Kudeta Guinea 2021: Perbedaan antara revisi

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Hanamanteo (bicara | kontrib)
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Dewinta88 (bicara | kontrib)
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(9 revisi perantara oleh 6 pengguna tidak ditampilkan)
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{{penjelasan singkat|Kudeta militer Guinea}}
{{aktualitas|date=September 2021}}{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Upaya kudeta Guinea 2021
| width =
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| map_mark = Green pog.svg
| map_marksize = 10
| map_caption = NexusPusat ofkudeta coup indi Conakry (markedditandai dengan greenhijau), Guinea
| map_label =
| territory =
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| combatants_header =
| combatant1 = {{flagicon|Guinea}} [[Pemerintah Guinea|Pemerintah]]
| combatant2 = {{flagicon|Guinea}} [[Angkatan Bersenjata Republik Guinea|Komite Rekonsiliasi dan Pembangunan Nasional]] (CRND)
* [[Angkatan Bersenjata Republik Guinea]]
| combatant3 =
| commander1 = [[Alpha Condé]]
Baris 43 ⟶ 44:
| campaignbox =
}}
Pada 5 September 2021, [[PresidentPresiden Guinea]] [[Alpha Condé]] ditangkap oleh [[Angkatan Bersenjata Republik Guinea]] dalam [[kudeta]] selepas baku tembak di ibu kota negara, [[Conakry]]. Komandan pasukan khusus [[Mamady Doumbouya]] menayangkan siaran di televisi negara yang mengumumkan pembubaran [[Konstitusi Guinea|konstitusi]] dan pemerintah.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/heavy-gunfire-heard-guinea-capital-conakry-reuters-witness-2021-09-05/|title=Elite Guinea army unit says it has toppled president|date=5 September 2021|website=Reuters|access-date=5 September 2021|archive-date=5 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210905165127/https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/heavy-gunfire-heard-guinea-capital-conakry-reuters-witness-2021-09-05/|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
Setelah beberapa dekade pemerintahan otoriter di Guinea, Alpha adalah pemimpin pertama yang terpilih secara demokratis di negara itu. Selama masa jabatannya, Guinea menggunakan sumber daya alamnya yang kaya untuk meningkatkan ekonomi, tetapi sebagian besar penduduk negara itu belum merasakan dampaknya. Pada tahun 2020, Alpha mengubah konstitusi melalui [[referendum konstitusi Guinea 2020|referendum]] untuk memungkinkan dirinya mengamankan masa jabatan ketiga, sebuah perubahan kontroversial yang memicu [[unjuk rasa Guinea 2019–2020]]. Semasa tahun terakhir masa jabatan kedua dan masa jabatan ketiganya, Alpha menindak unjuk rasa dan calon dari partai oposisi, dengan beberapa orang di antaranya meninggal di penjara, sementara pemerintah berusaha untuk menahan kenaikan harga kebutuhan pokok.<ref name="francetvinfo">{{cite web|title=Guinée : quatre choses à savoir sur le référendum constitutionnel reporté qui a plongé le pays dans une nouvelle impasse politique|url=https://www.francetvinfo.fr/monde/afrique/guinee/guinee-quatre-choses-a-savoir-sur-le-referendum-constitutionnel-qui-a-plonge-le-pays-dans-une-nouvelle-impasse-politique_3846597.html|website=Franceinfo|year=2020|date=1 MarchMaret 2020|access-date=6 September 2021|publication-date=|archive-date=30 OctoberOktober 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030175324/https://www.francetvinfo.fr/monde/afrique/guinee/guinee-quatre-choses-a-savoir-sur-le-referendum-constitutionnel-qui-a-plonge-le-pays-dans-une-nouvelle-impasse-politique_3846597.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Pada Agustus 2021, dalam upaya untuk menyeimbangkan anggaran, Guinea mengumumkan kenaikan pajak, memangkas pengeluaran untuk polisi dan militer, dan meningkatkan pendanaan untuk jabatan presiden dan [[Majelis Nasional (Guinea)|Majelis Nasional]].
 
