food-producing uses of the gardens are more dominant than crop fields due to soil erosion in these regions.{{sfn | Soemarwoto | Conway | 1992 | p=106}}<div style="{{{style|text-align: center; height: 20%; width: 30%; margin: 0; padding: 1em; border: {{{border|solid 2px gold}}}; letter-spacing: {{{spacing|0px}}}; background-color: {{{bgcolor|black}}}; color: {{{fgcolor|white}}}; font-weight: bold;}}}"><span style="padding-left: {{{spacing|0px}}};">{{{1|{{#if: {{{bot|}}}|(penanda draf suntingan)|(penanda draf suntingan)}}}}}</span></div>
 
Pekarangans in villages act as [[Subsistence agriculture|subsistence]] systems for families rather than an income source. In areas such as [[Gunung Kidul Regency|Gunung Kidul]] and the [[Special Region of Yogyakarta]], food-producing uses of the gardens is more dominant than crop fields due to soil erosion in these regions.{{sfn|Soemarwoto|Conway|1992|p=106}}
 
=== Commercial ===
[[BerkasFile:Picking_chili_peppers_from_home_gardenPicking chili peppers from home garden,_Indonesia Indonesia.jpg|jmplthumb|ASeorang childanak picksmemetik [[Chili pepper|chili pepperscabai]] in adi pekarangan]]
In urban and suburban areas, major fruit production centers, and tourist destination regions, {{lang|id|pekarangans}} tend to act as an income generator. Income from the gardens is mostly from perennial crops.{{sfn | Soemarwoto | Conway | 1992 | p=105}} Good market access stimulates the cultivation of commercial crops within the gardens.{{sfn | Wiersum | 2006 | p=19}} Other factors that influence their economic significance are their area and the demand for a particular crop.{{sfn|Abdoellah|Parikesit|Gunawan|Hadikusumah|2001|p=141}}
 
According to a 1991 journalarticle, the poor cultivate subsistence plants in their {{lang|id|pekarangans}} with an emphasis on fruits and vegetables, while the rich tend to plant more ornamental plants and cash crops with higher economic value.{{sfn | Yamamoto | Kubota | Ogo | Priyono | 1991 | p=110}} AAn journalarticle from 2006 also concludes that the importance of commercial plants increases with owners' wealth.{{sfn | Wiersum | 2006 | p=19}} A study in [[Sriharjo (village)|Sriharjo]]&nbsp;–&#x20;a village in the, [[Special Region of Yogyakarta&nbsp;–&#x20;|Yogyakarta Special Region]], concludes that poorer {{lang|id|pekarangan}} owners orient toward commercial uses while richer owners orient toward subsistence uses.{{sfn|Dove|1990|p=157}} [[Ann Stoler]] argued that as a rural family acquire more area of rice field, garden use becomebecomes less intense, up until the family-owned rice field reach around {{convert|2000|sqm|sqft|sp=us|abbr=}}, the minimal size typically needed to feed one family. FromPast thethis point, garden use starts to increase.{{sfn|Stoler|1978|p=95}}<div Suchstyle="{{{style|text-align: sizecenter; ofheight: the20%; ricewidth: field30%; ismargin: considered0; aspadding: the1em; minimalborder: requirement{{{border|solid for2px agold}}}; familyletter-spacing: to{{{spacing|0px}}}; fulfillbackground-color: its{{{bgcolor|black}}}; ricecolor: needs.{{sfn{fgcolor|Stolerwhite}}}; font-weight: bold;}}}"><span style="padding-left: {{{spacing|19780px}}};">{{{1|p=95{{#if: {{{bot|}}}|(penanda draf suntingan)|(penanda draf suntingan)}}}}}</span></div>
 
=== Other uses ===
The ''{{lang|su|buruan}}'' (Sundanese for "front yard"), part of a Sundanese {{lang|id|pekarangan}}, is used as a children's playground and adults' gathering place.{{sfn | Soemarwoto | Conway | 1992 | p=107}} Integrated with local customs and philosophies such as ''{{lang|su|rukun}}'' and ''{{lang|su|tri-hita-karana}}'', the gardens aid other social interactions such as yield-sharing, ceremonies, and religious activities.{{sfn|Soemarwoto|Conway|1992|p=109}}{{sfn|Arifin|2013|pp=15-1615–16}} Especially in urban areas, {{lang|id|pekarangans}} also function as aesthetic ornaments of a house, mainly the front yard.{{sfn|Soemarwoto|Conway|1992|p=107}}
 
== Sociology and economy ==
{{lang|id|Pekarangans}} are mainly developed by women. Forms of such gardens in matriarchal tribes and societies, e.g. [[Minangkabau people|Minangkabau]], [[Acehnese people|Aceh]], and communities in the 1960s Central Java, are more developed than in tribes that tend to be patriarchal, e.g. [[Batak]]. For the same reason, matriarchal culture around the gardens started to develop, such as the requirement for the permission of a landowner's wife before selling a plot of land they own&nbsp;–&#x20;thisown—this happens in cities like [[Tegal (city)|Tegal]].{{sfn | Soemarwoto | Conway | 1992 | pp=100-101100–101}} A female-led household would orient their use of the gardens toward household needs.{{sfn | Wiersum | 2006 | p=19}} In [[Madura Island|Madura]], however, such home gardens are described as the domain of men.{{sfn | Febrianto | Wulandari | Santosa | 2017 | p=60}} Despite thatNevertheless, a {{lang|id|pekarangan}} in general, regardless of the culture, is considered a responsibility of the entire family, including their offspring and theirthe ownoffspring's families.{{sfn | Soemarwoto | Conway | 1992 | pp=109-110109–110}} The men prepare the land prior to home garden use, plant tree crops, and sell the garden's crops, while women plant annual crops.{{sfn | Mitchell | Hanstad | 2004 | p=11}}
 
In a 2004 report, Javanese {{lang|id|pekarangans}} are arguedsuggested to have higher net income-per-area than rice fields. The same report argued that the cost of the Javanese gardens' production is also argued to be lower than that of rice fields.{{sfn|Mitchell|Hanstad|2004|p=29}} People who focus on the gardens' production instead of rice fields may gain better yields than their counterparts.{{sfn|Torquebiau|1992|p=197}} Poor villagers, however, tend not to concentrate efforts toward the gardens; maintenance of the gardens as a sole income source would require the use of high-risk, high-reward crops, more intensive care, and income would be vulnerable to market fluctuations. Maintenance of diverse cash crops is more intense than that of rice fields and the intensity would make the villagers' gardening schedule less adaptable to rice farming activities.{{sfn|Stoler|1978|p=99}}
 
PoorIn some cases, people are sometimes allowed to build houses in the {{lang|id|pekarangans}} butof theyothers mustin returnexchange the favor byfor doing work tofor theirthe land owners. The gardens, however, tend to have a low demand offor labor, offering minimal labor opportunities.{{sfn | Soemarwoto | Conway | 1992 | p=110}}<div style="{{{style|text-align: center; height: 20%; width: 30%; margin: 0; padding: 1em; border: {{{border|solid 2px gold}}}; letter-spacing: {{{spacing|0px}}}; background-color: {{{bgcolor|black}}}; color: {{{fgcolor|white}}}; font-weight: bold;}}}"><span style="padding-left: {{{spacing|0px}}};">{{{1|{{#if: {{{bot|}}}|(penanda draf suntingan)|(penanda draf suntingan)}}}}}</span></div>
 
== Culture ==
[[file:Proses Pembuatan Gunungan di Keraton Yogyakarta.jpg|thumb|[[Gunungan]] untuk dikirab pada rangkaian [[Sekaten]] disusun dari hasil tani yang bisa ditemukan di pekarangan|alt=|left]]
[[Berkas:Proses_Pembuatan_Gunungan_di_Keraton_Yogyakarta.jpg|al=|kiri|jmpl|A ''[[gunungan]]'' made of food for [[Sekaten]], a Javanese celebration for ''Mawlid''.]]
The philosophy of living harmoniously, referred to as ''rukun'', is followed by the Javanese and Sundanese; offering yields from pekarangans to others is believed to be the medium of such culture. By offering its products to their neighbors, for example during events such as births, deaths, weddings, and cultural events like the [[Javanese calendar|Javanese new year]] and the [[Mawlid]] (observance of the birthday of [[Muhammad]]). Some offer their products to cure diseases or to protect owners from dangers. Their products are also given during daily life, especially in rural areas. A rural pekarangan owner usually allows others to enter it for any practical reason; taking dead wood for fuel, pulling water from a well for their own use, or even taking its crops. Despite that, such permission towards others might be restricted or denied if a pekarangan owner has only a limited yield for his or her own consumption. Owners never deny others' requests to take products from the gardens for religious or medicinal purposes. Some people believe asking permission to take medicinal plants in a pekarangan is a taboo, thus allowing their theft.{{sfn|Soemarwoto|Conway|1992|p=109}}
 
