Pengguna:Dhiosk/Bak pasir/Pekarangan: Perbedaan antara revisi
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[[File:West Sumatra pekarangan.jpg|thumb|upright=1.33|Pekarangan di [[Kabupaten Agam]], [[Sumatera Barat]]]]
'''Pekarangan''' adalah jenis [[Halaman bangunan|taman rumah]] tropis yang dikembangkan di [[Indonesia]], terutama di [[Jawa|Pulau Jawa]]. Pekarangan umumnya berisi ragam tanaman, sementara beberapa pekarangan memiliki hewan (termasuk [[ikan]] ternak, [[Hewan pemamah biak|pemamah biak]], [[unggas]], dan [[satwa liar]]) serta bangunan seperti kandang dan sangkar burung. Pekarangan menghasilkan pangan untuk kebutuhan sehari-hari dan untuk dijual serta menghasilkan tanaman hias. Selain itu, pekarangan juga menjadi tempat interaksi sosial (termasuk bagi hasil panen pekarangan) serta menyediakan hasil tani untuk upacara adat dan keagamaan. Beberapa pekarangan dibuat, dipelihara, dan diatur tata ruangnya sesuai dengan nilai-nilai lokal. Pekarangan
Peran keberlanjutan dan sosial pekarangan terancam oleh urbanisasi massal dan fragmentasi lahan, yang menjadi faktor penyusutan luas lahan tempat tinggal rata-rata. Penurunan ini kemudian diikuti dengan hilangnya keragaman tanaman di dalam pekarangan. Selain itu, sebagian pemilik pekarangan secara sengaja mengurangi keragaman tanaman untuk mengoptimalkan hasil tani komersial. Masalah seperti wabah hama dan peningkatan utang rumah tangga muncul akibat terdegradasinya keberlanjutan pekarangan.
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== Definition ==
Istilah "pekarangan", menurut [[Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia]], memiliki arti "tanah sekitar rumah", "halaman rumah", atau "tanah yang disiapkan untuk tempat tinggal".{{sfn|KBBI}} Namun, istilah ini banyak digunakan dalam pustaka ilmiah, khususnya dalam topik [[wanatani]] dan [[lingkungan]], untuk merujuk pada "kebun rumah".{{sfn|Kaswanto|Nakagoshi|2014|p=290}} Kata pekarangan
Para ilmuwan memberikan berbagai definisi tentang istilah "pekarangan". Menurut Sajogyo, pekarangan adalah sebidang tanah yang terletak di samping rumah dan digunakan secara sambilan. Totok Mardikanto dan Sri Sutami mendefinisikan pekarangan sebagai sebidang tanah yang mengelilingi perumahan. Kebanyakan pekarangan dipagari, dan biasanya ditanami dengan tanaman rapat yang terdiri dari berbagai tanaman semusim dan menahun untuk kebutuhan sehari-hari dan komersial. Euis Novitasari mengartikan pekarangan sebagai bentuk tata guna lahan berupa sistem produksi makanan skala kecil yang dilakukan oleh anggota keluarga, yang juga merupakan ekosistem dengan lapisan tajuk yang bersusun. Lebih jauh lagi, Euis Novitasari menggambarkan pekarangan sebagai area dengan batas yang jelas dan memiliki unsur-unsur seperti rumah, pelataran, dapur, kandang, dan pagar. Simatupang dan Suryana berpendapat bahwa sulit untuk mendefinisikan istilah "pekarangan" secara jelas, karena perannya dapat beragam, mulai dari bentuk lahan pertanian hingga sebidang tanah halaman rumah.{{sfn | Ashari | Saptana | Purwantini | 2016 | p=15}} Rahu et al. mengartikan istilah "pekarangan" secara sepsifik, yakni sebagai kebun rumah Jawa.{{sfn|Rahu|Hidayat|Ariyadi|Hakim|2013|p=5}}
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Sebuah pekarangan umumnya terdiri dari gabungan tanaman [[Tumbuhan semusim|semusim]] dan [[Tumbuhan menahun|menahun]]. Tanaman-tanaman tersebut bisa dipanen setiap hari atau musiman. Beberapa tanaman menahun seperti [[melinjo]] menghasilkan daun secara konsisten. Beberapa tanaman menahun lainnya seperti [[kelapa]], [[nangka]], [[pisang]], dan [[salak]] menghasilkan buah sepanjang tahun. Tanaman menahun lainnya memiliki masa berbuah yang terbatas. Misalnya, [[jambu semarang]] berbuah dari April hingga Juni, [[mangga]] berbuah pada bulan Juli dan Agustus, dan [[Durio zibethinus|durian]] berbuah dari Juni hingga September.