Kudeta dimulai pada pagi hari tanggal 5 September, ketika Angkatan Bersenjata Republik Guinea mengepung [[Istana Kepresidenan (Guinea)|Istana Kepresidenan Sekhoutoureah]] dan mengepung kawasan pemerintahan yang lebih luas. Setelah baku tembak dengan pasukan pemerintah, para pemberontak yang tampaknya dipimpin oleh Doumbouya menyandera Alpha dan mengumumkan pembubaran pemerintah dan lembaga-lembaganya, membatalkan konstitusi, dan menutup perbatasan.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-09-05|title=Elite Guinea army unit say they dissolved the government and the constitution of the West African country|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2021/09/05/elite-guinea-army-unit-said-it-has-toppled-long-time-president-alpha-conde.html|access-date=2021-09-07|website=CNBC|language=en}}</ref> Sementara politikus setempat tidak menentang atau mendukung kudeta terang-terangan, pengambilalihan itu disambut negatif oleh hampir banyak negara asing yang menyerukan agar kudeta dihentikan, para tahanan dibebaskan, dan tatanan konstitusi dikembalikan.
 
Pada 1 Oktober 2021, Mamady Doumbouya dilantik sebagai presiden sementara.
 
== Latar belakang ==
Baris 58 ⟶ 61:
 
Bermula dari pemilihan presiden, politikus oposisi yang memperebutkan jabatan presiden ditangkap.<ref name=":7"/> Misalnya, [[Mamady Condé]] ditangkap pada Januari 2021, sementara Roger Bamba, Ketua [[Persatuan Pasukan Demokrat Guinea]] (UFDG), partai oposisi, dan Mamadou Oury Barry both died in prison. Prisons in the country, according to the [[Human Rights Watch]], have very poor conditions.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-09-05|title=Guinée : tout savoir sur le coup d'Etat contre Alpha Condé|url=https://lejournaldelafrique.com/lafrique-daujourdhui/en-guinee-une-tentative-de-coup-detat-contre-alpha-conde/|access-date=2021-09-05|website=Le Journal de l'Afrique|archive-date=5 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210905140716/https://lejournaldelafrique.com/lafrique-daujourdhui/en-guinee-une-tentative-de-coup-detat-contre-alpha-conde/|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
===Ekonomi===
Semasa pemerintahan Alpha, terjadi peningkatan pembangunan [[infrastruktur]] untuk mengekstraksi sumber daya mineral Guinea, terutama untuk bauksit. Negara ini menyetujui beberapa proyek bernilai miliaran dolar dengan perusahaan-perusahaan Tiongkok untuk memanfaatkan cadangan bauksit baru dan mengembangkan kilang [[aluminium oksida]].<ref>[https://www.alcircle.com/news/the-china-guinea-20-billion-bauxite-deal-might-be-a-risky-loan-for-guinea-nrgi-52212 The China-Guinea $20 billion bauxite deal might be a risky loan for Guinea: NRGI]. Al Circle (2020-03-04). Retrieved 2021-09-06.</ref><ref>[https://www.france24.com/en/20181126-guinea-signs-3-billion-deal-alumina-refineryGuinea signs $3 billion deal for alumina refinery]. France 24 (2018-11-26). Retrieved 2021-09-06.</ref> Guinea memiliki sekitar seperempat dari deposit bauksit dunia.<ref>[https://www.alcircle.com/news/top-five-countries-with-highest-bauxite-reserves-in-the-world-26587 Top five countries with highest bauxite reserves in the world]. Al Circle (2016-12-07). Retrieved 2021-09-06.</ref> Ekstraksi [[intan]], [[bijih besi]] dan [[bijih]] emas meningkat, mengikuti investasi dalam infrastruktur kereta api melalui kesepakatan dengan Société Minière de Boké (SMB), sebuah konsorsium swasta perusahaan asing yang beroperasi di Guinea, dengan pemerintah sebagai pemegang saham 10%.<ref>[https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/guinea-mining-and-minerals Guinea - Country Commercial Guide]. International Trade Administration (2020-08-27). Retrieved 2021-09-06.</ref><ref>[https://aluminiuminsider.com/smb-opens-us1-billion-bauxite-railway-in-guinea/ SMB Opens US$1 Billion Bauxite Railway In Guinea]. Aluminium Insider (2021-06-21). Retrieved 2021-09-06.</ref>
 
