Kebangkitan dunia Arab: Perbedaan antara revisi
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{{Infobox civil conflict
|title=Kebangkitan dunia Arab<br /><big>{{lang|ar|الثّورات العربيّة}}</big><!-- PLEASE discuss on talk page before reversing these geographical titles – leave to reflect the article title --><br />{{transl|ar|
|image=
|caption= '''Searah jarum jam dari kiri atas:''' Para pengunjuk rasa berkumpul di [[Tahrir Square]] di [[Kairo]], [[Mesir]]; Pengunjuk rasa berjalan melintasi [[Avenue Habib Bourguiba|Habib Bourguiba Avenue]] di [[Tunis]], [[Tunisia]]; Pembangkangan politik di [[Sana'a]], [[Yaman]], meminta pengunduran diri presiden; Ribuan pengunjuk rasa di [[Karrana]], [[Bahrain]]; Ratusan ribu orang di [[Hama]], [[Suriah]]; Pengunjuk rasa di [[Al Bayda' (Libya)|Al Bayda]], [[Libya]].
|place=[[Dunia Arab]] <small>(''lihat [[#Ringkasan protes menurut negara|daftar negara]]'')</small><!-- PLEASE discuss on talk page before reversing these geographical titles – leave to reflect the article title -->
|coordinates=
|date=17 Desember 2010 – pertengahan 2012
|methods=
* [[
* [[
* [[Desersi]]
* [[Unjuk rasa]]
* [[
* [[Aktivisme Internet]]
* [[Kamp protes]]
* [[Revolusi]]
* [[
* [[
* [[
* [[Pendudukan]]
* [[Terorisme]]
* [[Mogok kerja]]
* [[Peperangan kota]]
* [[Pemberontakan]]
|goals=
* [[Demokrasi]]
* [[Pemilihan umum]] bebas, jujur, dan adil▼
* [[Kebebasan ekonomi]]
* [[Hak asasi manusia]]
* [[Pekerjaan]]
▲* [[Pemilihan umum]] bebas dan adil
* [[
* [[Islamisme]]
* [[Sosialisme]]
* [[Ekstrimisme]]
* [[Assadisme|Melindungi Bashar Al-assad]]
|causes=
* Faktor struktur demografi<ref>[http://cliodynamics.ru/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=276&Itemid=70 Korotayev A., Zinkina J. Egyptian Revolution: A Demographic Structural Analysis. ''Entelequia. Revista Interdisciplinar'' 13 (2011): 139–169.]</ref> <small>(''lihat {{sectionlink|Motivasi}}'')</small>
* [[Otoritarianisme|Negara otoriter]]
* [[Kemiskinan ekstrem]]
* [[Korupsi
* [[Pelanggaran hak asasi manusia]]
* [[Inflasi]]
Baris 33 ⟶ 44:
* [[Sektarianisme]]
* [[Pengangguran]]
* [[Liberalisme]]
* [[Perang Irak]]
|status=
*'''Tunisia''': Presiden
*'''Mesir''': Presiden Mesir [[Hosni Mubarak]] dan pemerintahannya terguling
*'''Yaman''': Presiden Yaman [[Ali Abdullah Saleh]] terguling dan kekuasaan diserahkan kepada sebuah pemerintahan persatuan nasional
*'''Libya''': Pemimpin Libya [[Muammar al-Qaddafi]] tewas setelah sebuah [[Perang Saudara Libya 2011|perang saudara]]
* '''Suriah''': Presiden [[Bashar al-Assad]] menghadapi pemberontakan sipil terhadap kekuasaannya yang memburuk menjadi pemberontakan bersenjata dan akhirnya [[Perang Saudara Suriah|perang sipil berskala penuh]]
*'''Bahrain''': Pemberontakan sipil terhadap pemerintah terhadap pemerintah ditumpas oleh otoritas dan intervensi yang dipimpin Saudi
*'''Kuwait, Lebanon, dan Oman''': Perubahan pemerintahan diterapkan dalam menanggapi protes
*'''Maroko dan Yordania''': Reformasi konstitusional diterapkan dalam menanggapi protes
*'''Arab Saudi, Sudan, Mauritania, dan negara-negara Arab lainnya''': Protes
</small>
|result= <!-- fill when conflict is over, status should be empty -->
Baris 49 ⟶ 62:
|arrests=<!-- we don't know the number, some arrested then escaped -->
}}
'''Kebangkitan dunia Arab'''