The philosophy of living harmoniously, referred to as ''{{lang|su|rukun}}'', is followed by the Javanese and Sundanese; offering yields from {{lang|id|pekarangans}} to others is believed to be the medium of such culture. This can be done by offering its products to their neighbors, for example during events such as births, deaths, weddings, and cultural events like the [[Javanese calendar|Javanese new year]] and the [[Mawlid]] (observance of the birthday of [[Muhammad]]). Some offer their products to cure diseases or to protect owners from dangers. Their products are also given during daily life, especially in rural areas. A rural {{lang|id|pekarangan}} owner usually allows others to enter it for any practical reason: taking dead wood for fuel, pulling water from a well for their own use, or even taking its crops, though permission might be restricted or denied if the owner has only a limited yield for his or her own consumption. Requests to take products from the gardens for religious or medicinal purposes are rarely or never denied, but since some people believe asking permission to take medicinal plants in a {{lang|id|pekarangan}} is taboo, they may also be taken without explicit permission.{{sfn | Soemarwoto | Conway | 1992 | p=109}}
Javanese culture interpreted the gardens as ''pepek ing karang''&nbsp;–&#x20;"a complete design".{{sfn|Soemarwoto|Conway|1992|p=103}} It can also be interpreted as ''pepek teng karangan'', which, according to the anthropologist Oekan Abdoellah is a way of thinking, indicating agricultural practices within the gardens are a consequence of thinking about the ways to use their produce and satisfy their needs from them.{{sfn|Christanty|Abdoellah|Marten|Iskandar|1986|p=138}} Javanese culture, however, takes offense at the gardens' comparison with forests due to the low social value of forest in the culture. ''Wayang'' puppet plays depict forests as "places where wild animals and evil spirits reign" and its clearing, which is done only by men who are believed to have spiritual powers, is viewed as a respectable deed.{{sfn|Soemarwoto|Conway|1992|p=101}} The backyard of a Sundanese homestead is described as ''supados sungkur'' (to be unseen by others).{{sfn|Christanty|Abdoellah|Marten|Iskandar|1986|p=145}}
 
Javanese culture interpreted the gardens as {{lang|id|pepek ing karang}}—"a complete design".{{sfn | Soemarwoto | Conway | 1992 | p=103}} It can also be interpreted as {{lang|id|pepek teng karangan}}, which according to the anthropologist Oekan Abdoellah, is a way of thinking, indicating agricultural practices within the gardens are a consequence of thinking about the ways to use their produce and satisfy their needs from them.{{sfn | Christanty | Abdoellah | Marten | Iskandar | 1986 | p=138}} The words within the ''pepek teng karangan'' phrase can also be translated individually: ''pepek'' means 'complete', ''teng'' means 'on', while ''karangan'' means 'idea'. This is similar to the Sundanese breakdown of the word ''pekarangan: pe-'' is a prefix that means 'place', ''karang'' means 'idea', and the combination of these can be loosely translated as 'a place to create ideas'.{{sfn|Pranoto|Pujowati|Ramayana|Turnip|2024|p=62}} Javanese culture, however, takes offense at the gardens' comparison with forests due to the low social value of forest in the culture. ''[[Wayang]]'' puppet plays depict forests as "places where wild animals and evil spirits reign" and its clearing, which is done only by men who are believed to have spiritual powers, is viewed as a respectable deed.{{sfn|Soemarwoto|Conway|1992|p=101}} The backyard of a Sundanese homestead is described as ''{{lang|su|supados sungkur}}'' (to be unseen by others).{{sfn|Christanty|Abdoellah|Marten|Iskandar|1986|p=145}}
Associations of plants in Javanese pekarangans tend to be more complex than those in Sundanese pekarangans. In Javanese gardens, owners also tend to cultivate medicinal plants (''[[jamu]]'') while the Sundanese tend to grow vegetables and ornamental plants.{{sfn|Soemarwoto|Conway|1992|p=102}}
 
[[Plant community|Associations of plants]] in Javanese {{lang|id|pekarangans}} tend to be more complex than those in Sundanese {{lang|id|pekarangans}}. In Javanese gardens, owners also tend to cultivate medicinal plants (''[[jamu]]'') while the Sundanese tend to grow vegetables and ornamental plants.{{sfn | Soemarwoto | Conway | 1992 | p=102}}<div style="{{{style|text-align: center; height: 20%; width: 30%; margin: 0; padding: 1em; border: {{{border|solid 2px gold}}}; letter-spacing: {{{spacing|0px}}}; background-color: {{{bgcolor|black}}}; color: {{{fgcolor|white}}}; font-weight: bold;}}}"><span style="padding-left: {{{spacing|0px}}};">{{{1|{{#if: {{{bot|}}}|(penanda draf suntingan)|(penanda draf suntingan)}}}}}</span></div>The [[Sundanese language]] has names for each part of a {{lang|id|pekarangan}}. The front yard is called ''{{lang|su|buruan}}'', a space for a garden shed, ornamental plants, fruit trees, a children's playground, benches, and crop-drying. The side yard (''{{lang|su|pipir}}'') is used for wood trees, crops, medicinal herbs, a fish pond, well, and a bathroom. The side yard is also a space for cloth-dying. The back yard (''{{lang|su|kebon}}'') is used to cultivate vegetable plants, spice plants, an animal pent, and industrial plants. {{sfn|Arifin|2013|pp=13-1413–14}}
 
{{lang|id|Pekarangans}} in [[Lampung]] have their own elements; alongside plants are feet-washing places used before entering into a house's veranda (''{{lang|id|gakhang hadap''}}{{sfn|Rostiyati|2013|p=464}}), a rice-storage room (''{{lang|id|walai''}}{{sfn|Depdikbud|1993|p=79}}), an outdoor kitchenette or kitchen, a firewood-storage place, and livestock barn.{{sfn|Pratiwi|Gunawan|2017|p=5}} The front yard is called ''{{lang|id|tengahbah/terambah/beruan''}}, the side yard is ''{{lang|id|kebik/kakebik''}}, and the back yard is ''{{lang|id|kudan/juyu/kebon''}}.{{sfn|Pratiwi|Gunawan|2017|p=7}}
[[Berkas:Balinese_house_compound.jpg|al=|jmpl|A [[Balinese traditional house|Balinese dwelling]]. Included: ''sanggah'' areas on the top corner and the left corner, and ''natah,'' the outdoor area in the center. The ''bale daja'' is to the left of ''natah'' in the picture's orientation''.'']]
Balinese pekarangans are influenced by the philosophy of ''[[Tri Hita Karana|tri-hita-karana]]'' that divides spaces into ''parahyangan'' (top, head, pure), ''pawongan'' (middle, body, neutral), and ''palemahan'' (below, feet, impure). The ''parahyangan'' area of a Balinese pekarangan faces [[Mount Agung]], which is regarded as a sacred place (''prajan'') to pray (''sanggah''). Plants with flowers and leaves that are regularly picked and used for liturgical purposes are planted in the ''parahyangan'' area. The ''pawongan'' area is planted with regular flowers, fruits, and leaves. The ''palemahan'' area is planted with fruits, stems, leaves, and tubers.{{sfn|Arifin|2013|pp=15-16}} Balinese back yards, which are known in [[Tabanan Regency|Tabanan]] and [[Karangasem Regency|Karangasem]] as ''teba'', are used as a place to cultivate crops and keep livestock for subsistence, commercial, and religious use as offerings.{{sfn|Arifin|2013|p=17}} The Balinese further developed beliefs about what plants should and should not be planted in various parts of their pekarangans, following the teachings from the ''[[Taru Premana]]'' manuscript. As an example, [[nerium]] and [[bougainvillea]] are believed to emit positive [[Aura (paranormal)|auras]] while planted in the ''parahyangan/sanggah'' area of a pekarangan while negative auras are believed to appear if they are planted in front of the ''[[bale daja]]'', a building specifically placed in the north part of a dwelling.{{sfn|''Bali Express''|2018}}{{sfn|Saraswati|2009|p=35}}
 
