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[[File:West Sumatra pekarangan.jpg|thumb|upright=1.33|Pekarangan di [[Kabupaten Agam]], [[Sumatera Barat]]]]
 
'''Pekarangan''' adalah jenis [[Halaman bangunan|taman rumah]] tropis yang dikembangkan di [[Indonesia]], terutama di [[Jawa|Pulau Jawa]]. Pekarangan umumnya berisi ragam tanaman, sementara beberapa pekarangan memiliki hewan (termasuk [[ikan]] ternak, [[Hewan pemamah biak|pemamah biak]], [[unggas]], dan [[satwa liar]]) serta bangunan seperti kandang dan sangkar burung. Pekarangan menghasilkan pangan untuk kebutuhan sehari-hari dan untuk dijual serta menghasilkan tanaman hias. Selain itu, pekarangan juga menjadi tempat interaksi sosial (termasuk bagi hasil panen pekarangan) serta menyediakan hasil tani untuk upacara adat dan keagamaan. Beberapa pekarangan dibuat, dipelihara, dan diatur tata ruangnya sesuai dengan nilai-nilai lokal. Pekarangan mungkindiperkirakan sudah ada selama beberapa ribu tahun, tetapi catatan pertama mengenai pekarangan ditemukan dalam sebuah babad Jawa yang ditulis pada tahun 860 M. Pada tahun 2010, sekitar 103.000 kilometer persegi lahan di Indonesia digunakan untuk pekarangan.
 
Peran keberlanjutan dan sosial pekarangan terancam oleh urbanisasi massal dan fragmentasi lahan, yang menjadi faktor penyusutan luas lahan tempat tinggal rata-rata. Penurunan ini kemudian diikuti dengan hilangnya keragaman tanaman di dalam pekarangan. Selain itu, sebagian pemilik pekarangan secara sengaja mengurangi keragaman tanaman untuk mengoptimalkan hasil tani komersial. Masalah seperti wabah hama dan peningkatan utang rumah tangga muncul akibat terdegradasinya keberlanjutan pekarangan.
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== Definition ==
InIstilah "pekarangan", menurut [[IndonesianKamus language|IndonesianBesar Bahasa Indonesia]], {{lang|id|pekarangan}}memiliki can be translated asarti "landtanah thatsekitar surrounds a houserumah", "a house'shalaman yardrumah", oratau "plottedtanah landyang fordisiapkan houseuntuk constructiontempat tinggal".{{sfn | KBBI}} HoweverNamun, theistilah termini isbanyak widelydigunakan useddalam inpustaka scientific literatureilmiah, specificallykhususnya indalam agroforestrytopik and[[wanatani]] environmentaldan topics[[lingkungan]], tountuk meanmerujuk pada "homekebun gardensrumah".{{sfn | Kaswanto | Nakagoshi | 2014 | p=290}} TheKata word {{lang|id|pekarangan}} maydapat beberasal deriveddari fromkata {{lang|id|"karang}}", whichyang meansberarti "perennialtanaman cropsmenahun," menurut Ashari et al..{{sfn | Ashari | Saptana | Purwantini | 2016 | p=15}}
 
Scholars offer various definitions of the term "{{lang|id|pekarangan}}". According to Sajogyo, it is a plot adjacent to a house, used part-time. Totok Mardikanto and Sri Sutami define it as a plot surrounding a house; most of its kind are fenced, and usually planted with dense plants with various annual and perennial plants for daily and commercial use. Euis Novitasari considers "{{lang|id|pekarangan}}" to be a form of land use: a system of small-scale additional food production by members and a family, that is also an [[ecosystem]] with a densely layered canopy. Further, she describes it as having a clear boundary and containing elements such as the owner's house, a kitchen, a pen, and fences. Simatupang and Suryana argue that it is hard to define "{{lang|id|pekarangan}}" clearly, since its role can vary as a form of farmland to a homestead plot.{{sfn | Ashari | Saptana | Purwantini | 2016 | p=15}} Rahu et al. interpret ''"pekarangan"'' as, specifically, a Javanese home garden.{{sfn|Rahu|Hidayat|Ariyadi|Hakim|2013|p=5}}
 
Istilah "pekarangan", menurut [[Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia]], memiliki arti "tanah sekitar rumah", "halaman rumah", atau "tanah yang disiapkan untuk tempat tinggal".{{sfn|KBBI}} Namun, istilah ini banyak digunakan dalam pustaka ilmiah, khususnya dalam topik [[wanatani]] dan [[lingkungan]], untuk merujuk pada "kebun rumah". Kata pekarangan mungkin berasal dari kata "karang", yang berarti "tanaman menahun".{{sfn|Ashari|Saptana|Purwantini|2016|p=15}}
 
Para ilmuwan memberikan berbagai definisi tentang istilah "pekarangan". Menurut Sajogyo, pekarangan adalah sebidang tanah yang terletak di samping rumah dan digunakan secara sambilan. Totok Mardikanto dan Sri Sutami mendefinisikan pekarangan sebagai sebidang tanah yang mengelilingi perumahan. Kebanyakan pekarangan dipagari, dan biasanya ditanami dengan tanaman rapat yang terdiri dari berbagai tanaman semusim dan menahun untuk kebutuhan sehari-hari dan komersial. Euis Novitasari mengartikan pekarangan sebagai bentuk tata guna lahan berupa sistem produksi makanan skala kecil yang dilakukan oleh anggota keluarga, yang juga merupakan ekosistem dengan lapisan tajuk yang bersusun. Lebih jauh lagi, Euis Novitasari menggambarkan pekarangan sebagai area dengan batas yang jelas dan memiliki unsur-unsur seperti rumah, pelataran, dapur, kandang, dan pagar. Simatupang dan Suryana berpendapat bahwa sulit untuk mendefinisikan istilah "pekarangan" secara jelas, karena perannya dapat beragam, mulai dari bentuk lahan pertanian hingga sebidang tanah halaman rumah.{{sfn | Ashari | Saptana | Purwantini | 2016 | p=15}} Rahu et al. mengartikan istilah "pekarangan" secara sepsifik, yakni sebagai kebun rumah Jawa.{{sfn|Rahu|Hidayat|Ariyadi|Hakim|2013|p=5}}
Baris 36 ⟶ 32:
Sebuah pekarangan umumnya terdiri dari gabungan tanaman [[Tumbuhan semusim|semusim]] dan [[Tumbuhan menahun|menahun]]. Tanaman-tanaman tersebut bisa dipanen setiap hari atau musiman. Beberapa tanaman menahun seperti [[melinjo]] menghasilkan daun secara konsisten. Beberapa tanaman menahun lainnya seperti [[kelapa]], [[nangka]], [[pisang]], dan [[salak]] menghasilkan buah sepanjang tahun. Tanaman menahun lainnya memiliki masa berbuah yang terbatas. Misalnya, [[jambu semarang]] berbuah dari April hingga Juni, [[mangga]] berbuah pada bulan Juli dan Agustus, dan [[Durio zibethinus|durian]] berbuah dari Juni hingga September.{{sfn|Soemarwoto|Soemarwato|Karyono|Soekartadiredja|1985|p=3}} Tanaman menahun lebih umum ditemukan dibandingkan tanaman semusim pada pekarangan di daerah yang luas sawahnya melebihi 40 persen. Tanaman semusim lebih umum di daerah lain dengan luas sawah lebih rendah, tetapi tanaman menahun kembali diutamakan bila terjadi keterbatasan tenaga kerja.{{sfn|Christanty|Abdoellah|Marten|Iskandar|1986|p=143}} Pepohonan adalah salah satu komponen paling umum dari pekarangan. Pepohonan juga membantu memberikan gambaran pedesaan Indonesia dengan rumah yang cenderung tersembunyi di antara pekarangan yang "lebat dan menyerupai hutan".{{sfn|Soemarwoto|Conway|1992|p=101}}
 