{{sfn|Soemarwoto|Soemarwato|Karyono|Soekartadiredja|1985|p=3}} Tanaman menahun lebih umum ditemukan dibandingkan tanaman semusim pada pekarangan di daerah yang luas sawahnya melebihi 40 persen. Tanaman semusim lebih umum di daerah lain dengan luas sawah lebih rendah, tetapi tanaman menahun kembali diutamakan bila terjadi keterbatasan tenaga kerja.{{sfn|Christanty|Abdoellah|Marten|Iskandar|1986|p=143}} Pepohonan adalah salah satu komponen paling umum dari pekarangan. Pepohonan juga membantu memberikan gambaran pedesaan Indonesia dengan rumah yang cenderung tersembunyi di antara pekarangan yang "lebat dan menyerupai hutan".{{sfn|Soemarwoto|Conway|1992|p=101}}
Pekarangan [[Suku Sunda|Sunda]] memilki pola tanaman tersendiri. Tanaman hias, serta tanaman bernilai komersial seperti [[cengkih]], [[jeruk]], dan mangga sering ditanam di pekarangan depan agar dapat lebih mudah diawasi. Tanaman pangan yang mengandung [[Amilum|pati]], [[Tumbuhan obat|tanaman obat]], dan tanaman komoditas lebih sering ditanam di pekarangan depan dan belakang, dan lebih sedikit di pekarangan samping. Kopi
Tanaman di pekarangan [[Suku Jawa|Jawa]] dan Sunda, termasuk tanaman semusim yang dibudidayakan di musim kemarau (misalnya [[terung]]), biasanya ditanam di dekat sumber air seperti kolam ikan, selokan terbuka, dan sumur.{{sfn | Soemarwoto | Soemarwato | Karyono | Soekartadiredja | 1985 | p=3}}{{sfn|Christanty|Abdoellah|Marten|Iskandar|1986|p=145}} Tanaman yang membutuhkan tingkat nutrisi tinggi, seperti pisang, mangga, nangka, dan tanaman buah lainnya, ditanam dekat tempat pembuangan sampah.{{sfn|Christanty|Abdoellah|Marten|Iskandar|1986|p=145}} Sementara itu, tanaman yang sering dipanen untuk masakan, seperti [[cabai]], [[lengkuas]], [[Serai dapur|serai]], dan [[tomat]], ditanam dekat dapur.{{sfn|Christanty|Abdoellah|Marten|Iskandar|1986|p=145}}{{sfn|Torquebiau|1992|p=193}}
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Pekarangan di [[Kalimantan]] mengandung jumlah [[Introduksi spesies|spesies introduksi]] yang lebih rendah dari pekarangan di wilayah lain di Indonesia. Banyak tanaman di pekarangan Kalimantan yang merupakan tanaman asli Kalimantan. Di antara tanaman-tanaman di pekarangan Kalimantan yang dianggap penting secara ekonomi dan ekologi adalah [[durian]] (termasuk [[lai]]), [[nangka]], [[duku]], dan [[rambutan]].{{sfn|Rahu|Hidayat|Ariyadi|Hakim|2013|p=8-9}}
===
[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Geitenhok ingericht voor de mestverzameling voor de groententuin Sindanglaja TMnr 10013517.jpg|thumb|left|
[[File:Domestic goat in Agam, West Sumatra.jpg|thumb|
Terdapat perbedaan temuan ilmiah mengenai keanekaragaman burung liar di pekarangan. Sebuah penelitian di Jawa Barat mencatat adanya keanekaragaman burung yang tinggi di pekarangan, termasuk spesies burung yang dilindungi. Sementara itu, penelitian lain di [[Jambi]] menunjukkan bahwa pekarangan (secara satuan) tidak efektif sebagai sarana untuk melestarikan [[Komunitas (ekologi)|komunitas ekologis]] burung. Hal ini disebabkan oleh [[efek tepi]] ekologis dari bentuk pekarangan yang tidak teratur, gangguan yang sering terjadi pada pekarangan, dan kedekatan pekarangan dengan jalan serta rumah. Pekarangan yang diteliti di Jambi tersebut memiliki tingkat keanekaragaman tanaman yang sangat rendah, berbeda dibandingkan pekarangan pada umumnya. Meskipun demikian, pekarangan pada studi tersebut masih menarik burung karena sumber makanan yang ada.{{sfn | Soemarwoto | Conway | 1992 | p=102}}{{sfn|Prabowo|Darras|Clough|Toledo-Hernandez|2016|p=13}} Temuan serupa juga ditemukan dalam studi lainnya di Jawa Barat, yang menunjukkan bahwa anak-anak melemparkan batu dengan ketapel ke burung-burung di pekarangan dan mengambil telurnya, sementara orang dewasa membunuh atau mengejar burung karena dianggap sebagai hama.{{sfn|Christanty|Abdoellah|Marten|Iskandar|1986|p=154}}<div style="{{{style|text-align: center; height: 20%; width: 30%; margin: 0; padding: 1em; border: {{{border|solid 2px gold}}}; letter-spacing: {{{spacing|0px}}}; background-color: {{{bgcolor|black}}}; color: {{{fgcolor|white}}}; font-weight: bold;}}}"><span style="padding-left: {{{spacing|0px}}};">{{{1|{{#if: {{{bot|}}}|(penanda draf suntingan)|(penanda draf suntingan)}}}}}</span></div>