[[File:Balinese house compound.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|Sebuah rumah tradisional Bali beserta area pekarangannya. Termasuk: area sanggah di sudut atas dan kiri, dan {{lang|id|natah}} di tengah-tengah. Bangunan {{lang|id|bale daja}} terdapat di sisi kiri natah.|alt=|330x330px]]
''Taneyan'', a [[Madura|Madurese]] kind of pekarangan, is used to dry crops and for traditional rituals and family ceremonies.{{sfn|Maningtyas|Gunawan|2017|p=3}}{{sfn|Febrianto|Wulandari|Santosa|2017|p=59}} ''Taneyan'' is a part of the traditional dwelling system of ''[[taneyan lanjhang]] –'' a multiple-family household'','' whose spatial composition is laid out according to the ''[[bappa, babbhu, guru, rato]]'' (father, mother, teacher, leader) philosophy that shows the order of respected figures in the Madurese culture.{{sfn|Maningtyas|Gunawan|2017|p=3}}
 
Balinese {{lang|id|pekarangans}} are influenced by the philosophy of ''[[Tri Hita Karana|tri-hita-karana]]'' that divides spaces into {{lang|id|parahyangan}} (top, head, pure), {{lang|id|pawongan}} (middle, body, neutral), and {{lang|id|palemahan}} (below, feet, impure). The {{lang|id|parahyangan}} area of a Balinese {{lang|id|pekarangan}} faces [[Mount Agung]], which is regarded as a sacred place ({{lang|id|prajan}}) to pray ({{lang|id|sanggah}}). Plants with flowers and leaves that are regularly picked and used for [[Balinese Hinduism]] liturgical purposes are planted in the {{lang|id|parahyangan}} area. The {{lang|id|pawongan}} area is planted with regular flowers, fruits, and leaves. The {{lang|id|palemahan}} area is planted with fruits, stems, leaves, and tubers.{{sfn|Arifin|2013|pp=15–16}} Balinese back yards, which are known in [[Tabanan Regency|Tabanan]] and [[Karangasem Regency|Karangasem]] as {{lang|id|teba}}, are used as a place to cultivate crops and keep livestock for subsistence, commercial, and religious use as offerings.{{sfn|Arifin|2013|p=17}} The Balinese further developed beliefs about what plants should and should not be planted in various parts of their {{lang|id|pekarangans}}, following the teachings from the ''[[Taru Premana]]'' manuscript. As an example, [[nerium]] and [[bougainvillea]] are believed to emit positive [[Aura (paranormal)|auras]] while planted in the {{lang|id|parahyangan/sanggah}} area of a {{lang|id|pekarangan}} while negative auras are believed to appear if they are planted in front of the ''[[bale daja]]'', a building specifically placed in the north part of a dwelling.{{sfn|''Bali Express''|2018}}{{sfn|Saraswati|2009|p=35}}
 
{{lang|id|Taneyan}}, a [[Madurese people|Madurese]] kind of {{lang|id|pekarangan}}, is used to dry crops and for traditional rituals and family ceremonies.{{sfn|Maningtyas|Gunawan|2017|p=3}}{{sfn|Febrianto|Wulandari|Santosa|2017|p=59}} {{lang|id|Taneyan}} is a part of the traditional dwelling system of ''[[taneyan lanjhang]]–''a multiple-family household'','' whose spatial composition is laid out according to the ''[[bappa, babbhu, guru, rato]]'' (father, mother, teacher, leader) philosophy that shows the order of respected figures in the Madurese culture.{{sfn|Maningtyas|Gunawan|2017|p=3}}
 
''Pekarangans'' of other ethnic groups in Indonesia have other names, including ''passiring'' and ''terampak benua'' in [[Bugis|Buginese]] culture, as well as ''tarampak'' and ''pa'palakan'' in [[Torajan people|Torajan]] culture.{{sfn|Pranoto|Pujowati|Ramayana|Turnip|2024|p=62}} ''Pekarangans'' are also integrated in local, community-level agroforestry systems, such as ''kaleka'' in [[Dayak people|Dayak]] households of Borneo.{{sfn|Rahu|Hidayat|Ariyadi|Hakim|2013|p=5}}
 
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== Sejarah dan perkembangan ==
{{Quote frame|Pada pembentukan atau pendirian sebuah desa atau lahan baru, para calon pemukim akan memastikan untuk menyediakan lahan pekarangan yang cukup di sekitar gubuk mereka untuk ternak, serta untuk kebutuhan sehari-hari keluarga mereka. Hasil dari pekarangan ini adalah murni milik pemukim tersebut, dan dibebaskan dari kontribusi atau beban apa pun, serta di beberapa keresidenan (seperti di [[Keresidenan Kedu|Kedú]], misalnya), lahan tersebut mungkin mencakup sekitar sepersepuluh dari total luas wilayah. Lahan di sekitar tempat tinggal sederhana mereka dianggap sebagai warisan khusus oleh pemukim serta dibudidayakan dengan perhatian khusus. Mereka bekerja keras untuk menanam dan merawat sayuran yang paling berguna bagi keluarga mereka serta semak-semak dan pohon-pohon yang tidak hanya memberikan buah, tetapi juga naungan; dan mereka tidak membuang-buang tenaga di tanah yang tidak subur. Pondok-pondok, atau kumpulan gubuk-gubuk, yang membentuk desa, dengan demikian menjadi sepenuhnya terlindung dari cahaya matahari yang terik, dan begitu tertutup di tengah-tengah dedaunan yang subur, sehingga dari jarak yang agak jauh tidak ada tanda-tanda adanya hunian manusia yang dapat ditemukan, dan tempat tinggal masyarakat yang banyak tersebut hanya tampak seperti hutan hijau atau sekumpulan pohon hijau yang selalu rimbun. Tiada yang dapat melebihi keindahan atau daya tarik yang ditambahkan oleh kumpulan besar tumbuh-tumbuhan yang terpisah-pisah ini, tersebar di seluruh wajah pedesaan, serta menunjukkan tempat tinggal sekelompok pemukim yang bahagia, ke pemandangan yang sudah kaya, baik dilihat di sisi-sisi pegunungan, di lembah-lembah sempit, atau di dataran yang luas.|author=[[Stamford Raffles]]|title=[[The History of Java]]|source=1817 (terjemahan bebas).{{sfn | Raffles | 1817 | pp=81–82}} <br>{{resize|85%|Sebagian kutipan ini juga dikutip oleh Ann Stoler dalam Garden Use and Household Economy in Rural Java, 1978{{sfn|Stoler|1978|p=85}}}}}}
 