In 2019, the government agreed to the extension of a [[Line of credit|credit facility]] with the [[International Monetary Fund]] on the basis they would run a [[Government budget balance|fiscal surplus]], increase tax collection as a portion of GDP, reduce subsidies for petrol and electricity, increase investment in public infrastructure, reduce borrowing from the central bank and promote development of the private sector.<ref>[https://www.imf.org/~/media/Files/Publications/CR/2019/cr1930-Guinea.ashx IMF Country Report No. 19/30 GUINEA SECOND REVIEW OF THE ARRANGEMENT UNDER THE THREE-YEAR EXTENDED CREDIT FACILITY, FINANCING ASSURANCES REVIEW, AND REQUEST FOR A WAIVER OF NONOBSERVANCE OF PERFORMANCE CRITERION— PRESS RELEASE; STAFF REPORT; AND STATEMENT BY THE EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR FOR GUINEA]. International Monetary Fund. Retrieved 2021-09-06.</ref> Following recommendations at the United Nation's Third International Conference on Financing for Development in [[Addis Ababa]] in October 2019, Condé announced that 15% of mining revenue would be dedicated to the National Agency for the Financing of Local Communities to boost local government, as well as introducing measures to raise tax collection from 13% to 15% of GDP.<ref>[http://apanews.net/en/pays/guinee/news/guinea-allocates-15-percent-of-mining-revenues-to-community-development Guinea allocates 15 percent of mining revenues to community development]. APA News (2019-10-02). Retrieved 2021-09-06.</ref> This programme failed to bring immediate financial benefits for most citizens, with 60% of the labour force still working in the agricultural sector,<ref>[https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.AGR.EMPL.ZS?locations=GN Employment in agriculture (% of total employment) (modeled ILO estimate) - Guinea]. The World Bank. Retrieved 2021-09-06.</ref> and the communities around the mines being inadequately compensated for land, water and health losses connected with the mineral extraction.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-09-05|title=Guinea coup attempt: Soldiers claim to seize power from Alpha Condé|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-58453778|access-date=2021-09-05|archive-date=5 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210905145428/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-58453778|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Wormington|first=Jim|date=2018-10-04|title=What Do We Get Out of It? - The Human Rights Impact of Bauxite Mining in Guinea|url=https://www.hrw.org/report/2018/10/04/what-do-we-get-out-it/human-rights-impact-bauxite-mining-guinea|url-status=live|access-date=2021-09-05|website=Human Rights Watch|language=en|archive-date=5 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210905162113/https://www.hrw.org/report/2018/10/04/what-do-we-get-out-it/human-rights-impact-bauxite-mining-guinea}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Samb|first=Sailou|date=2021-09-05|title=Elite Guinea army unit says it has toppled president|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/heavy-gunfire-heard-guinea-capital-conakry-reuters-witness-2021-09-05/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-09-05|website=Reuters|language=en|archive-date=5 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210905165127/https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/heavy-gunfire-heard-guinea-capital-conakry-reuters-witness-2021-09-05/}}</ref>
 
== Tanggapan ==
Baris 65 ⟶ 73:
=== Luar negeri ===
*{{bendera|Amerika Serikat}}: [[Kementerian Luar Negeri Amerika Serikat|Kementerian Luar Negeri]] telah mengeluarkan komunike yang mengutuk kudeta dengan mengatakan bahwa kekerasan dan tindakan yang tidak konstitusional hanya akan mengikis prospek Guinea untuk perdamaian, kestabilan, dan kemakmuran serta mendesak penegakan kedaulatan hukum.<ref>{{Cite web|title=On the Military Seizure of Power in Guinea|url=https://www.state.gov/on-the-military-seizure-of-power-in-guinea/|access-date=2021-09-06|website=United States Department of State|language=en}}</ref>
* {{bendera|Ghana}}: [[Presiden Ghana]] dan Pejabat [[Masyarakat Ekonomi Negara-Negara Afrika Barat]] (ECOWAS) [[Nana Akufo-Addo]] mengeluarkan pernyataan atas nama ECOWAS yang mengutuk upaya kudeta dan menyerukan pembebasan Alpha dengan menegaskan kembali ketidaksetujuan dari setiap perubahan politik yang inkonstitusional.<ref name=":6"/>
* {{bendera|Meksiko}}: [[Sekretariat Luar Negeri (Mexico)|Sekretariat Luar Negeri]] mengutuk kudeta dengan keras dan menyerukan pembebasan segera Alpha.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Murillo |first1=Eduardo |title=Gobierno de México condena golpe de Estado en Guinea |trans-title=Government of Mexico condemns coup in Guinea|url=https://www.msn.com/es-mx/noticias/mexico/gobierno-de-m%C3%A9xico-condena-golpe-de-estado-en-guinea/ar-AAO8aBY |access-date=5 September 2021 |agency=MSN |date=5 September 2021 |language=Spanish}}</ref>
* {{bendera|Nigeria}}: [[Kementerian Luar Negeri Nigeria|Kementerian Luar Negeri]] menyatakan bahwa kudeta nyata Guinea melanggar aturan ECOWAS dan mendesak negara itu untuk kembali ke tatanan konstitusional.<ref name=":2"/><ref name=":6"/>
Baris 74 ⟶ 82:
 