== Ecology ==
[[File:Kebun belakang rumah - panoramio.jpg|thumb|
Plant diversity in {{lang|id|pekarangans}} arises from complex interactions between several factors that are not fully understood.{{sfn|Kehlenbeck|Arifin|Maass|2007|p=300}} These include environmental stability, the [[tropical climate]] that is favorable to plant growth, and their close proximity to the owners' domestic activities.{{sfn|Soemarwoto|Conway|1992|p=103}} Other natural factors are size, temperature decrease due to elevation, [[precipitation]], and climatic events like [[El Niño]].{{sfn|Kehlenbeck|Arifin|Maass|2007 |pp=300–302}} Anthropological factors include individual preferences and market proximity.{{sfn|Kehlenbeck|Arifin|Maass|2007|pp=300, 303}}
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The diversity of plants aids individual plants to adapt to a changing environment, helping them survive in the long term.{{sfn|Kehlenbeck|Arifin|Maass|2007|p=299}} The biodiversity in the multi-layered system also helps to optimize solar energy and carbon harvesting, cool the domestic climate, protect the soil from erosion, and accommodate habitats for wild plants and animals.{{sfn|Arifin|2013|p=18}}{{sfn|Kehlenbeck|Arifin|Maass|2007|p=299}} The [[Genetics|genetic]] diversity also gives protection from the effects of pests and diseases.{{sfn|Soemarwoto|Conway|1992|p=108}} As an example, the abundance of [[insectivorous]] birds in the gardens helps control pests,{{sfn|Torquebiau|1992|p=195}} helping the garden remain productive.{{sfn|Kehlenbeck|Arifin|Maass|2007|p=299}}
While on per individual basis {{lang|id|pekarangans}} store only small amounts of carbon due to their size, on per area basis they hold an amount of carbon that is similar to primary or secondary forests, and greatly surpassing ''[[Imperata]]'' grasslands and [[fallow land]]s.{{sfn|Roshetko|Delaney|Hairiah|Purnomosidhi|2002|p=146}}<div style="{{{style|text-align: center; height: 20%; width: 30%; margin: 0; padding: 1em; border: {{{border|solid 2px gold}}}; letter-spacing: {{{spacing|0px}}}; background-color: {{{bgcolor|black}}}; color: {{{fgcolor|white}}}; font-weight: bold;}}}"><span style="padding-left: {{{spacing|0px}}};">{{{1|{{#if: {{{bot|}}}|(penanda draf suntingan)|(penanda draf suntingan)}}}}}</span></div>
=== Natural factors ===
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{{lang|id|Pekarangans}} with better access to water—either by climate or by proximity to water resources—are able to facilitate annual crop cultivation.{{sfn | Soemarwoto | Conway | 1992 | p=107}} Those in West Java, when observed, perform better in accommodating plant diversity when the wet season occurs than in the dry season.{{sfn|Kehlenbeck|Arifin|Maass|2007|pp=300–301}} The climatic conditions of Java enable the consistent growth of annual plants in its {{lang|id|pekarangans}}, even in parts of [[East Java]] where the climate is drier.{{sfn|Soemarwoto| Soemarwato | Karyono | Soekartadiredja |1985|p=195}}
[[Canopy (biology)|Canopy]] in those gardens functions as a protection from intense raindrops. Most of their plants' heights are less than a meter, slowing down raindrops when they hit the soil.{{sfn | Soemarwoto | Conway | 1992 | p=108}}{{sfn|Torquebiau|1992|p=193}} Leaf litter also helps protecting the soil against erosion. The role of plant canopies in consistently producing organic litter is believed to be more important in reducing erosion than its direct speed-reducing effects on raindrops. Nevertheless, gardens are less effective than natural forests in erosion reduction.{{sfn | Soemarwoto | Conway | 1992 | pp=108–109}}{{sfn|Torquebiau|1992|p=193}}<div style="{{{style|text-align: center; height: 20%; width: 30%; margin: 0; padding: 1em; border: {{{border|solid 2px gold}}}; letter-spacing: {{{spacing|0px}}}; background-color: {{{bgcolor|black}}}; color: {{{fgcolor|white}}}; font-weight: bold;}}}"><span style="padding-left: {{{spacing|0px}}};">{{{1|{{#if: {{{bot|}}}|(penanda draf suntingan)|(penanda draf suntingan)}}}}}</span></div>