== History and development ==
{{Quote frame|In the first establishment or formation of a village or new ground, the intended settlers take care to provide themselves with sufficient garden ground round their huts for stock and to supply the ordinary wants of their families. The produce of this plantation is the exclusive property of the peasant, and exempted from contribution or burden; and such is their number and extent in some regencies (as in [[Kedu Residency|''Kedú'']] for instance), that they constitute perhaps a tenth part of the area of the whole district. The spot surrounding his simple habitation, the cottager considers his peculiar patrimony and cultivates with peculiar care. He labours to plant and rear in it those vegetables that may be most useful to his family and those shrubs and trees which may at once yield him their fruit and their shade; nor does he waste his efforts on a thankless soil. The cottages, or the assemblage of huts, that compose the village, become thus completely screened from the rays of a scorching sun, and are so buried amid the foliage of a luxuriant vegetation, that at a small distance no appearance of a human dwelling can be discovered, and the residence of a numerous society appears only a verdant glove or a clump of evergreens. Nothing can exceed the beauty or the interest, which such detached mass of verdure, scattered over the face of the country, and indicating each the abode of a collection of happy peasantry, add to scenery otherwise rich, whether viewed on the sides of the mountains, in the narrow vales, or in the extensive plains.|[[Stamford Raffles]]|[[The History of Java]]|1817.{{sfn | Raffles | 1817 | pp=81-82}} <br>{{resize|85%|Parts of the quote were also quoted by [[Ann Stoler]] in ''Garden Use and Household Economy in Rural Java'', 1978{{sfn|Stoler|1978|p=85}}}}}}
{| class="wikitable" style="float: right; margin:0.5em 0.5em"
! colspan="5" |DistributionSebaran ofluas pekarangan areasdi Pulau jawa in Java
|-
!Province
Baris 106 ⟶ 133:
!>300m<sup>2</sup>
|-
|West[[Jawa JavaBarat]]-[[Banten]]
|52.29%
|25.00%
Baris 112 ⟶ 139:
|8.95%
|-
|[[Jawa Tengah]]
|Central Java
|27.50%
|27.57%
Baris 118 ⟶ 145:
|31.73%
|-
|[[Jawa Timur]]
|East Java
|34.52%
|25.83%
Baris 124 ⟶ 151:
|31.73%
|-
|[[Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta|D.I. Yogyakarta]]
|Special Region
of Yogyakarta
|33.51%
|17.48%
Baris 131 ⟶ 157:
|34.40%
|-
| colspan="5" |SourceSumber: Arifin, Kaswanto & Nakagoshi 2014{{sfn|Arifin|Kaswanto|Nakagoshi|2014|p=131|Nakagoshi|2014}}
|}
ByPada tahun 1902, pekaranganspekarangan occupiedmencakup {{Convert|378,.000|ha|sqmi}} ofhektare lahan landdi inPulau JavaJawa, anddan theluasnya areameningkat increasedmenjadi to {{Convert|1,.417,.000|ha|sqmi}} inhektare pada tahun 1937 anddan {{Convert|1,.612,.568|ha|sqmi}} inhektare pada tahun 1986.{{sfn|Soemarwoto|Conway|1992|p=101}} InPada tahun 2000, theypekarangan occupiedmencakup sekitar about {{Convert|1,.736,.000|ha|sqmi}} hektare.{{sfn|Arifin|Kaswanto|p=130|Nakagoshi|2014|p=130}} andSecara the whole ofkeseluruhan, Indonesia hadmemiliki {{Convert|5,.132,.000|ha|sqmi}} ofhektare suchpekarangan gardenssemacam itu.{{sfn|Arifin|Kaswanto|p=130|Nakagoshi|2014|p=130}} TheAngka numbertersebut peakedmeningkat atmenjadi aboutsekitar {{Convert|10,.300,.000|ha|sqmi}} inhektare pada tahun 2010.{{sfn|Arifin|2013|p=2}}
 
Oekan Abdullah dkk. berpendapat bahwa Jawa Tengah dianggap sebagai pusat kelahiran pekarangan. Kemudian, pekarangan menyebar ke Jawa Timur pada abad kedua belas.{{sfn|Abdoellah|Parikesit|Gunawan|Hadikusumah|2001|p=140}}{{sfn|Arifin|Sakamoto|Chiba|1998|p=94}} Soemarwoto dan Conway berpendapat bahwa bentuk awal pekarangan sudah ada sejak ribuan tahun yang lalu, tetapi catatan pertama yang diketahui tentang pekarangan ini berasal dari sebuah babad Jawa tahun 860.{{sfn|Soemarwoto|Conway|1992|p=100}} Pada [[Hindia Belanda|era penjajahan Belanda]], pekarangan disebut sebagai ''erfcultuur''.{{sfn | Soemarwoto | Soemarwato | Karyono | Soekartadiredja | 1985 | p=44}} Pada abad kedelapan belas, pekarangan suku Jawa telah begitu memengaruhi Jawa Barat, sehingga sebagian masyarakat Jawa Barat (yang sebagian besarnya bersuku Sunda) telah beralih dari membudidayakan talun (bentuk kebun campuran lokal).{{sfn|Wiersum|2006|p=17}} Karena pekarangan mengandung banyak spesies yang waktu matangnya berbeda-beda, pihak-pihak yang memerintah Pulau Jawa sepanjang sejarahnya kesulitan untuk mengenakan pajak secara sistematis bagi pekarangan. Pihak-pihak pemerintah ini termasuk [[Daftar kerajaan yang pernah ada di Nusantara|kerajaan-kerajaan]], pihak kolonial, hingga [[pemerintah Indonesia]]. Pada tahun 1990, kesulitan ini menyebabkan pemerintah Indonesia melarang pengurangan sawah untuk dijadikan pekarangan. Kesulitan semacam ini berpotensi ikut membentuk pekarangan menjadi lebih kompleks seiring waktu. Meskipun demikian, pemerintahan-pemerintahan tersebut tetap berusaha untuk mengenakan pajak pada pekarangan.{{sfn | Dove | 1990 | pp=159–160}}
Central Java is considered the pekarangans' center of origin; the gardens later spread to East Java in the twelfth century.{{sfn|Abdoellah|Parikesit|Gunawan|Hadikusumah|2001|p=140}}{{sfn|Arifin|Sakamoto|Chiba|1998|p=94}} They probably have existed for several thousand years but the first-known record of them is a Javanese charter from 860.{{sfn|Soemarwoto|Conway|1992|p=100}} In the eighteenth century, Javanese pekarangans had already so influenced West Java that they had partly replaced ''talun'' (a local form of mixed gardens) there.{{sfn|Wiersum|2006|p=17}} Since pekarangans contain many species, which mature at different times throughout the year, it has been difficult for governments throughout [[History of Indonesia|Javanese history]] to tax them systematically. In 1990, this difficulty caused the Indonesian government to forbid the reduction of rice fields in favor of pekarangans. Such difficulty might have helped the gardens to become more complex over time. Despite that, past governments still tried to tax the gardens.{{sfn|Dove|1990|pp=159-160}}
 
=== Dampak pertumbuhan ekonomi dan penduduk pada akhir abad ke-20 ===
During the [[Dutch East Indies|Dutch colonial era]], pekarangans were referred to as ''erfcultuur''.{{sfn|Soemarwoto|Soemarwato|Karyono|Soekartadiredja|1985|p=44}}
Sejak tahun 1970-an, Indonesia telah mengalami pertumbuhan ekonomi berkat dorongan [[Rencana Pembangunan Lima Tahun]] (Repelita), yang diluncurkan oleh Presiden [[Soeharto]] pada tahun 1969. Pertumbuhan ekonomi ini membantu meningkatkan jumlah keluarga kelas menengah dan atas, sehingga meningkatkan permintaan akan produk berkualitas. Buah-buahan dan sayuran menjadi salah satu produk berkualitas yang permintaannya meningkat. Pekarangan di perkotaan, pinggiran kota, serta sentra produksi buah berupaya meningkatkan kualitas produknya. Namun, upaya tersebut mengurangi keanekaragaman hayati di pekarangan-pekarangan tersebut, sehingga membuat pekarangan lebih rentan terhadap hama dan penyakit tanaman. Beberapa wabah penyakit di pekarangan komersial terjadi pada tahun 1980-an dan 1990-an, seperti penyakit [[CVPD]] yang merusak banyak pohon jeruk mandalika dan penyebaran jamur [[patogen]] ''[[Phyllosticta]]'' yang menyerang hampir 20% pohon cengkeh di Jawa Barat. Kerentanan ini juga mempengaruhi kondisi ekonomi dan sosial masyarakat. Pemilik pekarangan lebih rentan mengutang, budaya berbagi dalam pekarangan komersial-tradisional menghilang, dan masyarakat miskin menikmati hak yang lebih sedikit dari pekarangan.{{sfn | Soemarwoto | Conway | 1992 | pp=110–111}}
 
=== Program pemerintah ===
=== Effects of economic and population growth in the late 20th century ===
[[file:Sby-pacitan-2-1.jpg|thumb|right|Presiden [[Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono]] saat berpidato di depan Kebun Bibit [[Kayen, Pacitan, Pacitan|Desa Kayen]], salah satu prototipe KRPL di [[Kabupaten Pacitan|Pacitan]], tahun 2012]]Pemerintah Indonesia meluncurkan kampanye Karang Kitri pada Oktober 1951, yang bertujuan untuk mengajak masyarakat untuk menanam pohon di pekarangan rumah dan jenis lahan lainnya. Tidak ada insentif yang diberikan dalam kampanye ini. Kampanye tersebut berakhir pada tahun 1960.{{sfn | Nawir | Murniati | Rumboko | 2007 | p=87}} Penggunaan pekarangan dimasukkan dalam program Diversifikasi Pangan dan Gizi yang dicanangkan oleh pemerintah Indonesia pada tahun 1991.{{sfn | Ashari | Saptana | Purwantini |2016| p=16}}
Since the 1970s, Indonesians had observed the economic growth rooted in the Indonesian government's five-year development plans ([[Five-Years Development Program (Indonesian program)|Repelita]]) that where launched in 1969. The plans helped increase the numbers of middle-class and upper-class families, resulting in better life and higher demand for quality products, including fruits and vegetables. Pekarangans in urban, suburban, and main fruit production areas reacted to efforts to increase their products' quality but this resulted in a reduction of biological diversity in the gardens, leading to an increased vulnerability to pests and plant diseases. Some disease outbreaks in commercial pekarangans occurred in the 1980s and the 1990s, such as the [[citrus greening disease]] that damaged many mandarin orange trees and the spread of the pathogenic fugi ''[[Phyllosticta]]'', which affected almost 20% of [[Clove|clove trees]] in West Java. This vulnerability also affected their owners' economic and social conditions; owners became more susceptible to debt, the sharing culture in traditional commercial pekarangans vanished, and the poor enjoyed fewer rights from them.{{sfn|Soemarwoto|Conway|1992|pp=110-111}}
 
