Pengguna:Dhiosk/Bak pasir/Pekarangan: Perbedaan antara revisi

[[File:West Sumatra pekarangan.jpg|thumb|upright=1.33|Pekarangan di [[Kabupaten Agam]], [[Sumatera Barat]]]]

 

 

Peran keberlanjutan dan sosial pekarangan terancam oleh urbanisasi massal dan fragmentasi lahan, yang menjadi faktor penyusutan luas lahan tempat tinggal rata-rata. Penurunan ini kemudian diikuti dengan hilangnya keragaman tanaman di dalam pekarangan. Selain itu, sebagian pemilik pekarangan secara sengaja mengurangi keragaman tanaman untuk mengoptimalkan hasil tani komersial. Masalah seperti wabah hama dan peningkatan utang rumah tangga muncul akibat terdegradasinya keberlanjutan pekarangan.

 

== Definition ==

 

Para ilmuwan memberikan berbagai definisi tentang istilah "pekarangan". Menurut Sajogyo, pekarangan adalah sebidang tanah yang terletak di samping rumah dan digunakan secara sambilan. Totok Mardikanto dan Sri Sutami mendefinisikan pekarangan sebagai sebidang tanah yang mengelilingi perumahan. Kebanyakan pekarangan dipagari, dan biasanya ditanami dengan tanaman rapat yang terdiri dari berbagai tanaman semusim dan menahun untuk kebutuhan sehari-hari dan komersial. Euis Novitasari mengartikan pekarangan sebagai bentuk tata guna lahan berupa sistem produksi makanan skala kecil yang dilakukan oleh anggota keluarga, yang juga merupakan ekosistem dengan lapisan tajuk yang bersusun. Lebih jauh lagi, Euis Novitasari menggambarkan pekarangan sebagai area dengan batas yang jelas dan memiliki unsur-unsur seperti rumah, pelataran, dapur, kandang, dan pagar. Simatupang dan Suryana berpendapat bahwa sulit untuk mendefinisikan istilah "pekarangan" secara jelas, karena perannya dapat beragam, mulai dari bentuk lahan pertanian hingga sebidang tanah halaman rumah.{{sfn | Ashari | Saptana | Purwantini | 2016 | p=15}} Rahu et al. mengartikan istilah "pekarangan" secara sepsifik, yakni sebagai kebun rumah Jawa.{{sfn|Rahu|Hidayat|Ariyadi|Hakim|2013|p=5}}

Sebuah pekarangan umumnya terdiri dari gabungan tanaman [[Tumbuhan semusim|semusim]] dan [[Tumbuhan menahun|menahun]]. Tanaman-tanaman tersebut bisa dipanen setiap hari atau musiman. Beberapa tanaman menahun seperti [[melinjo]] menghasilkan daun secara konsisten. Beberapa tanaman menahun lainnya seperti [[kelapa]], [[nangka]], [[pisang]], dan [[salak]] menghasilkan buah sepanjang tahun. Tanaman menahun lainnya memiliki masa berbuah yang terbatas. Misalnya, [[jambu semarang]] berbuah dari April hingga Juni, [[mangga]] berbuah pada bulan Juli dan Agustus, dan [[Durio zibethinus|durian]] berbuah dari Juni hingga September.{{sfn|Soemarwoto|Soemarwato|Karyono|Soekartadiredja|1985|p=3}} Tanaman menahun lebih umum ditemukan dibandingkan tanaman semusim pada pekarangan di daerah yang luas sawahnya melebihi 40 persen. Tanaman semusim lebih umum di daerah lain dengan luas sawah lebih rendah, tetapi tanaman menahun kembali diutamakan bila terjadi keterbatasan tenaga kerja.{{sfn|Christanty|Abdoellah|Marten|Iskandar|1986|p=143}} Pepohonan adalah salah satu komponen paling umum dari pekarangan. Pepohonan juga membantu memberikan gambaran pedesaan Indonesia dengan rumah yang cenderung tersembunyi di antara pekarangan yang "lebat dan menyerupai hutan".{{sfn|Soemarwoto|Conway|1992|p=101}}

 

 