=== Human impact ===
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Commercialization, fragmentation, and urbanization are major hazards to {{lang|id|pekarangans'}} plant diversity. These change the organic cycles within the gardens, threatening their ecological sustainability.{{sfn|Kehlenbeck|Arifin|Maass|2007|p=313}} Commercialization requires a systemic change of crop planting. To optimize and produce more crops, a {{lang|id|pekarangan's}} owner must specialize in its crops, making a small number of crops dominate the garden. Some owners turn them into [[monoculture]] gardens.{{sfn|Abdoellah|Parikesit|Gunawan|Hadikusumah|2001|p=142}} Fragmentation stems from the traditional system of inheritance.{{sfn|Kehlenbeck|Arifin|Maass|2007|p=313}} Consequences from the reduction of plant diversity include the loss of canopy structures and organic litter, resulting in less protection of the gardens' soil; loss of pest-control agents, increasing the use of pesticides; loss of production stability; loss of nutrients' diversity; and the disappearance of yields-sharing culture.{{sfn|Soemarwoto|Conway|1992|pp=110–111}} Despite urbanization's negative effect in reducing their plant diversity, it increases that of the [[ornamental plant]]s.{{sfn|Kehlenbeck|Arifin|Maass|2007|p=312}}
A case study of home gardens in [[Bada Valley|Napu Valley]], [[Central Sulawesi]], shows that the decrease in soil protection is caused by insufficient soil fertility management, regular [[Weed control|weeding]] and waste burning, dumping waste in garbage pits instead of using it for compost, and spread of inorganic waste.{{sfn|Kehlenbeck|Maass|2006|p=349}} The decrease of soil fertility worsens the decrease of crop diversity in the gardens.{{sfn|Wiersum|2006|p=19}}<div style="{{{style|text-align: center; height: 20%; width: 30%; margin: 0; padding: 1em; border: {{{border|solid 2px gold}}}; letter-spacing: {{{spacing|0px}}}; background-color: {{{bgcolor|black}}}; color: {{{fgcolor|white}}}; font-weight: bold;}}}"><span style="padding-left: {{{spacing|0px}}};">{{{1|{{#if: {{{bot|}}}|(penanda draf suntingan)|(penanda draf suntingan)}}}}}</span></div>
== Uses ==
[[File:Pasar buah lokal.jpg|thumb|left|
=== Subsistence ===
Products from {{lang|id|pekarangans}} have multiple uses; for example, a coconut tree can provide food, oil, fuel, and building materials, and also be used in rituals and ceremonies.{{sfn | Soemarwoto | Conway | 1992 | p=106}} The gardens' plants are known for their products' nutritional benefits and diversity. While rice is low in vitamins [[Vitamin A|A]] and [[Vitamin C|C]], products from the gardens offer an abundance of them. {{lang|id|Pekarangans}} with more perennial crops tend to create more [[carbohydrate]]s and [[protein]]s, and those with more annual plants tend to create more portions of vitamin A.{{sfn|Torquebiau|1992|p=199}}{{sfn | Soemarwoto | Soemarwato | Karyono | Soekartadiredja | 1985 | p=3}} {{lang|id|Pekarangans}} also act as a source of firewood and building materials.{{sfn|Soemarwoto|Conway|1992|p=106}}{{sfn|Abdoellah|Parikesit|Gunawan|Hadikusumah|2001|p=141}}