Sejak awal 2010-an, pemerintah Indonesia, melalui [[Kementerian Pertanian Republik Indonesia|Kementerian Pertanian]], menjalankan program pengembangan pekarangan yang bernama Percepatan Penganekaragaman Konsumsi Pangan (P2KP), yang berfokus di kawasan perkotaan dan semi-perkotaan. Program ini menerapkan agendanya melalui konsep yang disebut Kawasan Rumah Pangan Lestari (KRPL).{{sfn | Saptana | Sunarsih | Friyatno |2013| p=67}}{{sfn | Ashari | Saptana | Purwantini |2016| p=17}} P2KP dilaksanakan berdasarkan Peraturan Presiden Indonesia No. 22 Tahun 2009. Terdapat juga program yang berfokus pada perempuan perkotaan, yang bernama Gerakan Perempuan untuk Optimalisasi Pekarangan (GPOP).{{sfn | Ashari | Saptana | Purwantini |2016| p=17}}
=== Pekarangan programs ===
[[Berkas:Sby-pacitan-2-1.jpg|ka|jmpl|[[Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono]], the sixth president of Indonesia, speaking in front of Kayen Village Seed Garden, a part of KRPL prototypes in Pacitan.]]
Use of pekarangans was included in a program by the Indonesian government for the first time in 1991 under a program called Diversifikasi Pangan dan Gizi ("Food and Nutrition Diversification").{{sfn|Ashari|Saptana|Purwantini|2016|p=16}} Despite that, as of 2001, "the government [had not] paid attention" to recommendations to include them in national strategies.{{sfn|IPGRI|2001|p=162}}
 
Selain program-program nasional, beberapa daerah di Indonesia telah melaksanakan program penggunaan pekarangan tersendiri. Pemerintah Provinsi (Pemprov) Jawa Timur meluncurkan program yang disebut Rumah Hijau pada tahun 2010. Pemprov Jawa Timur kemudian bekerja sama dengan Kementerian Pertanian untuk mengembangkan program Rumah Hijau berdasarkan prototipe KRPL di [[Kabupaten Pacitan|Pacitan]], serta membuat program baru bernama Rumah Hijau Plus-Plus.{{sfn | Ashari | Saptana | Purwantini |2016| p=17}}
Since the early 2010s, the government, through the [[Ministry of Agriculture (Indonesia)|Ministry of Agriculture]], runs a pekarangan development program named ''Percepatan Penganekaragaman Konsumsi Pangan'' (P2KP, "Acceleration on Food Diversification") that is focused in urban and semi-urban areas. The program applies its agenda to a concept named ''Kawasan Rumah Pangan Lestari'' (KRPL; "Sustainable Food Houses Region"{{sfn|Saptana|Sunarsih|Friyatno|2013|p=67}} or "Regional Sustainable Home-Yard Food Garden Scheme"{{sfn|Amrullah|Pullaila|Ishida|Yamashita|2017|p=2}}).{{sfn|Ashari|Saptana|Purwantini|2016|p=17}} KRPL is based on an older concept named ''Rumah Pangan Lestari'' (RPL; "Sustainable Home-Yard Food Garden Scheme"{{sfn|Amrullah|Pullaila|Ishida|Yamashita|2017|p=2}}) which was begun in 1951 as a means to prevent land degradation in dwellings but in 1996 it shifted to optimization of food production.{{sfn|Amrullah|Pullaila|Ishida|Yamashita|2017|p=2}} P2KP was begun under the Indonesian Presidential Regulation No. 22 Year 2009. There is also an urban women-focused program named ''[[Women Movement for Pekarangan Optimization|Gerakan Perempuan untuk Optimalisasi Pekarangan]]'' (GPOP; "Women's Movement for Pekarangan Optimization").{{sfn|Ashari|Saptana|Purwantini|2016|p=17}}
 
== Referensi ==
Alongside the national government programs, some areas of Indonesia have implemented their own pekarangan use programs. The government of East Java launched a program called ''Rumah Hijau'' ("Green House") in 2010. The provincial government later collaborated with the Ministry of Agriculture to improve upon the ''Rumah Hijau'' program based on KRPL prototypes in [[Pacitan]], thus making a new program named ''Rumah Hijau Plus-Plus''.{{sfn|Ashari|Saptana|Purwantini|2016|p=17}}
 
== References ==
{{reflist|3}}
 
== Works cited ==
{{refbegin|2|indent=yes}}
* {{cite book | last1=Abdoellah | first1=Oekan Soekotjo | last2=Parikesit | last3=Gunawan | first3=Budhi | last4=Hadikusumah | first4=Herri |editor-last=Watson |editor-first=Jessica W. |editor-last2=Eyzaguirre |editor-first2=Pablo A. |title=Home Gardens and in Situ Conservation of Plant Genetic Resources in Farming Systems |chapter=Home gardens in the Upper Citarum Watershed, West Java: a challenge for in situ conservation of plant genetic resources |chapter-format=doc|pages=140–147|year=2001|publisher=International Plant Genetic Resources Institute|location=Witzenhausen|chapter-url=https://www.bioversityinternational.org/fileadmin/_migrated/uploads/tx_news/Home_gardens_and_in_situ_conservation_of_plant_genetic_resources_in_farming_systems_753.pdf }}
<div style="text-indent: -2em; padding-left:2em;">
* {{cite book | last=Arifin | first=Hadi Susilo | title=Orasi Ilmiah Guru Besar: Pekarangan Kampung untuk Konservasi Agro-Biodiversitas dalam Mendukung Penganekargaman dan Ketahanan Pangan di Indonesia] | language=id | publisher=IPB Press | location=Bogor | year=2013 | url=https://repository.ipb.ac.id/handle/123456789/73656}}
{{cite book|title=Home Gardens and in Situ Conservation of Plant Genetic Resources in Farming Systems|last=Abdoellah|first=Oekan Soekotjo|last2=Parikesit|last3=Gunawan|first3=Budhi|last4=Hadikusumah|first4=Herri|publisher=International Plant Genetic Resources Institute|year=2001|editor-last=Watson|editor-first=Jessica W.|location=Witzenhausen|pages=140–147|chapter=Home gardens in the Upper Citarum Watershed, West Java: a challenge for in situ conservation of plant genetic resources|ref=harv|editor-last2=Eyzaguirre|editor-first2=Pablo A.|chapter-url=https://www.bioversityinternational.org/fileadmin/_migrated/uploads/tx_news/Home_gardens_and_in_situ_conservation_of_plant_genetic_resources_in_farming_systems_753.pdf|chapter-format=doc}}
* {{cite book | last1=Arifin | first1=Hadi Susilo | last2=Kaswanto | first2=Regan Leonardus | last3=Nakagoshi | first3=Nobukazu | series=Ecological Research Monographs |editor-last=Nakagoshi |editor-first=Nobukazu |editor-last2=Mabuhay |editor-first2=Jhonamie A.|title=Designing Low Carbon Societies in Landscapes | chapter=Low Carbon Society Through Pekarangan, Traditional Agroforestry Practices in Java, Indonesia | publisher=Springer Japan | location=Tokyo | year=2014 |pages=129–143 |isbn=978-4-431-54818-8 | issn=2191-0707 | doi=10.1007/978-4-431-54819-5_8 }}
 