Tanaman di pekarangan [[Suku Jawa|Jawa]] dan Sunda, termasuk tanaman semusim yang dibudidayakan di musim kemarau (misalnya [[terung]]), biasanya ditanam di dekat sumber air seperti kolam ikan, selokan terbuka, dan sumur.{{sfn | Soemarwoto | Soemarwato | Karyono | Soekartadiredja | 1985 | p=3}}{{sfn|Christanty|Abdoellah|Marten|Iskandar|1986|p=145}} Tanaman yang membutuhkan tingkat nutrisi tinggi, seperti pisang, mangga, nangka, dan tanaman buah lainnya, ditanam dekat tempat pembuangan sampah.{{sfn|Christanty|Abdoellah|Marten|Iskandar|1986|p=145}} Sementara itu, tanaman yang sering dipanen untuk masakan, seperti [[cabai]], [[lengkuas]], [[Serai dapur|serai]], dan [[tomat]], ditanam dekat dapur.{{sfn|Christanty|Abdoellah|Marten|Iskandar|1986|p=145}}{{sfn|Torquebiau|1992|p=193}}

Pekarangan di [[Kalimantan]] mengandung jumlah [[Introduksi spesies|spesies introduksi]] yang lebih rendah dari pekarangan di wilayah lain di Indonesia. Banyak tanaman di pekarangan Kalimantan yang merupakan tanaman asli Kalimantan. Di antara tanaman-tanaman di pekarangan Kalimantan yang dianggap penting secara ekonomi dan ekologi adalah [[durian]] (termasuk [[lai]]), [[nangka]], [[duku]], dan [[rambutan]].{{sfn|Rahu|Hidayat|Ariyadi|Hakim|2013|p=8-9}}

 

[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Geitenhok ingericht voor de mestverzameling voor de groententuin Sindanglaja TMnr 10013517.jpg|thumb|left|Kandang kambing milik rumah tangga di masa [[Hindia Belanda]], awal abad 20|alt=]]

 

[[File:Domestic goat in Agam, West Sumatra.jpg|thumb|Sebagian masyarakat Indonesia memelihara ternak, seperti kambing, di pekarangan]]

 

 

 

== Ecology ==

The diversity of plants aids individual plants to adapt to a changing environment, helping them survive in the long term.{{sfn|Kehlenbeck|Arifin|Maass|2007|p=299}} The biodiversity in the multi-layered system also helps to optimize solar energy and carbon harvesting, cool the domestic climate, protect the soil from erosion, and accommodate habitats for wild plants and animals.{{sfn|Arifin|2013|p=18}}{{sfn|Kehlenbeck|Arifin|Maass|2007|p=299}} The [[Genetics|genetic]] diversity also gives protection from the effects of pests and diseases.{{sfn|Soemarwoto|Conway|1992|p=108}} As an example, the abundance of [[insectivorous]] birds in the gardens helps control pests,{{sfn|Torquebiau|1992|p=195}} helping the garden remain productive.{{sfn|Kehlenbeck|Arifin|Maass|2007|p=299}}

 

 

=== Natural factors ===

{{lang|id|Pekarangans}} with better access to water—either by climate or by proximity to water resources—are able to facilitate annual crop cultivation.{{sfn | Soemarwoto | Conway | 1992 | p=107}} Those in West Java, when observed, perform better in accommodating plant diversity when the wet season occurs than in the dry season.{{sfn|Kehlenbeck|Arifin|Maass|2007|pp=300–301}} The climatic conditions of Java enable the consistent growth of annual plants in its {{lang|id|pekarangans}}, even in parts of [[East Java]] where the climate is drier.{{sfn|Soemarwoto| Soemarwato | Karyono | Soekartadiredja |1985|p=195}}

 

 