Pekarangan [[Suku Sunda|Sunda]] memilki pola tanaman tersendiri. Tanaman hias, serta tanaman bernilai komersial seperti [[cengkih]], [[jeruk]], dan mangga sering ditanam di pekarangan depan agar dapat lebih mudah diawasi. Tanaman pangan yang mengandung [[Amilum|pati]], [[Tumbuhan obat|tanaman obat]], dan tanaman komoditas lebih sering ditanam di pekarangan depan dan belakang, dan lebih sedikit di pekarangan samping. Kopi mungkindapat digunakan sebagai [[pagar]] di pekarangan samping dan belakang. Tanaman hias juga dapat difungsikan sebagai pagar di pekarangan depan. Sayuran biasanya ditanam di area depan dan samping yang terpapar cahaya, karena pohon-pohon besar jarang ditemukan di area tersebut. Pohon bertajuk besar dapat ditanam di pekarangan depan untuk memberikan naungan bagi anak-anak. Kelapa, pohon buah, dan pohon-pohon tinggi yang kayunya digunakan untuk konstruksi ditanam di pekarangan belakang untuk menghindari kerusakan rumah jika pohon-pohon tersebut tumbang akibat badai. Sebagian besar tanaman berkembang biak tanpa campur tangan secara sengaja dari manusia. Proses ini disebut ''janteun ku anjeun'' dalam [[bahasa Sunda]], karena penyebaran biji secara alami oleh burung, mamalia, atau manusia setelah mereka makan. Karena hal ini, tidak ditemukan pengaturan ruang yang jelas di bagian belakang pekarangan Sunda.{{sfn|Christanty|Abdoellah|Marten|Iskandar|1986|p=145}}
 
Tanaman di pekarangan [[Suku Jawa|Jawa]] dan Sunda, termasuk tanaman semusim yang dibudidayakan di musim kemarau (misalnya [[terung]]), biasanya ditanam di dekat sumber air seperti kolam ikan, selokan terbuka, dan sumur.{{sfn | Soemarwoto | Soemarwato | Karyono | Soekartadiredja | 1985 | p=3}}{{sfn|Christanty|Abdoellah|Marten|Iskandar|1986|p=145}} Tanaman yang membutuhkan tingkat nutrisi tinggi, seperti pisang, mangga, nangka, dan tanaman buah lainnya, ditanam dekat tempat pembuangan sampah.{{sfn|Christanty|Abdoellah|Marten|Iskandar|1986|p=145}} Sementara itu, tanaman yang sering dipanen untuk masakan, seperti [[cabai]], [[lengkuas]], [[Serai dapur|serai]], dan [[tomat]], ditanam dekat dapur.{{sfn|Christanty|Abdoellah|Marten|Iskandar|1986|p=145}}{{sfn|Torquebiau|1992|p=193}}
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Pekarangan di [[Kalimantan]] mengandung jumlah [[Introduksi spesies|spesies introduksi]] yang lebih rendah dari pekarangan di wilayah lain di Indonesia. Banyak tanaman di pekarangan Kalimantan yang merupakan tanaman asli Kalimantan. Di antara tanaman-tanaman di pekarangan Kalimantan yang dianggap penting secara ekonomi dan ekologi adalah [[durian]] (termasuk [[lai]]), [[nangka]], [[duku]], dan [[rambutan]].{{sfn|Rahu|Hidayat|Ariyadi|Hakim|2013|p=8-9}}
 
=== AnimalsHewan ===▼
<br /><div style="{{{style|text-align: center; width: 60%; margin: auto; padding: 1em; border: {{{border|solid 2px gold}}}; letter-spacing: {{{spacing|0px}}}; background-color: {{{bgcolor|black}}}; color: {{{fgcolor|white}}}; font-weight: bold;}}}"><span style="padding-left: {{{spacing|8px}}};">{{{1|{{#if: {{{bot|}}}|(penanda draf suntingan)|(penanda draf suntingan)}}}}}</span></div>▼
[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Geitenhok ingericht voor de mestverzameling voor de groententuin Sindanglaja TMnr 10013517.jpg|thumb|left|AKandang household'skambing goatmilik penrumah intangga thedi colonialmasa [[DutchHindia East IndiesBelanda]], earlyawal 20thabad century20|alt=]]▼
 
Beberapa pemilik pekarangan memelihara ternak dan unggas (biasanya [[ayam]], [[kambing]], dan [[domba]]). Hewan-hewan tersebut biasanya dipelihara di dalam kandang pekarangan, tetapi dibiarkan berkeliaran di sekitar kebun, area desa, dan pasar tradisional untuk mencari makanan sendiri. Mereka dikandangkan pada malam hari dan biasanya diberi pakan tambahan. Hewan domestik lainnya yang umum dipelihara di pekarangan adalah ikan di kolam dan [[burung pengicau]] (misalnya [[perkutut jawa]], ''Geopelia striata''). Burung pengicau umumnya dipelihara dalam sangkar yang digantung pada tiang bambu. Salah satu faktor yang mempengaruhi kepemilikan ternak dala pekarangan adalah status ekonomi pemiliknya. Pemilik dari golongan kelas bawah cenderung hanya memelihara beberapa ayam, sementara pemilik kelas menengah dapat memelihara seekor kambing atau domba, dan pemilik yang memiliki kelebihan secara ekonomi dapat memelihara beberapa [[sapi]] atau [[kerbau]]. Kotoran ternak berfungsi sebagai pupuk organik untuk pekarangan dalam bentuk [[kompos]], dan terkadang sebagai sumber pakan bagi ikan kolam.{{sfn | Soemarwoto | Conway | 1992 | p=105}}{{sfn | Soemarwoto | Soemarwato | Karyono | Soekartadiredja | 1985 | p=2}}
▲=== Animals ===
[[File:Domestic goat in Agam, West Sumatra.jpg|thumb|SomeSebagian Indonesiansmasyarakat keepIndonesia farmmemelihara animalsternak, suchseperti as goatskambing, in theirdi {{lang|id|pekarangans}}.pekarangan]]▼
▲[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Geitenhok ingericht voor de mestverzameling voor de groententuin Sindanglaja TMnr 10013517.jpg|thumb|left|A household's goat pen in the colonial [[Dutch East Indies]], early 20th century|alt=]]
Kolam ikan produktif banyak ditemukan di pekarangan tradisional suku Sunda. Ikan-ikan tersebut diberi pakan berupa [[Sampah makanan|limbah dapur]] yang disertai dengan limbah hewan dan manusia. Masyarakat cenderung menghindari penggunaan air kolam ikan untuk kebutuhan rumah tangga dan lebih memilih menggunakan air dari tanah yang lebih tinggi dan disalurkan dengan pipa air.{{sfn | Soemarwoto | Soemarwato | Karyono | Soekartadiredja | 1985 | p=2}}
 
Pekarangan memiliki potensi [[Keanekaragaman hayati|keanekaragaman]] fauna tanah yang tinggi. Menurut Widyastuti, keanekaragaman fauna tanah di pekarangan diperkirakan lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan hutan [[jati]]. Keanekaragaman ini dapat disebabkan oleh tumbuh-tumbuhan yang melindungi fauna tanah dari terik sinar matahari, terutama pada musim kemarau.{{sfn|Widyastuti|2011|p=5}} [[Otto Soemarwoto]] dan [[Gordon Conway]] juga mencatat bahwa kebun-kebun tersebut diyakini sebagai "habitat yang baik" bagi [[reptil]] dan [[amfibi]].{{sfn | Soemarwoto | Conway | 1992 | p=102}}
Some owners of {{lang|id|pekarangans}} keep livestock and poultry (traditionally chickens, goats, and [[sheep]]), usually in a household pen. Animals are usually allowed to roam around the gardens, village areas, and traditional markets to find food on their own. They are penned at night and are usually given additional feed. Other common domestic animals kept in {{lang|id|pekarangans}} are fishes in ponds and [[songbird]]s (e.g. [[zebra dove]], ''Geopelia striata''), which are kept in cages on bamboo poles. The economic status of {{lang|id|pekarangan}} owners plays a role in livestock ownership; lower-class owners tend to own several chickens whereas middle-class owners might have a goat or a sheep, and wealthier owners may own several cows or [[water buffalo]]es. Livestock manure acts as an organic fertilizer for the gardens via [[compost]]ing, and sometimes a nutritional source for pond fishes.{{sfn | Soemarwoto | Conway | 1992 | p=105}}{{sfn | Soemarwoto | Soemarwato | Karyono | Soekartadiredja | 1985 | p=2}}
▲[[File:Domestic goat in Agam, West Sumatra.jpg|thumb|Some Indonesians keep farm animals, such as goats, in their {{lang|id|pekarangans}}.]]
Productive fish ponds are common in Sundanese traditional {{lang|id|pekarangans}}.{{sfn | Soemarwoto | Conway | 1992 | p=105}} The fishes are fed with [[Food waste|kitchen waste]] supplemented by animal and human waste. Villagers avoid the domestic use of fish pond water and instead use water from higher-ground water pipes.{{sfn | Soemarwoto | Soemarwato | Karyono | Soekartadiredja | 1985 | p=2}}
 