Lower-income families tend to consume more [[Leaf vegetable|leafy vegetables]] than wealthier families, due to their consistent availability and low price.{{sfn | Soemarwoto | Soemarwato | Karyono | Soekartadiredja | 1985 | p=3}} Low-income families also favor bigger use of fuel sources from the gardens.{{sfn | Soemarwoto | Conway | 1992 | p=106}} {{lang|id|Pekarangans}} in villages act as [[Subsistence agriculture|subsistence]] systems for families rather than an income source. In areas such as [[Gunung Kidul Regency|Gunung Kidul]], food-producing uses of the gardens are more dominant than crop fields due to soil erosion in these regions.{{sfn | Soemarwoto | Conway | 1992 | p=106}}<div style="{{{style|text-align: center; height: 20%; width: 30%; margin: 0; padding: 1em; border: {{{border|solid 2px gold}}}; letter-spacing: {{{spacing|0px}}}; background-color: {{{bgcolor|black}}}; color: {{{fgcolor|white}}}; font-weight: bold;}}}"><span style="padding-left: {{{spacing|0px}}};">{{{1|{{#if: {{{bot|}}}|(penanda draf suntingan)|(penanda draf suntingan)}}}}}</span></div>
=== Commercial ===
[[File:Picking chili peppers from home garden, Indonesia.jpg|thumb|
In urban and suburban areas, major fruit production centers, and tourist destination regions, {{lang|id|pekarangans}} tend to act as an income generator. Income from the gardens is mostly from perennial crops.{{sfn | Soemarwoto | Conway | 1992 | p=105}} Good market access stimulates the cultivation of commercial crops within the gardens.{{sfn | Wiersum | 2006 | p=19}} Other factors that influence their economic significance are their area and the demand for a particular crop.{{sfn|Abdoellah|Parikesit|Gunawan|Hadikusumah|2001|p=141}}
According to a 1991 article, the poor cultivate subsistence plants in their {{lang|id|pekarangans}} with an emphasis on fruits and vegetables, while the rich tend to plant more ornamental plants and cash crops with higher economic value.{{sfn | Yamamoto | Kubota | Ogo | Priyono | 1991 | p=110}} An article from 2006 also concludes that the importance of commercial plants increases with owners' wealth.{{sfn | Wiersum | 2006 | p=19}} A study in [[Sriharjo (village)|Sriharjo]], [[Special Region of Yogyakarta|Yogyakarta Special Region]], concludes that poorer {{lang|id|pekarangan}} owners orient toward commercial uses while richer owners orient toward subsistence uses.{{sfn|Dove|1990|p=157}} [[Ann Stoler]] argued that as a rural family acquire more area of rice field, garden use becomes less intense, up until the family-owned rice field reach around {{convert|2000|sqm|sqft|sp=us|abbr=}}, the minimal size typically needed to feed one family. Past this point, garden use starts to increase.{{sfn|Stoler|1978|p=95}}<div style="{{{style|text-align: center; height: 20%; width: 30%; margin: 0; padding: 1em; border: {{{border|solid 2px gold}}}; letter-spacing: {{{spacing|0px}}}; background-color: {{{bgcolor|black}}}; color: {{{fgcolor|white}}}; font-weight: bold;}}}"><span style="padding-left: {{{spacing|0px}}};">{{{1|{{#if: {{{bot|}}}|(penanda draf suntingan)|(penanda draf suntingan)}}}}}</span></div>
=== Other uses ===
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In a 2004 report, Javanese {{lang|id|pekarangans}} are suggested to have higher net income-per-area than rice fields. The same report argued that the cost of the Javanese gardens' production is lower than that of rice fields.{{sfn|Mitchell|Hanstad|2004|p=29}} People who focus on the gardens' production instead of rice fields may gain better yields than their counterparts.{{sfn|Torquebiau|1992|p=197}} Poor villagers, however, tend not to concentrate efforts toward the gardens; maintenance of the gardens as a sole income source would require the use of high-risk, high-reward crops, more intensive care, and income would be vulnerable to market fluctuations. Maintenance of diverse cash crops is more intense than that of rice fields and the intensity would make the villagers' gardening schedule less adaptable to rice farming activities.{{sfn|Stoler|1978|p=99}}