=== Human impact ===

Commercialization, fragmentation, and urbanization are major hazards to {{lang|id|pekarangans'}} plant diversity. These change the organic cycles within the gardens, threatening their ecological sustainability.{{sfn|Kehlenbeck|Arifin|Maass|2007|p=313}} Commercialization requires a systemic change of crop planting. To optimize and produce more crops, a {{lang|id|pekarangan's}} owner must specialize in its crops, making a small number of crops dominate the garden. Some owners turn them into [[monoculture]] gardens.{{sfn|Abdoellah|Parikesit|Gunawan|Hadikusumah|2001|p=142}} Fragmentation stems from the traditional system of inheritance.{{sfn|Kehlenbeck|Arifin|Maass|2007|p=313}} Consequences from the reduction of plant diversity include the loss of canopy structures and organic litter, resulting in less protection of the gardens' soil; loss of pest-control agents, increasing the use of pesticides; loss of production stability; loss of nutrients' diversity; and the disappearance of yields-sharing culture.{{sfn|Soemarwoto|Conway|1992|pp=110–111}} Despite urbanization's negative effect in reducing their plant diversity, it increases that of the [[ornamental plant]]s.{{sfn|Kehlenbeck|Arifin|Maass|2007|p=312}}

 

 

== Uses ==

Products from {{lang|id|pekarangans}} have multiple uses; for example, a coconut tree can provide food, oil, fuel, and building materials, and also be used in rituals and ceremonies.{{sfn | Soemarwoto | Conway | 1992 | p=106}} The gardens' plants are known for their products' nutritional benefits and diversity. While rice is low in vitamins [[Vitamin A|A]] and [[Vitamin C|C]], products from the gardens offer an abundance of them. {{lang|id|Pekarangans}} with more perennial crops tend to create more [[carbohydrate]]s and [[protein]]s, and those with more annual plants tend to create more portions of vitamin A.{{sfn|Torquebiau|1992|p=199}}{{sfn | Soemarwoto | Soemarwato | Karyono | Soekartadiredja | 1985 | p=3}} {{lang|id|Pekarangans}} also act as a source of firewood and building materials.{{sfn|Soemarwoto|Conway|1992|p=106}}{{sfn|Abdoellah|Parikesit|Gunawan|Hadikusumah|2001|p=141}}

 

 

=== Commercial ===

In urban and suburban areas, major fruit production centers, and tourist destination regions, {{lang|id|pekarangans}} tend to act as an income generator. Income from the gardens is mostly from perennial crops.{{sfn | Soemarwoto | Conway | 1992 | p=105}} Good market access stimulates the cultivation of commercial crops within the gardens.{{sfn | Wiersum | 2006 | p=19}} Other factors that influence their economic significance are their area and the demand for a particular crop.{{sfn|Abdoellah|Parikesit|Gunawan|Hadikusumah|2001|p=141}}

 

 

=== Other uses ===

In a 2004 report, Javanese {{lang|id|pekarangans}} are suggested to have higher net income-per-area than rice fields. The same report argued that the cost of the Javanese gardens' production is lower than that of rice fields.{{sfn|Mitchell|Hanstad|2004|p=29}} People who focus on the gardens' production instead of rice fields may gain better yields than their counterparts.{{sfn|Torquebiau|1992|p=197}} Poor villagers, however, tend not to concentrate efforts toward the gardens; maintenance of the gardens as a sole income source would require the use of high-risk, high-reward crops, more intensive care, and income would be vulnerable to market fluctuations. Maintenance of diverse cash crops is more intense than that of rice fields and the intensity would make the villagers' gardening schedule less adaptable to rice farming activities.{{sfn|Stoler|1978|p=99}}

 

 

== Culture ==

Javanese culture interpreted the gardens as {{lang|id|pepek ing karang}}—"a complete design".{{sfn | Soemarwoto | Conway | 1992 | p=103}} It can also be interpreted as {{lang|id|pepek teng karangan}}, which according to the anthropologist Oekan Abdoellah, is a way of thinking, indicating agricultural practices within the gardens are a consequence of thinking about the ways to use their produce and satisfy their needs from them.{{sfn | Christanty | Abdoellah | Marten | Iskandar | 1986 | p=138}} The words within the ''pepek teng karangan'' phrase can also be translated individually: ''pepek'' means 'complete', ''teng'' means 'on', while ''karangan'' means 'idea'. This is similar to the Sundanese breakdown of the word ''pekarangan: pe-'' is a prefix that means 'place', ''karang'' means 'idea', and the combination of these can be loosely translated as 'a place to create ideas'.{{sfn|Pranoto|Pujowati|Ramayana|Turnip|2024|p=62}} Javanese culture, however, takes offense at the gardens' comparison with forests due to the low social value of forest in the culture. ''[[Wayang]]'' puppet plays depict forests as "places where wild animals and evil spirits reign" and its clearing, which is done only by men who are believed to have spiritual powers, is viewed as a respectable deed.{{sfn|Soemarwoto|Conway|1992|p=101}} The backyard of a Sundanese homestead is described as ''{{lang|su|supados sungkur}}'' (to be unseen by others).{{sfn|Christanty|Abdoellah|Marten|Iskandar|1986|p=145}}