Terdapat perbedaan temuan ilmiah mengenai keanekaragaman burung liar di pekarangan. Sebuah penelitian di Jawa Barat mencatat adanya keanekaragaman burung yang tinggi di pekarangan, termasuk spesies burung yang dilindungi. Sementara itu, penelitian lain di [[Jambi]] menunjukkan bahwa pekarangan (secara satuan) tidak efektif sebagai sarana untuk melestarikan [[Komunitas (ekologi)|komunitas ekologis]] burung. Hal ini disebabkan oleh [[efek tepi]] ekologis dari bentuk pekarangan yang tidak teratur, gangguan yang sering terjadi pada pekarangan, dan kedekatan pekarangan dengan jalan serta rumah. Pekarangan yang diteliti di Jambi tersebut memiliki tingkat keanekaragaman tanaman yang sangat rendah, berbeda dibandingkan pekarangan pada umumnya. Meskipun demikian, pekarangan pada studi tersebut masih menarik burung karena sumber makanan yang ada.{{sfn | Soemarwoto | Conway | 1992 | p=102}}{{sfn|Prabowo|Darras|Clough|Toledo-Hernandez|2016|p=13}} Temuan serupa juga ditemukan dalam studi lainnya di Jawa Barat, yang menunjukkan bahwa anak-anak melemparkan batu dengan ketapel ke burung-burung di pekarangan dan mengambil telurnya, sementara orang dewasa membunuh atau mengejar burung karena dianggap sebagai hama.{{sfn|Christanty|Abdoellah|Marten|Iskandar|1986|p=154}}<div style="{{{style|text-align: center; height: 20%; width: 30%; margin: 0; padding: 1em; border: {{{border|solid 2px gold}}}; letter-spacing: {{{spacing|0px}}}; background-color: {{{bgcolor|black}}}; color: {{{fgcolor|white}}}; font-weight: bold;}}}"><span style="padding-left: {{{spacing|0px}}};">{{{1|{{#if: {{{bot|}}}|(penanda draf suntingan)|(penanda draf suntingan)}}}}}</span></div>
The gardens may have a high diversity of [[soil fauna]]. According to Widyastuti, the soil fauna diversity in the gardens is suggested to be higher than that of [[teak]] forests.{{sfn|Widyastuti|2011|p=1}} The diversity might be caused by the vegetation, which protects soil fauna from direct sunshine, especially in the dry season.{{sfn|Widyastuti|2011|p=5}} [[Otto Soemarwoto]] and [[Gordon Conway]] accounted that the gardens are also believed to be "a good habitat" for [[reptile]]s and [[amphibian]]s.{{sfn | Soemarwoto | Conway | 1992 | p=102}}
 
There are different findings in relation to wild birds. A high diversity of birds, including legally protected species, within the gardens were recorded in a West Java research while another study in [[Jambi]] suggests individual {{lang|id|pekarangans}} are not effective as a means to conserve bird communities. This is because of the [[edge effects]] of their irregular shapes, their frequent disturbance, and their proximity to roads and houses. The {{lang|id|pekarangans}} used for the Jambi study had unusually low levels of plant diversity, which may account for the results. Despite this, the gardens apparently still attract birds due to their food resources.{{sfn | Soemarwoto | Conway | 1992 | p=102}}{{sfn|Prabowo|Darras|Clough|Toledo-Hernandez|2016|p=13}} A similar finding was repeated in a separate West Java study, indicating children shoot birds in the gardens and take their eggs while adults kill or chase them due to the perception of them as pests.{{sfn|Christanty|Abdoellah|Marten|Iskandar|1986|p=154}}
 
== Ecology ==
[[File:Kebun belakang rumah - panoramio.jpg|thumb|CanopySusunan structuretajuk ofpekarangan a rural {{lang|id|pekarangan}}desa|alt=]]
 
Plant diversity in {{lang|id|pekarangans}} arises from complex interactions between several factors that are not fully understood.{{sfn|Kehlenbeck|Arifin|Maass|2007|p=300}} These include environmental stability, the [[tropical climate]] that is favorable to plant growth, and their close proximity to the owners' domestic activities.{{sfn|Soemarwoto|Conway|1992|p=103}} Other natural factors are size, temperature decrease due to elevation, [[precipitation]], and climatic events like [[El Niño]].{{sfn|Kehlenbeck|Arifin|Maass|2007 |pp=300–302}} Anthropological factors include individual preferences and market proximity.{{sfn|Kehlenbeck|Arifin|Maass|2007|pp=300, 303}}
Baris 62 ⟶ 56:
The diversity of plants aids individual plants to adapt to a changing environment, helping them survive in the long term.{{sfn|Kehlenbeck|Arifin|Maass|2007|p=299}} The biodiversity in the multi-layered system also helps to optimize solar energy and carbon harvesting, cool the domestic climate, protect the soil from erosion, and accommodate habitats for wild plants and animals.{{sfn|Arifin|2013|p=18}}{{sfn|Kehlenbeck|Arifin|Maass|2007|p=299}} The [[Genetics|genetic]] diversity also gives protection from the effects of pests and diseases.{{sfn|Soemarwoto|Conway|1992|p=108}} As an example, the abundance of [[insectivorous]] birds in the gardens helps control pests,{{sfn|Torquebiau|1992|p=195}} helping the garden remain productive.{{sfn|Kehlenbeck|Arifin|Maass|2007|p=299}}
 
While on per individual basis {{lang|id|pekarangans}} store only small amounts of carbon due to their size, on per area basis they hold an amount of carbon that is similar to primary or secondary forests, and greatly surpassing ''[[Imperata]]'' grasslands and [[fallow land]]s.{{sfn|Roshetko|Delaney|Hairiah|Purnomosidhi|2002|p=146}}<div style="{{{style|text-align: center; height: 20%; width: 30%; margin: 0; padding: 1em; border: {{{border|solid 2px gold}}}; letter-spacing: {{{spacing|0px}}}; background-color: {{{bgcolor|black}}}; color: {{{fgcolor|white}}}; font-weight: bold;}}}"><span style="padding-left: {{{spacing|0px}}};">{{{1|{{#if: {{{bot|}}}|(penanda draf suntingan)|(penanda draf suntingan)}}}}}</span></div>
 
=== Natural factors ===
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{{lang|id|Pekarangans}} with better access to water—either by climate or by proximity to water resources—are able to facilitate annual crop cultivation.{{sfn | Soemarwoto | Conway | 1992 | p=107}} Those in West Java, when observed, perform better in accommodating plant diversity when the wet season occurs than in the dry season.{{sfn|Kehlenbeck|Arifin|Maass|2007|pp=300–301}} The climatic conditions of Java enable the consistent growth of annual plants in its {{lang|id|pekarangans}}, even in parts of [[East Java]] where the climate is drier.{{sfn|Soemarwoto| Soemarwato | Karyono | Soekartadiredja |1985|p=195}}
 