In some cases, people are allowed to build houses in the {{lang|id|pekarangans}} of others in exchange for doing work for the land owners. The gardens, however, tend to have a low demand for labor, offering minimal labor opportunities.{{sfn | Soemarwoto | Conway | 1992 | p=110}}<div style="{{{style|text-align: center; height: 20%; width: 30%; margin: 0; padding: 1em; border: {{{border|solid 2px gold}}}; letter-spacing: {{{spacing|0px}}}; background-color: {{{bgcolor|black}}}; color: {{{fgcolor|white}}}; font-weight: bold;}}}"><span style="padding-left: {{{spacing|0px}}};">{{{1|{{#if: {{{bot|}}}|(penanda draf suntingan)|(penanda draf suntingan)}}}}}</span></div>
== Culture ==
[[file:Proses Pembuatan Gunungan di Keraton Yogyakarta.jpg|thumb|
The philosophy of living harmoniously, referred to as ''{{lang|su|rukun}}'', is followed by the Javanese and Sundanese; offering yields from {{lang|id|pekarangans}} to others is believed to be the medium of such culture. This can be done by offering its products to their neighbors, for example during events such as births, deaths, weddings, and cultural events like the [[Javanese calendar|Javanese new year]] and the [[Mawlid]] (observance of the birthday of [[Muhammad]]). Some offer their products to cure diseases or to protect owners from dangers. Their products are also given during daily life, especially in rural areas. A rural {{lang|id|pekarangan}} owner usually allows others to enter it for any practical reason: taking dead wood for fuel, pulling water from a well for their own use, or even taking its crops, though permission might be restricted or denied if the owner has only a limited yield for his or her own consumption. Requests to take products from the gardens for religious or medicinal purposes are rarely or never denied, but since some people believe asking permission to take medicinal plants in a {{lang|id|pekarangan}} is taboo, they may also be taken without explicit permission.{{sfn | Soemarwoto | Conway | 1992 | p=109}}
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Javanese culture interpreted the gardens as {{lang|id|pepek ing karang}}—"a complete design".{{sfn | Soemarwoto | Conway | 1992 | p=103}} It can also be interpreted as {{lang|id|pepek teng karangan}}, which according to the anthropologist Oekan Abdoellah, is a way of thinking, indicating agricultural practices within the gardens are a consequence of thinking about the ways to use their produce and satisfy their needs from them.{{sfn | Christanty | Abdoellah | Marten | Iskandar | 1986 | p=138}} The words within the ''pepek teng karangan'' phrase can also be translated individually: ''pepek'' means 'complete', ''teng'' means 'on', while ''karangan'' means 'idea'. This is similar to the Sundanese breakdown of the word ''pekarangan: pe-'' is a prefix that means 'place', ''karang'' means 'idea', and the combination of these can be loosely translated as 'a place to create ideas'.{{sfn|Pranoto|Pujowati|Ramayana|Turnip|2024|p=62}} Javanese culture, however, takes offense at the gardens' comparison with forests due to the low social value of forest in the culture. ''[[Wayang]]'' puppet plays depict forests as "places where wild animals and evil spirits reign" and its clearing, which is done only by men who are believed to have spiritual powers, is viewed as a respectable deed.{{sfn|Soemarwoto|Conway|1992|p=101}} The backyard of a Sundanese homestead is described as ''{{lang|su|supados sungkur}}'' (to be unseen by others).{{sfn|Christanty|Abdoellah|Marten|Iskandar|1986|p=145}}
[[Plant community|Associations of plants]] in Javanese {{lang|id|pekarangans}} tend to be more complex than those in Sundanese {{lang|id|pekarangans}}. In Javanese gardens, owners also tend to cultivate medicinal plants (''[[jamu]]'') while the Sundanese tend to grow vegetables and ornamental plants.