* {{cite journal |last last1=AmrullahArifin |first first1=EkaHadi Susilo Rastiyanto| last2=PullailaSakamoto | first2=AniKeiji | last3=IshidaChiba | first3=Akira|last4=Yamashita|first4=Haruka|year=2017Kyozo |title=Effects of Sustainablethe Home-YardFragmentation Foodand Gardenthe (KRPL)Change Program:of Athe CaseSocial ofand Economical Aspects on the Vegetation BantenStructure in the Rural Home Gardens of West Java, Indonesia| journal=AsianJournal Socialof the Japanese Institute of Landscape Architecture Science| volume=1360 | issue=75 |page year=11996 | issn=1348-4559 | doi=10.55395632/assjila.v13n7p160.489 |issn pages=1911-2025489–494 |ref doi-access=harvfree }}
* {{cite journal | last1=Arifin | first1=Hadi Susilo | last2=Sakamoto | first2=Keiji | last3=Chiba | first3=Kyozo |title=Effects of Urbanization on the Vegetation Structure of Home Gardens in West Java, Indonesia| journal=Japanese Journal of Tropical Agriculture | volume=42 | issue=2 | year=1998 | issn=2185-0259 | doi=10.11248/jsta1957.42.94 | pages=94–102 }}
 
* {{cite journal | last1=Ashari | last2=Saptana | last3=Purwantini | first3=Tri Bastuti | title=Potensi dan Prospek Pemanfaatan Lahan Pekarangan untuk Mendukung Ketahanan Pangan | journal=Forum Penelitian Agro Ekonomi | volume=30 | issue=1 | year=2016 | issn=2580-2674 | doi=10.21082/fae.v30n1.2012.13-30 | page=13 | doi-broken-date=1 November 2024 | language=id }}
{{cite book|url=https://repository.ipb.ac.id/handle/123456789/73656|title=Orasi Ilmiah Guru Besar: Pekarangan Kampung untuk Konservasi Agro-Biodiversitas dalam Mendukung Penganekargaman dan Ketahanan Pangan di Indonesia]|last=Arifin|first=Hadi Susilo|publisher=IPB Press|year=2013|location=Bogor|language=id|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book | last1=Christanty | first1=Linda | last2=Abdoellah | first2=Oekan Soekotjo | last3=Marten | first3=Gerald G. | last4=Iskandar | first4=Johan | editor-last=Marten | editor-first=Gerry G. | title=Traditional Agriculture in Southeast Asia: a Human Ecology Perspective | chapter=Traditional Agroforestry in West Java: The Pekarangan (Homegarden) and Kebun-Talun (Annual-Perennial Rotation) Cropping Systems | publisher=Westview Press | location=Boulder, CO | year=1986 | pages=[https://archive.org/details/traditionalagric0000unse/page/132 132–158] | isbn=0813370264 | chapter-url=http://gerrymarten.com/traditional-agriculture/pdfs/Traditional-Agriculture-chapter-06.pdf | url=https://archive.org/details/traditionalagric0000unse/page/132 }}
 
* {{cite book | author=[Depdikbud] Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Republik Indonesia | author-link=Kementerian Pendidikan Dasar dan Menengah Republik Indonesia | title=Peralatan Produksi Tradisional dan Perkembangannya Daerah Lampung | editor-last=Sirat | editor-first=Muhidin | editor2=Miraya Zulaiha B | editor3= Budiono | editor4=Budhiono SK | publisher=Indonesian Department of Education and Culture | location=Jakarta | year=1993 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lD_DCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA79 | language=id | ref={{sfnref|Depdikbud|1993}} | access-date=2019-08-02}}
{{cite book|title=Designing Low Carbon Societies in Landscapes|last=Arifin|first=Hadi Susilo|last2=Kaswanto|first2=Regan Leonardus|last3=Nakagoshi|first3=Nobukazu|publisher=Springer Japan|year=2014|isbn=978-4-431-54818-8|editor-last=Nakagoshi|editor-first=Nobukazu|location=Tokyo|pp=129–143|chapter=Low Carbon Society Through Pekarangan, Traditional Agroforestry Practices in Java, Indonesia|doi=10.1007/978-4-431-54819-5_8|issn=2191-0707|ref=harv|editor-last2=Mabuhay|editor-first2=Jhonamie A.}}
* {{cite journal | last=Dove | first=Michael R. | title=Socio-Political Aspects of Home Gardens in Java | journal=Journal of Southeast Asian Studies | volume=21 | issue=1 | year=1990 | issn=0022-4634 | doi=10.1017/s0022463400002009 | pages=155–163 | s2cid=131567459 }}
 
* {{cite journal | last1=Febrianto | first1=Redi Sigit | last2=Wulandari | first2=Lisa Dwi | last3=Santosa | first3=Herry | title=Domain Ruang Perempuan Pada Hunian Masyarakat Peladang Desa Juruan Laok Madura Timur | journal=Tesa Arsitektur | volume=15 | issue=1 | year=2017 | issn=2460-6367 | doi=10.24167/tesa.v15i1.1014 | pages=54–63 | s2cid=217305061 | url=http://journal.unika.ac.id/index.php/tesa/article/view/1014 | language=id | access-date=2019-08-04 | doi-access=free }}
{{cite journal|last=Arifin|first=Hadi Susilo|last2=Sakamoto|first2=Keiji|last3=Chiba|first3=Kyozo|year=1996|title=Effects of the Fragmentation and the Change of the Social and Economical Aspects on the Vegetation Structure in the Rural Home Gardens of West Java, Indonesia|journal=Journal of the Japanese Institute of Landscape Architecture|volume=60|issue=5|pages=489–494|doi=10.5632/jila.60.489|issn=1348-4559|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book | last=Gliessman | first=Stephen R. | title=Agroecology | series=Ecological Studies | editor-last=Gliessman | editor-first=Stephen R. | journal=Ecological Studies: Analysis and Synthesis | volume=78 | pages=160–168 | chapter=Integrating Trees into Agriculture: The Home Garden Agroecosystem as an Example of Agroforestry in the Tropics | publisher=Springer New York | location=New York | year=1990 |isbn=978-1-4612-7934-1 | issn=0070-8356 | doi=10.1007/978-1-4612-3252-0_11 }}
 
* {{cite web | title=Ini Aura yang Muncul dari Tanaman Pekarangan Berdasarkan Penempatannya | website=Bali Express | year=2018 | url=https://baliexpress.jawapos.com/read/2018/02/05/46345/ini-aura-yang-muncul-dari-tanaman-pekarangan-berdasarkan-penempatannya | language=id | ref={{sfnref | ''Bali Express'' | 2018}} | access-date=2019-08-04}}
{{cite journal|last=Arifin|first=Hadi Susilo|last2=Sakamoto|first2=Keiji|last3=Chiba|first3=Kyozo|year=1998|title=Effects of Urbanization on the Vegetation Structure of Home Gardens in West Java, Indonesia|journal=Japanese Journal of Tropical Agriculture|volume=42|issue=2|pages=94–102|doi=10.11248/jsta1957.42.94|issn=2185-0259|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book | last1=Kaswanto | first1=Regan Leonardus | last2=Nakagoshi | first2=Nobukazu | series=Ecological Research Monographs |editor-last=Nakagoshi |editor-first=Nobukazu |editor-last2=Mabuhay |editor-first2=Jhonamie A.|title=Designing Low Carbon Societies in Landscapes | chapter=Landscape Ecology-Based Approach for Assessing Pekarangan Condition to Preserve Protected Area in West Java | publisher=Springer Japan | location=Tokyo | year=2014 | pages=289–311|isbn=978-4-431-54818-8 | issn=2191-0707 | doi=10.1007/978-4-431-54819-5_17 }}
 
* {{cite book | last1=Kehlenbeck | first1=Katja | last2=Arifin | first2=Hadi Susilo | last3=Maass | first3=Brigitte L. | series=Environmental Science and Engineering | editor-last=Tscharntke|editor-first=Teja|editor-last2=Leuschner|editor-first2=Christoph|editor-last3=Zeller|editor-first3=Manfred|editor-last4=Guhardja|editor-first4=Edi|editor-last5=Bidin|editor-first5=Arifuddin|title=Stability of Tropical Rainforest Margins | chapter=Plant diversity in homegardens in a socio-economic and agro-ecological context | publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg | location=Berlin, Heidelberg | year=2007 | pages=295–317 |isbn=978-3-540-30289-6 | doi=10.1007/978-3-540-30290-2_15 | chapter-url=http://repository.ipb.ac.id/handle/123456789/82260 }}
{{cite web|url=https://kbbi.web.id/karang-3|title=Arti kata karang<sup>3</sup>|website=Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia (KBBI) Online|language=id|access-date=2019-08-04|ref={{sfnref|KBBI}}}}
* {{cite book | last1=Kehlenbeck | first1=Katja | last2=Maass | first2=Brigitte L. | title=Tropical Homegardens | series=Advances in Agroforestry | volume=3 | editor-last=Kumar |editor-first=B. Mohan|editor-last2=Nair|editor-first2=P. K. Ramachandran| url=https://archive.org/details/tropicalhomegard00kuma | url-access=limited | chapter=Are tropical homegardens sustainable? Some evidence from Central Sulawesi, Indonesia | publisher=Springer Netherlands | location=Dordrecht | year=2006 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/tropicalhomegard00kuma/page/n343 339]–354| isbn=978-1-4020-4947-7 | issn=1875-1199 | doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-4948-4_19 }}
 