[[Canopy (biology)|Canopy]] in those gardens functions as a protection from intense raindrops. Most of their plants' heights are less than a meter, slowing down raindrops when they hit the soil.{{sfn | Soemarwoto | Conway | 1992 | p=108}}{{sfn|Torquebiau|1992|p=193}} Leaf litter also helps protecting the soil against erosion. The role of plant canopies in consistently producing organic litter is believed to be more important in reducing erosion than its direct speed-reducing effects on raindrops. Nevertheless, gardens are less effective than natural forests in erosion reduction.{{sfn | Soemarwoto | Conway | 1992 | pp=108–109}}{{sfn|Torquebiau|1992|p=193}}<div style="{{{style|text-align: center; height: 20%; width: 30%; margin: 0; padding: 1em; border: {{{border|solid 2px gold}}}; letter-spacing: {{{spacing|0px}}}; background-color: {{{bgcolor|black}}}; color: {{{fgcolor|white}}}; font-weight: bold;}}}"><span style="padding-left: {{{spacing|0px}}};">{{{1|{{#if: {{{bot|}}}|(penanda draf suntingan)|(penanda draf suntingan)}}}}}</span></div>
 
=== Human impact ===
Baris 80 ⟶ 74:
Commercialization, fragmentation, and urbanization are major hazards to {{lang|id|pekarangans'}} plant diversity. These change the organic cycles within the gardens, threatening their ecological sustainability.{{sfn|Kehlenbeck|Arifin|Maass|2007|p=313}} Commercialization requires a systemic change of crop planting. To optimize and produce more crops, a {{lang|id|pekarangan's}} owner must specialize in its crops, making a small number of crops dominate the garden. Some owners turn them into [[monoculture]] gardens.{{sfn|Abdoellah|Parikesit|Gunawan|Hadikusumah|2001|p=142}} Fragmentation stems from the traditional system of inheritance.{{sfn|Kehlenbeck|Arifin|Maass|2007|p=313}} Consequences from the reduction of plant diversity include the loss of canopy structures and organic litter, resulting in less protection of the gardens' soil; loss of pest-control agents, increasing the use of pesticides; loss of production stability; loss of nutrients' diversity; and the disappearance of yields-sharing culture.{{sfn|Soemarwoto|Conway|1992|pp=110–111}} Despite urbanization's negative effect in reducing their plant diversity, it increases that of the [[ornamental plant]]s.{{sfn|Kehlenbeck|Arifin|Maass|2007|p=312}}
 
A case study of home gardens in [[Bada Valley|Napu Valley]], [[Central Sulawesi]], shows that the decrease in soil protection is caused by insufficient soil fertility management, regular [[Weed control|weeding]] and waste burning, dumping waste in garbage pits instead of using it for compost, and spread of inorganic waste.{{sfn|Kehlenbeck|Maass|2006|p=349}} The decrease of soil fertility worsens the decrease of crop diversity in the gardens.{{sfn|Wiersum|2006|p=19}}<div style="{{{style|text-align: center; height: 20%; width: 30%; margin: 0; padding: 1em; border: {{{border|solid 2px gold}}}; letter-spacing: {{{spacing|0px}}}; background-color: {{{bgcolor|black}}}; color: {{{fgcolor|white}}}; font-weight: bold;}}}"><span style="padding-left: {{{spacing|0px}}};">{{{1|{{#if: {{{bot|}}}|(penanda draf suntingan)|(penanda draf suntingan)}}}}}</span></div>
 
== Uses ==
[[File:Pasar buah lokal.jpg|thumb|left|AWarung fruitbuah stalldi in[[pasar an Indonesian traditional markettradisional]]]]
 
=== Subsistence ===
Products from {{lang|id|pekarangans}} have multiple uses; for example, a coconut tree can provide food, oil, fuel, and building materials, and also be used in rituals and ceremonies.{{sfn | Soemarwoto | Conway | 1992 | p=106}} The gardens' plants are known for their products' nutritional benefits and diversity. While rice is low in vitamins [[Vitamin A|A]] and [[Vitamin C|C]], products from the gardens offer an abundance of them. {{lang|id|Pekarangans}} with more perennial crops tend to create more [[carbohydrate]]s and [[protein]]s, and those with more annual plants tend to create more portions of vitamin A.{{sfn|Torquebiau|1992|p=199}}{{sfn | Soemarwoto | Soemarwato | Karyono | Soekartadiredja | 1985 | p=3}} {{lang|id|Pekarangans}} also act as a source of firewood and building materials.{{sfn|Soemarwoto|Conway|1992|p=106}}{{sfn|Abdoellah|Parikesit|Gunawan|Hadikusumah|2001|p=141}}
 
Lower-income families tend to consume more [[Leaf vegetable|leafy vegetables]] than wealthier families, due to their consistent availability and low price.{{sfn | Soemarwoto | Soemarwato | Karyono | Soekartadiredja | 1985 | p=3}} Low-income families also favor bigger use of fuel sources from the gardens.{{sfn | Soemarwoto | Conway | 1992 | p=106}} {{lang|id|Pekarangans}} in villages act as [[Subsistence agriculture|subsistence]] systems for families rather than an income source. In areas such as [[Gunung Kidul Regency|Gunung Kidul]], food-producing uses of the gardens are more dominant than crop fields due to soil erosion in these regions.{{sfn | Soemarwoto | Conway | 1992 | p=106}}<div style="{{{style|text-align: center; height: 20%; width: 30%; margin: 0; padding: 1em; border: {{{border|solid 2px gold}}}; letter-spacing: {{{spacing|0px}}}; background-color: {{{bgcolor|black}}}; color: {{{fgcolor|white}}}; font-weight: bold;}}}"><span style="padding-left: {{{spacing|0px}}};">{{{1|{{#if: {{{bot|}}}|(penanda draf suntingan)|(penanda draf suntingan)}}}}}</span></div>
 
=== Commercial ===
[[File:Picking chili peppers from home garden, Indonesia.jpg|thumb|ASeorang childanak picksmemetik [[chili peppercabai]]s in adi {{lang|id|pekarangan}}.]]
In urban and suburban areas, major fruit production centers, and tourist destination regions, {{lang|id|pekarangans}} tend to act as an income generator. Income from the gardens is mostly from perennial crops.{{sfn | Soemarwoto | Conway | 1992 | p=105}} Good market access stimulates the cultivation of commercial crops within the gardens.{{sfn | Wiersum | 2006 | p=19}} Other factors that influence their economic significance are their area and the demand for a particular crop.{{sfn|Abdoellah|Parikesit|Gunawan|Hadikusumah|2001|p=141}}
 
According to a 1991 article, the poor cultivate subsistence plants in their {{lang|id|pekarangans}} with an emphasis on fruits and vegetables, while the rich tend to plant more ornamental plants and cash crops with higher economic value.{{sfn | Yamamoto | Kubota | Ogo | Priyono | 1991 | p=110}} An article from 2006 also concludes that the importance of commercial plants increases with owners' wealth.{{sfn | Wiersum | 2006 | p=19}} A study in [[Sriharjo (village)|Sriharjo]], [[Special Region of Yogyakarta|Yogyakarta Special Region]], concludes that poorer {{lang|id|pekarangan}} owners orient toward commercial uses while richer owners orient toward subsistence uses.{{sfn|Dove|1990|p=157}} [[Ann Stoler]] argued that as a rural family acquire more area of rice field, garden use becomes less intense, up until the family-owned rice field reach around {{convert|2000|sqm|sqft|sp=us|abbr=}}, the minimal size typically needed to feed one family. Past this point, garden use starts to increase.{{sfn|Stoler|1978|p=95}}<div style="{{{style|text-align: center; height: 20%; width: 30%; margin: 0; padding: 1em; border: {{{border|solid 2px gold}}}; letter-spacing: {{{spacing|0px}}}; background-color: {{{bgcolor|black}}}; color: {{{fgcolor|white}}}; font-weight: bold;}}}"><span style="padding-left: {{{spacing|0px}}};">{{{1|{{#if: {{{bot|}}}|(penanda draf suntingan)|(penanda draf suntingan)}}}}}</span></div>
 
=== Other uses ===
Baris 104 ⟶ 98:
In a 2004 report, Javanese {{lang|id|pekarangans}} are suggested to have higher net income-per-area than rice fields. The same report argued that the cost of the Javanese gardens' production is lower than that of rice fields.{{sfn|Mitchell|Hanstad|2004|p=29}} People who focus on the gardens' production instead of rice fields may gain better yields than their counterparts.{{sfn|Torquebiau|1992|p=197}} Poor villagers, however, tend not to concentrate efforts toward the gardens; maintenance of the gardens as a sole income source would require the use of high-risk, high-reward crops, more intensive care, and income would be vulnerable to market fluctuations. Maintenance of diverse cash crops is more intense than that of rice fields and the intensity would make the villagers' gardening schedule less adaptable to rice farming activities.{{sfn|Stoler|1978|p=99}}
 