{{sfn | Soemarwoto | Conway | 1992 | p=102}}<div style="{{{style|text-align: center; height: 20%; width: 30%; margin: 0; padding: 1em; border: {{{border|solid 2px gold}}}; letter-spacing: {{{spacing|0px}}}; background-color: {{{bgcolor|black}}}; color: {{{fgcolor|white}}}; font-weight: bold;}}}"><span style="padding-left: {{{spacing|0px}}};">{{{1|{{#if: {{{bot|}}}|(penanda draf suntingan)|(penanda draf suntingan)}}}}}</span></div>The [[Sundanese language]] has names for each part of a {{lang|id|pekarangan}}. The front yard is called ''{{lang|su|buruan}}'', a space for a garden shed, ornamental plants, fruit trees, a children's playground, benches, and crop-drying. The side yard (''{{lang|su|pipir}}'') is used for wood trees, crops, medicinal herbs, a fish pond, well, and a bathroom. The side yard is also a space for cloth-dying. The back yard (''{{lang|su|kebon}}'') is used to cultivate vegetable plants, spice plants, an animal pent, and industrial plants.{{sfn|Arifin|2013|pp=13–14}}
{{lang|id|Pekarangans}} in [[Lampung]] have their own elements; alongside plants are feet-washing places used before entering into a house's veranda ({{lang|id|gakhang hadap}}{{sfn|Rostiyati|2013|p=464}}), a rice-storage room ({{lang|id|walai}}{{sfn|Depdikbud|1993|p=79}}), an outdoor kitchenette or kitchen, a firewood-storage place, and livestock barn.{{sfn|Pratiwi|Gunawan|2017|p=5}} The front yard is called {{lang|id|tengahbah/terambah/beruan}}, the side yard is {{lang|id|kebik/kakebik}}, and the back yard is {{lang|id|kudan/juyu/kebon}}.{{sfn|Pratiwi|Gunawan|2017|p=7}}
[[File:Balinese house compound.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|
Balinese {{lang|id|pekarangans}} are influenced by the philosophy of ''[[Tri Hita Karana|tri-hita-karana]]'' that divides spaces into {{lang|id|parahyangan}} (top, head, pure), {{lang|id|pawongan}} (middle, body, neutral), and {{lang|id|palemahan}} (below, feet, impure). The {{lang|id|parahyangan}} area of a Balinese {{lang|id|pekarangan}} faces [[Mount Agung]], which is regarded as a sacred place ({{lang|id|prajan}}) to pray ({{lang|id|sanggah}}). Plants with flowers and leaves that are regularly picked and used for [[Balinese Hinduism]] liturgical purposes are planted in the {{lang|id|parahyangan}} area. The {{lang|id|pawongan}} area is planted with regular flowers, fruits, and leaves. The {{lang|id|palemahan}} area is planted with fruits, stems, leaves, and tubers.{{sfn|Arifin|2013|pp=15–16}} Balinese back yards, which are known in [[Tabanan Regency|Tabanan]] and [[Karangasem Regency|Karangasem]] as {{lang|id|teba}}, are used as a place to cultivate crops and keep livestock for subsistence, commercial, and religious use as offerings.{{sfn|Arifin|2013|p=17}} The Balinese further developed beliefs about what plants should and should not be planted in various parts of their {{lang|id|pekarangans}}, following the teachings from the ''[[Taru Premana]]'' manuscript. As an example, [[nerium]] and [[bougainvillea]] are believed to emit positive [[Aura (paranormal)|auras]] while planted in the {{lang|id|parahyangan/sanggah}} area of a {{lang|id|pekarangan}} while negative auras are believed to appear if they are planted in front of the ''[[bale daja]]'', a building specifically placed in the north part of a dwelling.{{sfn|''Bali Express''|2018}}{{sfn|Saraswati|2009|p=35}}
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''Pekarangans'' of other ethnic groups in Indonesia have other names, including ''passiring'' and ''terampak benua'' in [[Bugis|Buginese]] culture, as well as ''tarampak'' and ''pa'palakan'' in [[Torajan people|Torajan]] culture.{{sfn|Pranoto|Pujowati|Ramayana|Turnip|2024|p=62}} ''Pekarangans'' are also integrated in local, community-level agroforestry systems, such as ''kaleka'' in [[Dayak people|Dayak]] households of Borneo.{{sfn|Rahu|Hidayat|Ariyadi|Hakim|2013|p=5}}
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== Sejarah dan perkembangan ==