* {{cite journal | last1=Maningtyas | first1=Rosyidamayanti Twinsari | last2=Gunawan | first2=Andi | title=Taneyan Lanjhang, Study of Home Garden Design Based Local Culture of Madura | journal=IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science | volume=91 | issue=12022 | pages=012022 | year=2017 | doi=10.1088/1755-1315/91/1/012022 | bibcode=2017E&ES...91a2022M | s2cid=115662122 | doi-access=free }}
{{cite journal|last=Ashari|last2=Saptana|last3=Purwantini|first3=Tri Bastuti|year=2016|title=Potensi dan Prospek Pemanfaatan Lahan Pekarangan untuk Mendukung Ketahanan Pangan|journal=Forum Penelitian Agro Ekonomi|language=id|volume=30|issue=1|page=13|doi=10.21082/fae.v30n1.2012.13-30|issn=2580-2674|ref=harv}}
* {{cite report |author-last=Mitchell |author-first=Robert |author-last2=Hanstad |author-first2=Tim| year=2004 |title=Small Homegarden Plots and Sustainable Livelihoods for the Poor |url=http://www.fao.org/tempref/docrep/fao/007/j2545e/j2545e00.pdf |publisher=FAO }}
 
* {{cite book | last1=Nawir | first1=Ani Adiwinata | last2=Murniati | last3=Rumboko | first3=Lukas | title=Forest rehabilitation in Indonesia: Where to after more than three decades?| url=http://www.cifor.org/publications/pdf_files/Books/BNawir0701.pdf | publisher=[[Center for International Forestry Research]] | location=Jakarta, Indonesia | year=2007 | isbn=978-979-1412-05-6 | oclc=226211357 }}
{{cite book|title=Traditional Agriculture in Southeast Asia : a Human Ecology Perspective|last=Christanty|first=Linda|last2=Abdoellah|first2=Oekan Soekotjo|last3=Marten|first3=Gerald G.|last4=Iskandar|first4=Johan|publisher=Westview Press|year=1986|isbn=0813370264|editor-last=Marten|editor-first=Gerry G.|location=Boulder, CO|pp=132–158|chapter=Traditional Agroforestry in West Java: The Pekarangan (Homegarden) and Kebun-Talun (Annual-Perennial Rotation) Cropping Systems|ref=harv|chapter-url=http://gerrymarten.com/traditional-agriculture/pdfs/Traditional-Agriculture-chapter-06.pdf}}
* {{cite web | title=pekarangan | website=[[Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia]] Daring | publisher=[[Badan Pengembangan dan Pembinaan Bahasa]], [[Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Republik Indonesia|Kementerian Pendidikan Dasar dan Menengah Republik Indonesia]] | url=https://kbbi.kemdikbud.go.id/entri/pekarangan | language=id | ref={{sfnref|KBBI}} | access-date=2020-01-11}}
 
* {{cite journal | last1=Prabowo | first1=Walesa Edho | last2=Darras | first2=Kevin | last3=Clough | first3=Yann | last4=Toledo-Hernandez | first4=Manuel | last5=Arlettaz | first5=Raphael | last6=Mulyani | first6=Yeni A. | last7=Tscharntke | first7=Teja | editor-last=Bersier | editor-first=Louis-Felix | title=Bird Responses to Lowland Rainforest Conversion in Sumatran Smallholder Landscapes, Indonesia | journal=PLOS ONE | publisher=Public Library of Science (PLoS) | volume=11 | issue=5 | year=2016 | issn=1932-6203 | doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0154876 | pmid=27224063 | pmc=4880215 | page=e0154876 | bibcode=2016PLoSO..1154876P | doi-access=free }}
{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lD_DCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA79|title=Peralatan Produksi Tradisional dan Perkembangannya Daerah Lampung|author=[Depdikbud] Indonesian Department of Education and Culture|publisher=Indonesian Department of Education and Culture|year=1993|editor-last=Sirat|editor-first=Muhidin|language=id|ref={{sfnref|Depdikbud|1993}}|author-link=Ministry of Education and Culture (Indonesia)|access-date=2019-08-02|editor2=Miraya Zulaiha B|editor3=Budiono|editor4=Budhiono SK}}
* {{cite journal | last1 = Pranoto | first1 = Hadi | last2 = Pujowati | first2 = Penny | last3 = Ramayana | first3 = Syamad | last4 = Turnip | first4 = Guido Narodo | year = 2024 | title = Identification of Homegarden Patterns on Several Etnic in Berau Regency | journal = Jurnal Agroekoteknologi Tropika Lembab | volume = 6 | issue = 2 | pages = 61–67 | url = https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/599201052.pdf }}
 
* {{cite journal |last last1=DovePratiwi |first first1=MichaelRian Adetiya R.|year last2=1990Gunawan | first2=Andi | title=Socio-PoliticalStudy AspectsOf ofLampungnese Traditional Home GardensGarden inDesign Java| journal=JournalIOP ofConference SoutheastSeries: AsianEarth and Environmental Science Studies| volume=2191 | issue=112024 | pages=155–163012024 | year=2017 | doi=10.10171088/s00224634000020091755-1315/91/1/012024 |issn bibcode=0022-46342017E&ES...91a2024P |ref s2cid=harv191568916 | doi-access=free }}
* {{cite book | last=Raffles | first=Thomas Stamford | author-link=Stamford Raffles | title=The History of Java: In Two Volumes | publisher=Black, Parbury, and Allen | year=1817 |location=London| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_-dCAAAAcAAJ | access-date=2019-08-24}}
 
* {{cite journal | last1 = Rahu | first1 = Anggie Abban | last2 = Hidayat | first2 = Kliwon | last3 = Ariyadi | first3 = Mahrus | last4 = Hakim | first4 = Luchman | title = Ethnoecology of Kaleka: Dayak's Agroforestry in Kapuas, Central Kalimantan Indonesia | journal = Research Journal of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences | volume = 1 | issue = 8 | pages = 5–12 | url = https://www.isca.me/AGRI_FORESTRY/Archive/v1/i8/2.ISCA-RJAFS-2013-043.pdf | year = 2013}}
{{cite journal|last=Febrianto|first=Redi Sigit|last2=Wulandari|first2=Lisa Dwi|last3=Santosa|first3=Herry|year=2017|title=Domain Ruang Perempuan Pada Hunian Masyarakat Peladang Desa Juruan Laok Madura Timur|url=http://journal.unika.ac.id/index.php/tesa/article/view/1014|journal=Tesa Arsitektur, Journal of Architectural Discourses|language=id|volume=15|issue=1|pages=54–63|doi=10.24167/tes.v15i1.1014|doi-broken-date=2019-08-23|issn=2460-6367|access-date=2019-08-04|ref=harv}}
* {{cite journal | last1=Roshetko | first1=James M. | last2=Delaney | first2=Matt | last3=Hairiah | first3=Kurniatun | last4=Purnomosidhi | first4=Pratiknyo | title=Carbon stocks in Indonesian homegarden systems: Can smallholder systems be targeted for increased carbon storage? – American Journal of Alternative Agriculture | journal=American Journal of Alternative Agriculture | volume=17 | issue=3 | year=2002 | issn=1478-5498 | doi=10.1079/AJAA200116 | pages=138–148 | url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/american-journal-of-alternative-agriculture/article/carbon-stocks-in-indonesian-homegarden-systems-can-smallholder-systems-be-targeted-for-increased-carbon-storage/45B51C1F60FEBCF91FB7F97885E95EF0 | access-date=2019-08-23}}
 