In some cases, people are allowed to build houses in the {{lang|id|pekarangans}} of others in exchange for doing work for the land owners. The gardens, however, tend to have a low demand for labor, offering minimal labor opportunities.{{sfn | Soemarwoto | Conway | 1992 | p=110}}<div style="{{{style|text-align: center; height: 20%; width: 30%; margin: 0; padding: 1em; border: {{{border|solid 2px gold}}}; letter-spacing: {{{spacing|0px}}}; background-color: {{{bgcolor|black}}}; color: {{{fgcolor|white}}}; font-weight: bold;}}}"><span style="padding-left: {{{spacing|0px}}};">{{{1|{{#if: {{{bot|}}}|(penanda draf suntingan)|(penanda draf suntingan)}}}}}</span></div>
 
== Culture ==
[[file:Proses Pembuatan Gunungan di Keraton Yogyakarta.jpg|thumb|A ''[[gununganGunungan]]'' madeuntuk ofdikirab foodpada forrangkaian [[Sekaten]], adisusun dari hasil tani yang Javanesebisa celebrationditemukan fordi ''Mawlid''pekarangan|alt=|left]]
 
The philosophy of living harmoniously, referred to as ''{{lang|su|rukun}}'', is followed by the Javanese and Sundanese; offering yields from {{lang|id|pekarangans}} to others is believed to be the medium of such culture. This can be done by offering its products to their neighbors, for example during events such as births, deaths, weddings, and cultural events like the [[Javanese calendar|Javanese new year]] and the [[Mawlid]] (observance of the birthday of [[Muhammad]]). Some offer their products to cure diseases or to protect owners from dangers. Their products are also given during daily life, especially in rural areas. A rural {{lang|id|pekarangan}} owner usually allows others to enter it for any practical reason: taking dead wood for fuel, pulling water from a well for their own use, or even taking its crops, though permission might be restricted or denied if the owner has only a limited yield for his or her own consumption. Requests to take products from the gardens for religious or medicinal purposes are rarely or never denied, but since some people believe asking permission to take medicinal plants in a {{lang|id|pekarangan}} is taboo, they may also be taken without explicit permission.{{sfn | Soemarwoto | Conway | 1992 | p=109}}
Baris 113 ⟶ 107:
Javanese culture interpreted the gardens as {{lang|id|pepek ing karang}}—"a complete design".{{sfn | Soemarwoto | Conway | 1992 | p=103}} It can also be interpreted as {{lang|id|pepek teng karangan}}, which according to the anthropologist Oekan Abdoellah, is a way of thinking, indicating agricultural practices within the gardens are a consequence of thinking about the ways to use their produce and satisfy their needs from them.{{sfn | Christanty | Abdoellah | Marten | Iskandar | 1986 | p=138}} The words within the ''pepek teng karangan'' phrase can also be translated individually: ''pepek'' means 'complete', ''teng'' means 'on', while ''karangan'' means 'idea'. This is similar to the Sundanese breakdown of the word ''pekarangan: pe-'' is a prefix that means 'place', ''karang'' means 'idea', and the combination of these can be loosely translated as 'a place to create ideas'.{{sfn|Pranoto|Pujowati|Ramayana|Turnip|2024|p=62}} Javanese culture, however, takes offense at the gardens' comparison with forests due to the low social value of forest in the culture. ''[[Wayang]]'' puppet plays depict forests as "places where wild animals and evil spirits reign" and its clearing, which is done only by men who are believed to have spiritual powers, is viewed as a respectable deed.{{sfn|Soemarwoto|Conway|1992|p=101}} The backyard of a Sundanese homestead is described as ''{{lang|su|supados sungkur}}'' (to be unseen by others).{{sfn|Christanty|Abdoellah|Marten|Iskandar|1986|p=145}}
 
[[Plant community|Associations of plants]] in Javanese {{lang|id|pekarangans}} tend to be more complex than those in Sundanese {{lang|id|pekarangans}}. In Javanese gardens, owners also tend to cultivate medicinal plants (''[[jamu]]'') while the Sundanese tend to grow vegetables and ornamental plants.{{sfn | Soemarwoto | Conway | 1992 | p=102}}<div style="{{{style|text-align: center; height: 20%; width: 30%; margin: 0; padding: 1em; border: {{{border|solid 2px gold}}}; letter-spacing: {{{spacing|0px}}}; background-color: {{{bgcolor|black}}}; color: {{{fgcolor|white}}}; font-weight: bold;}}}"><span style="padding-left: {{{spacing|0px}}};">{{{1|{{#if: {{{bot|}}}|(penanda draf suntingan)|(penanda draf suntingan)}}}}}</span></div>The [[Sundanese language]] has names for each part of a {{lang|id|pekarangan}}. The front yard is called ''{{lang|su|buruan}}'', a space for a garden shed, ornamental plants, fruit trees, a children's playground, benches, and crop-drying. The side yard (''{{lang|su|pipir}}'') is used for wood trees, crops, medicinal herbs, a fish pond, well, and a bathroom. The side yard is also a space for cloth-dying. The back yard (''{{lang|su|kebon}}'') is used to cultivate vegetable plants, spice plants, an animal pent, and industrial plants.{{sfn|Arifin|2013|pp=13–14}}
 
The [[Sundanese language]] has names for each part of a {{lang|id|pekarangan}}. The front yard is called ''{{lang|su|buruan}}'', a space for a garden shed, ornamental plants, fruit trees, a children's playground, benches, and crop-drying. The side yard (''{{lang|su|pipir}}'') is used for wood trees, crops, medicinal herbs, a fish pond, well, and a bathroom. The side yard is also a space for cloth-dying. The back yard (''{{lang|su|kebon}}'') is used to cultivate vegetable plants, spice plants, an animal pent, and industrial plants.{{sfn|Arifin|2013|pp=13–14}}
 
{{lang|id|Pekarangans}} in [[Lampung]] have their own elements; alongside plants are feet-washing places used before entering into a house's veranda ({{lang|id|gakhang hadap}}{{sfn|Rostiyati|2013|p=464}}), a rice-storage room ({{lang|id|walai}}{{sfn|Depdikbud|1993|p=79}}), an outdoor kitchenette or kitchen, a firewood-storage place, and livestock barn.{{sfn|Pratiwi|Gunawan|2017|p=5}} The front yard is called {{lang|id|tengahbah/terambah/beruan}}, the side yard is {{lang|id|kebik/kakebik}}, and the back yard is {{lang|id|kudan/juyu/kebon}}.{{sfn|Pratiwi|Gunawan|2017|p=7}}
 
[[File:Balinese house compound.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|ASebuah [[Balineserumah traditionaltradisional house|BalineseBali beserta area dwelling]]pekarangannya. IncludedTermasuk: {{lang|id|area sanggah}} areasdi onsudut theatas topdan corner and the left cornerkiri, anddan {{lang|id|natah}}, the outdoor area in thedi centertengah-tengah. TheBangunan {{lang|id|bale daja}} isterdapat todi thesisi leftkiri of {{lang|id|natah}} in the picture's orientation.|alt=|330x330px]]
 