==== Organisasi ====
Organisasi internasional, termasuk [[Uni Afrika]], [[Masyarakat Ekonomi Negara-Negara Afrika Barat]] (ECOWAS), [[Uni Eropa]] (UE) dan [[Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa]] (PBB), bergabung dalam mencela upaya dan menyerukan pembebasan presiden Condé.<ref name=":7"/><ref name=":8">{{Cite web|date=2021-09-05|title=Coup d’État en Guinée, le président Alpha Condé capturé par les putschistes|url=https://ici.radio-canada.ca/nouvelle/1821827/guinee-afrique-pustsh-coup-armee|url-status=live|access-date=2021-09-06|website=AFP|language=fr-ca|via=[[Radio-Canada]]|archive-date=5 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210905145634/https://ici.radio-canada.ca/nouvelle/1821827/guinee-afrique-pustsh-coup-armee}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=ECOWAS suspends Guinea, announces mediation mission |url=https://guardian.ng/news/ecowas-suspends-guinea-announces-mediation-mission/ |access-date=9 September 2021 |agency=Agence France-Presse |via=''The Guardian'' |date=8 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-09-05|title=Nigeria, UN condemn Guinea coup, demand release of detained President Condé|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/483232-nigeria-un-condemn-guinea-coup-demand-release-of-detained-president-conde.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-09-05|website=[[Premium Times]]|language=en-GB}}</ref>
*{{bendera|Uni Afrika}}: [[Félix Tshisekedi|Felix Tshisekedi]], President of the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] and head of the African Union, and [[Moussa Faki Mahamat]], head of the [[African Union Commission]] has denounced the coup and demanded immediate release of the president.<ref name=":8"/>
 
*{{bendera|Uni Eropa}}: [[Josep Borrell]], the [[High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy]], demanded "respect for the state of law, the interests of peace and the well-being of the Guinean people".<ref name=":7"/>
ECOWAS segera menangguhkan keanggotaan Guinea, menyerukan pembebasan tanpa syarat Presiden, dan mengirim utusan ke Conakry untuk mencoba resolusi "konstitusional" untuk situasi tersebut.<ref name="leaders_due_in_guinea_2021_09_09_reuters">[https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/west-african-leaders-due-guinea-post-coup-calm-pervades-conakry-2021-09-09/ West African leaders due in Guinea as post-coup calm pervades Conakry,"] September 9, 2021, [[Reuters News Service]], retrieved September 9, 2021</ref><ref name="leaders_suspend_guinea_2021_09_08_bbc">[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-58487925 "West African leaders suspend Guinea from Ecowas following coup,"] September 9, 2021, [[BBC News]], retrieved September 9, 2021</ref>
*{{bendera|Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa}}: [[António Guterres]], [[Secretary-General of the United Nations]], in a tweet, has "strongly condemned the takeover of the government by force of the gun" and called for release of Condé.<ref name=":4"/><ref name=":6">{{Cite web|date=2021-09-05|title=Nigeria, UN condemn Guinea coup, demand release of detained President Condé|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/483232-nigeria-un-condemn-guinea-coup-demand-release-of-detained-president-conde.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-09-05|website=Premium Times|language=en-GB}}</ref>
 
Pada 10 September 2021, [[Uni Afrika]] menangguhkan keanggotaan Guinea sebagai tanggapan atas kudeta.<ref>{{cite news |title=African Union suspends Guinea after coup, as envoys arrive for talks |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20210910-african-union-suspends-guinea-after-coup-ousting-cond%C3%A9 |access-date=11 September 2021 |work=[[France24]] |date=10 September 2021}}</ref>
 
== Referensi ==