* {{cite journal | last=Rostiyati | first=Ani | title=Tipologi Rumah Tradisional Kampung Wana di Lampung Timur | journal= Patanjala | volume=5 | issue=3 | year=2013 | issn=2598-1242 | doi=10.30959/patanjala.v5i3.101 | pages=459–474 | language=id | doi-access=free }}
{{cite book|title=Ecological Studies|last=Gliessman|first=Stephen R.|journal=Ecological Studies : Analysis and Synthesis|publisher=Springer New York|year=1990|isbn=978-1-4612-7934-1|editor-last=Gliessman|editor-first=Stephen R.|volume=78|location=New York|pages=160–168|chapter=Integrating Trees into Agriculture: The Home Garden Agroecosystem as an Example of Agroforestry in the Tropics|doi=10.1007/978-1-4612-3252-0_11|issn=0070-8356|ref=harv}}
* {{cite journal | last=Saraswati | first=A.A. Oka | title=Transformasi Arsitektur Bale Daja | journal=DIMENSI (Journal of Architecture and Built Environment) | volume=36 | issue=1 | year=2009 | issn=2338-7858 | pages=35–42 | url=http://dimensi.petra.ac.id/index.php/ars/article/view/16972 | language=id | access-date=2019-08-04}}
 
* {{cite journal | last1=Saptana | last2=Sunarsih | last3=Friyatno | first3=Supena | title=Prospek Model-Kawasan Rumah Pangan Lestari (M-KRPL) Dan Replikasi Pengembangan KRPL | journal=Forum Penelitian Agro Ekonomi | volume=31 | issue=1 | year=2013 | issn=2580-2674 | doi=10.21082/fae.v31n1.2013.67-87 | page=67 | doi-broken-date=1 November 2024 | language=id }}
{{cite book|title=Home Gardens and in Situ Conservation of Plant Genetic Resources in Farming Systems|last=[IPGRI] International Plant Genetic Resources Institute|year=2001|editor-last=Watson|editor-first=Jessica W.|location=Witzenhausen|pages=161–162|chapter=Mainstreaming contributions from the project: follow-up actions and priorities for future work on managing home gardens’ agrobiodiversity for development|ref={{sfnref|IPGRI|2001}}|author-link=Bioversity International|editor-last2=Eyzaguirre|editor-first2=Pablo A.|chapter-url=https://www.bioversityinternational.org/fileadmin/_migrated/uploads/tx_news/Home_gardens_and_in_situ_conservation_of_plant_genetic_resources_in_farming_systems_753.pdf|chapter-format=doc}}
* {{cite journal | last1=Soemarwoto | first1=Otto |author-link=Otto Soemarwoto | last2=Soemarwato | first2=Idjah | author3=Karyono | last4=Soekartadiredja | first4=E. Momo | last5=Ramlan | first5=Aseng | title=The Javanese Home-Garden as an Integrated Agro-Ecosystem | journal=Food and Nutrition Bulletin | volume=7 | issue=3 | pages=1–4 | year=1985 | issn=1564-8265 | doi=10.1177/156482658500700313 | s2cid=80666398 | doi-access=free }}
 
* {{cite journal | last1=Soemarwoto | first1=Otto |author-link=Otto Soemarwoto | last2=Conway | first2=Gordon R. |author-link2=Gordon Conway | title=The Javanese homegarden | journal=Journal of Farming Systems Research-Extension | volume=2 | issue=3 | year=1992 | pages=95–118|url=https://ufdc.ufl.edu/UF00071921/00005/97j }}
{{cite web|url=https://baliexpress.jawapos.com/read/2018/02/05/46345/ini-aura-yang-muncul-dari-tanaman-pekarangan-berdasarkan-penempatannya|title=Ini Aura yang Muncul dari Tanaman Pekarangan Berdasarkan Penempatannya|year=2018|website=Bali Express|language=id|access-date=2019-08-04|ref={{sfnref | ''Bali Express'' | 2018}}}}
* {{cite journal | last=Stoler | first=Ann |author-link=Ann Stoler| title=Garden Use and Household Economy in Rural Java | journal=Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies | publisher=Informa UK Limited | volume=14 | issue=2 | year=1978 | issn=0007-4918 | doi=10.1080/00074917812331333331 | pages=85–101 }}
 
* {{cite journal | last=Torquebiau | first=Emmanuel | title=Are tropical agroforestry home gardens sustainable? | journal=Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment | volume=41 | issue=2 | year=1992 | issn=0167-8809 | doi=10.1016/0167-8809(92)90109-o | pages=189–207 | bibcode=1992AgEE...41..189T }}
{{cite book|title=Designing Low Carbon Societies in Landscapes|last=Kaswanto|first=Regan Leonardus|last2=Nakagoshi|first2=Nobukazu|publisher=Springer Japan|year=2014|isbn=978-4-431-54818-8|editor-last=Nakagoshi|editor-first=Nobukazu|location=Tokyo|pp=289–311|chapter=Landscape Ecology-Based Approach for Assessing Pekarangan Condition to Preserve Protected Area in West Java|doi=10.1007/978-4-431-54819-5_17|issn=2191-0707|ref=harv|editor-last2=Mabuhay|editor-first2=Jhonamie A.}}
* {{cite journal | last=Widyastuti | first=Rahayu | title=Abundance, Biomass and Diversity of Soil Fauna at Different Ecosystems in Jakenan, Pati, Central Java | journal=Jurnal Ilmu Tanah Dan Lingkungan |trans-journal=Journal of Soil Science and Environment| volume=6 | issue=1 | year=2011 | pages=1–6 | issn=2549-2853 | doi=10.29244/jitl.6.1.1-6 | doi-access=free }}
 
* {{cite book | last=Wiersum | first=K.F. | title=Tropical Homegardens | editor-last=Kumar |editor-first=B. Mohan|editor-last2=Nair|editor-first2=P. K. Ramachandran| volume=3 | pages=13–24 | chapter=Diversity and change in homegarden cultivation in Indonesia | publisher=Springer Netherlands | location=Dordrecht | year=2006 |isbn=978-1-4020-4947-7 | issn=1875-1199 | doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-4948-4_2 | series=Advances in Agroforestry }}
{{cite book|title=Stability of Tropical Rainforest Margins|last=Kehlenbeck|first=Katja|last2=Arifin|first2=Hadi Susilo|last3=Maass|first3=Brigitte L.|publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg|year=2007|isbn=978-3-540-30289-6|editor-last=Tscharntke|editor-first=Teja|location=Berlin, Heidelberg|pp=295–317|chapter=Plant diversity in homegardens in a socio-economic and agro-ecological context|doi=10.1007/978-3-540-30290-2_15|ref=harv|editor-last2=Leuschner|editor-first2=Christoph|editor-last3=Zeller|editor-first3=Manfred|editor-last4=Guhardja|editor-first4=Edi|editor-last5=Bidin|editor-first5=Arifuddin}}
* {{cite journal | last1=Yamamoto | first1=Yoshinori | last2=Kubota | first2=Naohiro | last3=Ogo | first3=Tatsuo | last4=Priyono | title=Changes in the Structure of Homegardens under Different Climatic Conditions in Java Island| journal=Japanese Journal of Tropical Agriculture | volume=35 | issue=2 | year=1991 | issn=2185-0259 | doi=10.11248/jsta1957.35.104 | pages=104–117 }}
 
{{cite book|title=Tropical Homegardens: A Time-Tested Example of Sustainable Agroforestry|last=Kehlenbeck|first=Katja|last2=Maass|first2=Brigitte L.|journal=Advances in Agroforestry|publisher=Springer Netherlands|year=2006|isbn=978-1-4020-4947-7|editor-last=Kumar|editor-first=B. Mohan|location=Dordrecht|pp=339–354|chapter=Are tropical homegardens sustainable? Some evidence from Central Sulawesi, Indonesia|doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-4948-4_19|issn=1875-1199|ref=harv|editor-last2=Nair|editor-first2=P. K. Ramachandran}}
 
{{cite journal|last=Maningtyas|first=Rosyidamayanti Twinsari|last2=Gunawan|first2=Andi|year=2017|title=Taneyan Lanjhang, Study of Home Garden Design Based Local Culture of Madura|journal=IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science|volume=91|issue=12022|pages=012022|bibcode=2017E&ES...91a2022M|doi=10.1088/1755-1315/91/1/012022|ref=harv}}
 
{{cite report|author-last=Mitchell|author-first=Robert|author-last2=Hanstad|author-first2=Tim|year=2004|title=Small Homegarden Plots and Sustainable Livelihoods for the Poor|url=http://www.fao.org/tempref/docrep/fao/007/j2545e/j2545e00.pdf|publisher=FAO|ref=harv}}
 
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