Balinese {{lang|id|pekarangans}} are influenced by the philosophy of ''[[Tri Hita Karana|tri-hita-karana]]'' that divides spaces into {{lang|id|parahyangan}} (top, head, pure), {{lang|id|pawongan}} (middle, body, neutral), and {{lang|id|palemahan}} (below, feet, impure). The {{lang|id|parahyangan}} area of a Balinese {{lang|id|pekarangan}} faces [[Mount Agung]], which is regarded as a sacred place ({{lang|id|prajan}}) to pray ({{lang|id|sanggah}}). Plants with flowers and leaves that are regularly picked and used for [[Balinese Hinduism]] liturgical purposes are planted in the {{lang|id|parahyangan}} area. The {{lang|id|pawongan}} area is planted with regular flowers, fruits, and leaves. The {{lang|id|palemahan}} area is planted with fruits, stems, leaves, and tubers.{{sfn|Arifin|2013|pp=15–16}} Balinese back yards, which are known in [[Tabanan Regency|Tabanan]] and [[Karangasem Regency|Karangasem]] as {{lang|id|teba}}, are used as a place to cultivate crops and keep livestock for subsistence, commercial, and religious use as offerings.{{sfn|Arifin|2013|p=17}} The Balinese further developed beliefs about what plants should and should not be planted in various parts of their {{lang|id|pekarangans}}, following the teachings from the ''[[Taru Premana]]'' manuscript. As an example, [[nerium]] and [[bougainvillea]] are believed to emit positive [[Aura (paranormal)|auras]] while planted in the {{lang|id|parahyangan/sanggah}} area of a {{lang|id|pekarangan}} while negative auras are believed to appear if they are planted in front of the ''[[bale daja]]'', a building specifically placed in the north part of a dwelling.{{sfn|''Bali Express''|2018}}{{sfn|Saraswati|2009|p=35}}
Baris 127 ⟶ 119:
''Pekarangans'' of other ethnic groups in Indonesia have other names, including ''passiring'' and ''terampak benua'' in [[Bugis|Buginese]] culture, as well as ''tarampak'' and ''pa'palakan'' in [[Torajan people|Torajan]] culture.{{sfn|Pranoto|Pujowati|Ramayana|Turnip|2024|p=62}} ''Pekarangans'' are also integrated in local, community-level agroforestry systems, such as ''kaleka'' in [[Dayak people|Dayak]] households of Borneo.{{sfn|Rahu|Hidayat|Ariyadi|Hakim|2013|p=5}}
 
▲<br /><div style="{{{style|text-align: center; height: 20%; width: 6030%; margin: auto0; padding: 1em; border: {{{border|solid 2px gold}}}; letter-spacing: {{{spacing|0px}}}; background-color: {{{bgcolor|black}}}; color: {{{fgcolor|white}}}; font-weight: bold;}}}"><span style="padding-left: {{{spacing|8px0px}}};">{{{1|{{#if: {{{bot|}}}|(penanda draf suntingan)|(penanda draf suntingan)}}}}}</span></div>
== History and development ==
{{Quote frame|Pada pembentukan atau pendirian sebuah desa atau lahan baru, para calon pemukim akan memastikan untuk menyediakan lahan pekarangan yang cukup di sekitar gubuk mereka untuk ternak, serta untuk kebutuhan sehari-hari keluarga mereka. Hasil dari pekarangan ini adalah murni milik pemukim tersebut, dan dibebaskan dari kontribusi atau beban apa pun, serta di beberapa keresidenan (seperti di [[Keresidenan Kedu|Kedú]], misalnya), lahan tersebut mungkin mencakup sekitar sepersepuluh dari total luas wilayah. Lahan di sekitar tempat tinggal sederhana mereka dianggap sebagai warisan khusus oleh pemukim serta dibudidayakan dengan perhatian khusus. Mereka bekerja keras untuk menanam dan merawat sayuran yang paling berguna bagi keluarga mereka serta semak-semak dan pohon-pohon yang tidak hanya memberikan buah, tetapi juga naungan; dan mereka tidak membuang-buang tenaga di tanah yang tidak subur. Pondok-pondok, atau kumpulan gubuk-gubuk, yang membentuk desa, dengan demikian menjadi sepenuhnya terlindung dari cahaya matahari yang terik, dan begitu tertutup di tengah-tengah dedaunan yang subur, sehingga dari jarak yang agak jauh tidak ada tanda-tanda adanya hunian manusia yang dapat ditemukan, dan tempat tinggal masyarakat yang banyak tersebut hanya tampak seperti hutan hijau atau sekumpulan pohon hijau yang selalu rimbun. Tiada yang dapat melebihi keindahan atau daya tarik yang ditambahkan oleh kumpulan besar tumbuh-tumbuhan yang terpisah-pisah ini, tersebar di seluruh wajah pedesaan, serta menunjukkan tempat tinggal sekelompok pemukim yang bahagia, ke pemandangan yang sudah kaya, baik dilihat di sisi-sisi pegunungan, di lembah-lembah sempit, atau di dataran yang luas.|Terjemahan dari [[The History of Java]] oleh [[Stamford Raffles]]|1817.{{sfn | Raffles | 1817 | pp=81–82}} <br>{{resize|85%|Parts of the quote were also quoted by [[Ann Stoler]] in ''Garden Use and Household Economy in Rural Java'', 1978{{sfn|Stoler|1978|p=85}}}}}}▼
 
== Sejarah dan perkembangan ==
{| class="wikitable" style="float: right; margin:0.5em 0.5em"▼
▲{{Quote frame|Pada pembentukan atau pendirian sebuah desa atau lahan baru, para calon pemukim akan memastikan untuk menyediakan lahan pekarangan yang cukup di sekitar gubuk mereka untuk ternak, serta untuk kebutuhan sehari-hari keluarga mereka. Hasil dari pekarangan ini adalah murni milik pemukim tersebut, dan dibebaskan dari kontribusi atau beban apa pun, serta di beberapa keresidenan (seperti di [[Keresidenan Kedu|Kedú]], misalnya), lahan tersebut mungkin mencakup sekitar sepersepuluh dari total luas wilayah. Lahan di sekitar tempat tinggal sederhana mereka dianggap sebagai warisan khusus oleh pemukim serta dibudidayakan dengan perhatian khusus. Mereka bekerja keras untuk menanam dan merawat sayuran yang paling berguna bagi keluarga mereka serta semak-semak dan pohon-pohon yang tidak hanya memberikan buah, tetapi juga naungan; dan mereka tidak membuang-buang tenaga di tanah yang tidak subur. Pondok-pondok, atau kumpulan gubuk-gubuk, yang membentuk desa, dengan demikian menjadi sepenuhnya terlindung dari cahaya matahari yang terik, dan begitu tertutup di tengah-tengah dedaunan yang subur, sehingga dari jarak yang agak jauh tidak ada tanda-tanda adanya hunian manusia yang dapat ditemukan, dan tempat tinggal masyarakat yang banyak tersebut hanya tampak seperti hutan hijau atau sekumpulan pohon hijau yang selalu rimbun. Tiada yang dapat melebihi keindahan atau daya tarik yang ditambahkan oleh kumpulan besar tumbuh-tumbuhan yang terpisah-pisah ini, tersebar di seluruh wajah pedesaan, serta menunjukkan tempat tinggal sekelompok pemukim yang bahagia, ke pemandangan yang sudah kaya, baik dilihat di sisi-sisi pegunungan, di lembah-lembah sempit, atau di dataran yang luas.|Terjemahan dariauthor=[[Stamford Raffles]]|title=[[The History of Java]]|source=1817 oleh(terjemahan [[Stamford Raffles]]|1817bebas).{{sfn | Raffles | 1817 | pp=81–82}} <br>{{resize|85%|PartsSebagian ofkutipan theini quotejuga weredikutip alsooleh quoted by [[Ann Stoler]] indalam ''Garden Use and Household Economy in Rural Java'', 1978{{sfn|Stoler|1978|p=85}}}}}}
! colspan="5" |Distribution of pekarangan areas in Java▼
 