 

 

{{lang|id|Pekarangans}} in [[Lampung]] have their own elements; alongside plants are feet-washing places used before entering into a house's veranda ({{lang|id|gakhang hadap}}{{sfn|Rostiyati|2013|p=464}}), a rice-storage room ({{lang|id|walai}}{{sfn|Depdikbud|1993|p=79}}), an outdoor kitchenette or kitchen, a firewood-storage place, and livestock barn.{{sfn|Pratiwi|Gunawan|2017|p=5}} The front yard is called {{lang|id|tengahbah/terambah/beruan}}, the side yard is {{lang|id|kebik/kakebik}}, and the back yard is {{lang|id|kudan/juyu/kebon}}.{{sfn|Pratiwi|Gunawan|2017|p=7}}

 

 

Balinese {{lang|id|pekarangans}} are influenced by the philosophy of ''[[Tri Hita Karana|tri-hita-karana]]'' that divides spaces into {{lang|id|parahyangan}} (top, head, pure), {{lang|id|pawongan}} (middle, body, neutral), and {{lang|id|palemahan}} (below, feet, impure). The {{lang|id|parahyangan}} area of a Balinese {{lang|id|pekarangan}} faces [[Mount Agung]], which is regarded as a sacred place ({{lang|id|prajan}}) to pray ({{lang|id|sanggah}}). Plants with flowers and leaves that are regularly picked and used for [[Balinese Hinduism]] liturgical purposes are planted in the {{lang|id|parahyangan}} area. The {{lang|id|pawongan}} area is planted with regular flowers, fruits, and leaves. The {{lang|id|palemahan}} area is planted with fruits, stems, leaves, and tubers.{{sfn|Arifin|2013|pp=15–16}} Balinese back yards, which are known in [[Tabanan Regency|Tabanan]] and [[Karangasem Regency|Karangasem]] as {{lang|id|teba}}, are used as a place to cultivate crops and keep livestock for subsistence, commercial, and religious use as offerings.{{sfn|Arifin|2013|p=17}} The Balinese further developed beliefs about what plants should and should not be planted in various parts of their {{lang|id|pekarangans}}, following the teachings from the ''[[Taru Premana]]'' manuscript. As an example, [[nerium]] and [[bougainvillea]] are believed to emit positive [[Aura (paranormal)|auras]] while planted in the {{lang|id|parahyangan/sanggah}} area of a {{lang|id|pekarangan}} while negative auras are believed to appear if they are planted in front of the ''[[bale daja]]'', a building specifically placed in the north part of a dwelling.{{sfn|''Bali Express''|2018}}{{sfn|Saraswati|2009|p=35}}

Pada tahun 1902, pekarangan mencakup 378.000 hektare lahan di Pulau Jawa, dan luasnya meningkat menjadi 1.417.000 hektare pada tahun 1937 dan 1.612.568 hektare pada tahun 1986.{{sfn|Soemarwoto|Conway|1992|p=101}} Pada tahun 2000, pekarangan mencakup sekitar 1.736.000 hektare.{{sfn|Arifin|Kaswanto|p=130|Nakagoshi|2014}} Secara keseluruhan, Indonesia memiliki 5.132.000 hektare pekarangan semacam itu.{{sfn|Arifin|Kaswanto|p=130|Nakagoshi|2014}} Angka tersebut meningkat menjadi sekitar 10.300.000 hektare pada tahun 2010.{{sfn|Arifin|2013|p=2}}

 

 

=== Dampak pertumbuhan ekonomi dan penduduk pada akhir abad ke-20 ===