{{Quote frame|Pada pembentukan atau pendirian sebuah desa atau lahan baru, para calon pemukim akan memastikan untuk menyediakan lahan pekarangan yang cukup di sekitar gubuk mereka untuk ternak, serta untuk kebutuhan sehari-hari keluarga mereka. Hasil dari pekarangan ini adalah murni milik pemukim tersebut, dan dibebaskan dari kontribusi atau beban apa pun, serta di beberapa keresidenan (seperti di [[Keresidenan Kedu|Kedú]], misalnya), lahan tersebut mungkin mencakup sekitar sepersepuluh dari total luas wilayah. Lahan di sekitar tempat tinggal sederhana mereka dianggap sebagai warisan khusus oleh pemukim serta dibudidayakan dengan perhatian khusus. Mereka bekerja keras untuk menanam dan merawat sayuran yang paling berguna bagi keluarga mereka serta semak-semak dan pohon-pohon yang tidak hanya memberikan buah, tetapi juga naungan; dan mereka tidak membuang-buang tenaga di tanah yang tidak subur. Pondok-pondok, atau kumpulan gubuk-gubuk, yang membentuk desa, dengan demikian menjadi sepenuhnya terlindung dari cahaya matahari yang terik, dan begitu tertutup di tengah-tengah dedaunan yang subur, sehingga dari jarak yang agak jauh tidak ada tanda-tanda adanya hunian manusia yang dapat ditemukan, dan tempat tinggal masyarakat yang banyak tersebut hanya tampak seperti hutan hijau atau sekumpulan pohon hijau yang selalu rimbun. Tiada yang dapat melebihi keindahan atau daya tarik yang ditambahkan oleh kumpulan besar tumbuh-tumbuhan yang terpisah-pisah ini, tersebar di seluruh wajah pedesaan, serta menunjukkan tempat tinggal sekelompok pemukim yang bahagia, ke pemandangan yang sudah kaya, baik dilihat di sisi-sisi pegunungan, di lembah-lembah sempit, atau di dataran yang luas.|
{|
! colspan="5" |Sebaran luas pekarangan di Pulau jawa in Java
|-
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Pada tahun 1902, pekarangan mencakup 378.000 hektare lahan di Pulau Jawa, dan luasnya meningkat menjadi 1.417.000 hektare pada tahun 1937 dan 1.612.568 hektare pada tahun 1986.{{sfn|Soemarwoto|Conway|1992|p=101}} Pada tahun 2000, pekarangan mencakup sekitar 1.736.000 hektare.{{sfn|Arifin|Kaswanto|p=130|Nakagoshi|2014}} Secara keseluruhan, Indonesia memiliki 5.132.000 hektare pekarangan semacam itu.{{sfn|Arifin|Kaswanto|p=130|Nakagoshi|2014}} Angka tersebut meningkat menjadi sekitar 10.300.000 hektare pada tahun 2010.{{sfn|Arifin|2013|p=2}}
Oekan Abdullah dkk. berpendapat bahwa Jawa Tengah dianggap sebagai pusat kelahiran pekarangan. Kemudian, pekarangan menyebar ke Jawa Timur pada abad kedua belas.{{sfn|Abdoellah|Parikesit|Gunawan|Hadikusumah|2001|p=140}}{{sfn|Arifin|Sakamoto|Chiba|1998|p=94}} Soemarwoto dan Conway berpendapat bahwa bentuk awal pekarangan sudah ada sejak ribuan tahun yang lalu, tetapi catatan pertama yang diketahui tentang pekarangan ini berasal dari sebuah babad Jawa tahun 860.{{sfn|Soemarwoto|Conway|1992|p=100}} Pada [[Hindia Belanda|era penjajahan Belanda]], pekarangan disebut sebagai ''erfcultuur''.{{sfn | Soemarwoto | Soemarwato | Karyono | Soekartadiredja | 1985 | p=44}} Pada abad kedelapan belas, pekarangan suku Jawa telah begitu memengaruhi Jawa Barat, sehingga sebagian masyarakat Jawa Barat (yang sebagian besarnya bersuku Sunda) telah beralih dari membudidayakan talun (bentuk kebun campuran lokal).{{sfn|Wiersum|2006|p=17}} Karena pekarangan mengandung banyak spesies yang waktu matangnya berbeda-beda, pihak-pihak yang memerintah Pulau Jawa sepanjang sejarahnya kesulitan untuk mengenakan pajak secara sistematis bagi pekarangan. Pihak-pihak pemerintah ini termasuk [[Daftar kerajaan yang pernah ada di Nusantara|kerajaan-kerajaan]], pihak kolonial, hingga [[pemerintah Indonesia]]. Pada tahun 1990, kesulitan ini menyebabkan pemerintah Indonesia melarang pengurangan sawah untuk dijadikan pekarangan. Kesulitan semacam ini
=== Dampak pertumbuhan ekonomi dan penduduk pada akhir abad ke-20 ===
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=== Program pemerintah ===
[[file:Sby-pacitan-2-1.jpg|thumb|right|Presiden [[Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono]] saat berpidato di depan Kebun Bibit [[Kayen, Pacitan, Pacitan|Desa Kayen]], salah satu prototipe KRPL di [[Kabupaten Pacitan|Pacitan]], tahun 2012]]
== Referensi ==
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