▲{| class="wikitable" style="float: right; margin:0.5em 0.5em"
▲! colspan="5" |DistributionSebaran ofluas pekarangan areasdi Pulau jawa in Java
|-
!Province
Baris 139 ⟶ 133:
!>300m<sup>2</sup>
|-
|[[WestJawa JavaBarat]]-[[Banten]]
|52.29%
|25.00%
Baris 145 ⟶ 139:
|8.95%
|-
|[[CentralJawa JavaTengah]]
|27.50%
|27.57%
Baris 151 ⟶ 145:
|31.73%
|-
|[[EastJawa JavaTimur]]
|34.52%
|25.83%
Baris 157 ⟶ 151:
|31.73%
|-
|[[SpecialDaerah Region ofIstimewa Yogyakarta|Special Region<br />ofD.I. Yogyakarta]]
|33.51%
|17.48%
Baris 163 ⟶ 157:
|34.40%
|-
| colspan="5" |SourceSumber: Arifin, Kaswanto & Nakagoshi 2014{{sfn|Arifin|Kaswanto|p=131|Nakagoshi|2014}}
|}
ByPada tahun 1902, {{lang|id|pekarangans}}pekarangan occupiedmencakup {{Convert|378,.000|ha|sqmi}} ofhektare lahan landdi inPulau JavaJawa, anddan theluasnya areameningkat increasedmenjadi to {{Convert|1,.417,.000|ha|sqmi}} inhektare pada tahun 1937 anddan {{Convert|1,.612,.568|ha|sqmi}} inhektare pada tahun 1986.{{sfn|Soemarwoto|Conway|1992|p=101}} InPada tahun 2000, theypekarangan occupiedmencakup aboutsekitar {{Convert|1,.736,.000|ha|sqmi}} hektare.{{sfn|Arifin|Kaswanto|p=130|Nakagoshi|2014}} IndonesiaSecara askeseluruhan, aIndonesia wholememiliki had {{Convert|5,.132,.000|ha|sqmi}} ofhektare suchpekarangan gardenssemacam itu.{{sfn|Arifin|Kaswanto|p=130|Nakagoshi|2014}} TheAngka numbertersebut peakedmeningkat atmenjadi aboutsekitar {{Convert|10,.300,.000|ha|sqmi}} inhektare pada tahun 2010.{{sfn|Arifin|2013|p=2}}
 
CentralOekan JavaAbdullah isdkk. consideredberpendapat thebahwa {{lang|id|pekarangans'}}Jawa centerTengah ofdianggap origin,sebagai accordingpusat tokelahiran Oekan Abdoellah et alpekarangan.; theKemudian, gardens laterpekarangan spreadmenyebar toke EastJawa JavaTimur inpada theabad twelfthkedua centurybelas.{{sfn|Abdoellah|Parikesit|Gunawan|Hadikusumah|2001|p=140}}{{sfn|Arifin|Sakamoto|Chiba|1998|p=94}} Soemarwoto anddan Conway proposedberpendapat thatbahwa earlybentuk formsawal of {{lang|id|pekarangan}} datesudah backada tosejak severalribuan thousandtahun yearsyang agolalu, buttetapi thecatatan first-knownpertama recordyang ofdiketahui themtentang ispekarangan aini Javaneseberasal charterdari fromsebuah babad Jawa tahun 860.{{sfn|Soemarwoto|Conway|1992|p=100}} During thePada [[DutchHindia East IndiesBelanda|Dutchera colonialpenjajahan eraBelanda]], {{lang|id|pekarangans}} were referredpekarangan todisebut assebagai ''erfcultuur''.{{sfn | Soemarwoto | Soemarwato | Karyono | Soekartadiredja | 1985 | p=44}} InPada theabad eighteenthkedelapan centurybelas, Javanesepekarangan {{lang|id|pekarangans}}suku hadJawa alreadytelah sobegitu influencedmemengaruhi WestJawa JavaBarat, thatsehingga theysebagian hadmasyarakat partlyJawa replacedBarat (yang sebagian besarnya bersuku Sunda) telah beralih dari membudidayakan {{lang|id|talun}} (abentuk localkebun formcampuran of mixed gardenslokal) there.{{sfn|Wiersum|2006|p=17}} SinceKarena {{lang|id|pekarangans}}pekarangan mengandung banyak containspesies manyyang specieswaktu matangnya berbeda-beda, whichpihak-pihak matureyang atmemerintah differentPulau timesJawa throughoutsepanjang thesejarahnya year,kesulitan ituntuk hasmengenakan beenpajak difficultsecara forsistematis governmentsbagi throughoutpekarangan. Pihak-pihak pemerintah ini termasuk [[HistoryDaftar ofkerajaan Indonesia|Javaneseyang history]]pernah toada taxdi themNusantara|kerajaan-kerajaan]], systematically.pihak In 1990kolonial, thishingga difficulty[[pemerintah causedIndonesia]]. thePada Indonesiantahun government1990, tokesulitan forbidini themenyebabkan reductionpemerintah ofIndonesia ricemelarang fieldspengurangan insawah favoruntuk ofdijadikan {{lang|id|pekarangans}}pekarangan. SuchKesulitan difficultysemacam mightini haveberpotensi helpedikut themembentuk gardenspekarangan tomenjadi becomelebih morekompleks complexseiring over timewaktu. DespiteMeskipun thatdemikian, pastpemerintahan-pemerintahan governmentstersebut stilltetap triedberusaha tountuk taxmengenakan thepajak gardenspada pekarangan.{{sfn | Dove | 1990 | pp=159–160}}
 
=== Dampak pertumbuhan ekonomi dan penduduk pada akhir abad ke-20 ===
=== Effects of economic and population growth in the late 20th century ===
Sejak tahun 1970-an, Indonesia telah mengalami pertumbuhan ekonomi berkat dorongan [[Rencana Pembangunan Lima Tahun]] (Repelita), yang diluncurkan oleh Presiden [[Soeharto]] pada tahun 1969. Pertumbuhan ekonomi ini membantu meningkatkan jumlah keluarga kelas menengah dan atas, sehingga meningkatkan permintaan akan produk berkualitas. Buah-buahan dan sayuran menjadi salah satu produk berkualitas yang permintaannya meningkat. Pekarangan di perkotaan, pinggiran kota, serta sentra produksi buah berupaya meningkatkan kualitas produknya. Namun, upaya tersebut mengurangi keanekaragaman hayati di pekarangan-pekarangan tersebut, sehingga membuat pekarangan lebih rentan terhadap hama dan penyakit tanaman. Beberapa wabah penyakit di pekarangan komersial terjadi pada tahun 1980-an dan 1990-an, seperti penyakit [[CVPD]] yang merusak banyak pohon jeruk mandalika dan penyebaran jamur [[patogen]] ''[[Phyllosticta]]'' yang menyerang hampir 20% pohon cengkeh di Jawa Barat. Kerentanan ini juga mempengaruhi kondisi ekonomi dan sosial masyarakat. Pemilik pekarangan lebih rentan mengutang, budaya berbagi dalam pekarangan komersial-tradisional menghilang, dan masyarakat miskin menikmati hak yang lebih sedikit dari pekarangan.{{sfn | Soemarwoto | Conway | 1992 | pp=110–111}}
Since the 1970s, Indonesia had observed economic growth rooted in the Indonesian government's five-year development plans ([[Five-Years Development Program (Indonesian program)|Repelita]]), which were launched in 1969. The economic growth helped increase the numbers of middle-class and upper-class families, resulting in better life and higher demand for quality products, including fruits and vegetables. {{lang|id|Pekarangans}} in urban, suburban, and main fruit production areas adapted its efforts to increase their products' quality but this resulted in a reduction of biological diversity in the gardens, leading to an increased vulnerability to pests and plant diseases. Some disease outbreaks in commercial {{lang|id|pekarangans}} occurred in the 1980s and the 1990s, such as the [[citrus greening disease]] that damaged many mandarin orange trees and the spread of the pathogenic fungi ''[[Phyllosticta]]'', which affected almost 20% of clove trees in West Java. This vulnerability also affected their owners' economic and social conditions; owners became more susceptible to debt, the sharing culture in traditional commercial {{lang|id|pekarangans}} vanished, and the poor enjoyed fewer rights from them.{{sfn | Soemarwoto | Conway | 1992 | pp=110–111}}
 
=== GovernmentProgram programspemerintah ===
[[file:Sby-pacitan-2-1.jpg|thumb|right|Presiden [[Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono]] saat berpidato di depan Kebun Bibit [[Kayen, Pacitan, Pacitan|Desa Kayen]], salah satu prototipe KRPL di [[Kabupaten Pacitan|Pacitan]], tahun 2012]]Pemerintah Indonesia meluncurkan kampanye Karang Kitri pada Oktober 1951, yang bertujuan untuk mengajak masyarakat untuk menanam pohon di pekarangan rumah dan jenis lahan lainnya. Tidak ada insentif yang diberikan dalam kampanye ini. Kampanye tersebut berakhir pada tahun 1960.{{sfn | Nawir | Murniati | Rumboko | 2007 | p=87}} Penggunaan pekarangan dimasukkan dalam program Diversifikasi Pangan dan Gizi yang dicanangkan oleh pemerintah Indonesia pada tahun 1991.{{sfn | Ashari | Saptana | Purwantini |2016| p=16}}
[[file:Sby-pacitan-2-1.jpg|thumb|right|[[Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono]], the sixth president of Indonesia, speaking in front of Kayen Village Seed Garden, a part of KRPL prototypes in Pacitan]]
 
Sejak awal 2010-an, pemerintah Indonesia, melalui [[Kementerian Pertanian Republik Indonesia|Kementerian Pertanian]], menjalankan program pengembangan pekarangan yang bernama Percepatan Penganekaragaman Konsumsi Pangan (P2KP), yang berfokus di kawasan perkotaan dan semi-perkotaan. Program ini menerapkan agendanya melalui konsep yang disebut Kawasan Rumah Pangan Lestari (KRPL).{{sfn | Saptana | Sunarsih | Friyatno |2013| p=67}}{{sfn | Ashari | Saptana | Purwantini |2016| p=17}} P2KP dilaksanakan berdasarkan Peraturan Presiden Indonesia No. 22 Tahun 2009. Terdapat juga program yang berfokus pada perempuan perkotaan, yang bernama Gerakan Perempuan untuk Optimalisasi Pekarangan (GPOP).{{sfn | Ashari | Saptana | Purwantini |2016| p=17}}
The Indonesian government launched a campaign in October 1951, namely {{lang|id|Karang Kitri}}, which aimed to persuade communities to plant trees in their home gardens and other types of land. There was no incentive given in the campaign. The campaign ended in 1960.{{sfn | Nawir | Murniati | Rumboko | 2007 | p=87}} Use of {{lang|id|pekarangans}} was included in a program by the Indonesian government in 1991 under a program called {{lang|id|Diversifikasi Pangan dan Gizi}} ("Food and Nutrition Diversification").{{sfn | Ashari | Saptana | Purwantini |2016| p=16}}
 
Selain program-program nasional, beberapa daerah di Indonesia telah melaksanakan program penggunaan pekarangan tersendiri. Pemerintah Provinsi (Pemprov) Jawa Timur meluncurkan program yang disebut Rumah Hijau pada tahun 2010. Pemprov Jawa Timur kemudian bekerja sama dengan Kementerian Pertanian untuk mengembangkan program Rumah Hijau berdasarkan prototipe KRPL di [[Kabupaten Pacitan|Pacitan]], serta membuat program baru bernama Rumah Hijau Plus-Plus.{{sfn | Ashari | Saptana | Purwantini |2016| p=17}}
Since the early 2010s, the government, through the [[Ministry of Agriculture (Indonesia)|Ministry of Agriculture]], runs a {{lang|id|pekarangan}} development program named {{lang|id|Percepatan Penganekaragaman Konsumsi Pangan}} (P2KP, "Acceleration on Food Diversification") that is focused in urban and semi-urban areas. The program applies its agenda to a concept named {{lang|id|Kawasan Rumah Pangan Lestari}} (KRPL; "Sustainable Food Houses Region"{{sfn | Saptana | Sunarsih | Friyatno |2013| p=67}}).{{sfn | Ashari | Saptana | Purwantini |2016| p=17}} P2KP was begun under the Indonesian Presidential Regulation No. 22 Year 2009. There is also an urban women-focused program named {{lang|id|Gerakan Perempuan untuk Optimalisasi Pekarangan}} (GPOP; "Women's Movement for Pekarangan Optimization").{{sfn | Ashari | Saptana | Purwantini |2016| p=17}}
 
== Referensi ==
In addition to the national programs, some regions of Indonesia have implemented their own {{lang|id|pekarangan}} use programs. The government of East Java launched a program called {{lang|id|Rumah Hijau}} ("Green House") in 2010. The provincial government later collaborated with the Ministry of Agriculture to improve upon the {{lang|id|Rumah Hijau}} program based on KRPL prototypes in [[Pacitan]], making a new program named {{lang|id|Rumah Hijau Plus-Plus}}.{{sfn | Ashari | Saptana | Purwantini |2016| p=17}}
 
== References ==
{{reflist|3}}
 
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* {{cite journal | last1=Ashari | last2=Saptana | last3=Purwantini | first3=Tri Bastuti | title=Potensi dan Prospek Pemanfaatan Lahan Pekarangan untuk Mendukung Ketahanan Pangan | journal=Forum Penelitian Agro Ekonomi | volume=30 | issue=1 | year=2016 | issn=2580-2674 | doi=10.21082/fae.v30n1.2012.13-30 | page=13 | doi-broken-date=1 November 2024 | language=id }}
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* {{cite book | author=[Depdikbud] IndonesianDepartemen DepartmentPendidikan ofdan EducationKebudayaan andRepublik CultureIndonesia | author-link=MinistryKementerian Pendidikan ofDasar Educationdan andMenengah CultureRepublik (Indonesia) | title=Peralatan Produksi Tradisional dan Perkembangannya Daerah Lampung | editor-last=Sirat | editor-first=Muhidin | editor2=Miraya Zulaiha B | editor3= Budiono | editor4=Budhiono SK | publisher=Indonesian Department of Education and Culture | location=Jakarta | year=1993 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lD_DCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA79 | language=id | ref={{sfnref|Depdikbud|1993}} | access-date=2019-08-02}}
* {{cite journal | last=Dove | first=Michael R. | title=Socio-Political Aspects of Home Gardens in Java | journal=Journal of Southeast Asian Studies | volume=21 | issue=1 | year=1990 | issn=0022-4634 | doi=10.1017/s0022463400002009 | pages=155–163 | s2cid=131567459 }}
* {{cite journal | last1=Febrianto | first1=Redi Sigit | last2=Wulandari | first2=Lisa Dwi | last3=Santosa | first3=Herry | title=Domain Ruang Perempuan Pada Hunian Masyarakat Peladang Desa Juruan Laok Madura Timur | journal=Tesa Arsitektur | volume=15 | issue=1 | year=2017 | issn=2460-6367 | doi=10.24167/tesa.v15i1.1014 | pages=54–63 | s2cid=217305061 | url=http://journal.unika.ac.id/index.php/tesa/article/view/1014 | language=id | access-date=2019-08-04 | doi-access=free }}
Baris 204 ⟶ 196:
* {{cite report |author-last=Mitchell |author-first=Robert |author-last2=Hanstad |author-first2=Tim| year=2004 |title=Small Homegarden Plots and Sustainable Livelihoods for the Poor |url=http://www.fao.org/tempref/docrep/fao/007/j2545e/j2545e00.pdf |publisher=FAO }}
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* {{cite web | title=pekarangan | website=The Online [[GreatKamus DictionaryBesar ofBahasa the Indonesian Language of the Language Center|Great Dictionary of the Indonesian LanguageIndonesia]] (KBBI)Daring | publisher=[[LanguageBadan andPengembangan Bookdan DevelopmentPembinaan AgencyBahasa]], [[MinistryKementerian ofPendidikan Educationdan andKebudayaan CultureRepublik (Indonesia)|IndonesianKementerian MinistryPendidikan ofDasar Educationdan andMenengah CultureRepublik (Indonesia)]] | url=https://kbbi.kemdikbud.go.id/entri/pekarangan | language=id | ref={{sfnref|KBBI}} | access-date=2020-01-11}}
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* {{cite journal | last1=Yamamoto | first1=Yoshinori | last2=Kubota | first2=Naohiro | last3=Ogo | first3=Tatsuo | last4=Priyono | title=Changes in the Structure of Homegardens under Different Climatic Conditions in Java Island| journal=Japanese Journal of Tropical Agriculture | volume=35 | issue=2 | year=1991 | issn=2185-0259 | doi=10.11248/jsta1957.35.104 | pages=104–117 }}
{{refend}}
 
{{Horticulture and gardening}}
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