== Pengenalan ==
Serangkaian protes dan demonstrasi di seluruh [[Timur Tengah]] dan [[Afrika Utara]] telah dikenal luas dengan sebutan "''The Arab Spring''",<ref>{{Cite news
</ref> dan kadang "Musim Semi dan Dingin Arab",<ref>{{cite web|last=Miller|first=Aaron|title=What Is Israel’s Next Move In The New Middle East?|url=http://www.momentmag.com/moment/issues/2011/06/IsraelsNextMove.html|work=Moment Magazine|publisher=Moment Magazine|accessdate=5/6/2011|archive-date=2011-05-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110506055639/http://www.momentmag.com/moment/issues/2011/06/IsraelsNextMove.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref> "Kebangkitan Arab"<ref>{{cite news
{{As of|2011|07}}, unjuk rasa ini telah mengakibatkan penggulingan dua kepala negara, yaitu Presiden Tunisia [[Zine El Abidine Ben Ali]] yang kabur ke Arab Saudi tanggal 14 Januari setelah protes [[revolusi Tunisia]], dan di Mesir, [[Presiden Mesir|Presiden]] [[Hosni Mubarak]] mengundurkan diri pada 11 Februari 2011, setelah 18 hari protes massal dan mengakhiri masa kepemimpinannya selama 30 tahun. Selama periode kerusuhan regional ini, beberapa pemimpin negara mengumumkan keinginannya untuk tidak mencalonkan diri lagi setelah masa jabatannya berakhir. Presiden [[Sudan]] [[Omar al-Bashir]] mengumumkan ia tidak akan mencalonkan diri lagi pada 2015,<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.gulf-times.com/site/topics/article.asp?cu_no=2&item_no=417637&version=1&template_id=37&parent_id=17|title=Party: Bashir is not standing for re-election|agency=Gulf Times|date=22 February 2011|accessdate=22 February 2011}}</ref> begitu pula Perdana Menteri [[Irak]] [[Nouri al-Maliki]], yang masa jabatannya berakhir tahun 2014,<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://english.ruvr.ru/2011/02/05/43000042.html |title=Iraq PM plans no re-election|agency=[[Suara Rusia]]|date=5 February 2011|accessdate=27 February 2011}}</ref> meski unjuk rasa semakin menjadi-jadi menuntut pengunduran dirinya sesegera mungkin.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.alsumaria.tv/en/Iraq-News/1-60907-.html|title=Iraq angered protesters call for Maliki resignation|agency=Alsumaria|date=26 February 2011|accessdate=27 February 2011}}</ref> Protes di Yordania juga mengakibatkan pengunduran diri pemerintah<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/world/2011-01/30/c_13712927.htm|title=Jordanians stage anti-gov't sit-in in Amman|publisher=Xinhua|date=30 January 2011|accessdate=13 April 2011}}</ref> sehingga mantan Perdana Menteri and Duta Besar Yordania untuk [[Israel]] [[Marouf al-Bakhit]] ditunjuk sebagai Perdana Menteri oleh [[Abdullah II dari Yordania|Raja Abdullah]] dan ditugaskan membentuk pemerintahan baru.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/02/01/jordan-government-idUSLDE7101C620110201|title=Jordan king appoints new PM, government quits|publisher=Reuters|date=1 February 2011|accessdate=2 February 2011}}</ref> Pemimpin lain, Presiden [[Ali Abdullah Saleh]] dari Yaman, mengumumkan pada 23 April bahwa ia akan mengundurkan diri dalam waktu 30 hari dengan imbalan kekebalan hukum,<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/24/world/middleeast/24yemen.html?src=tptw|title=President of Yemen Offers to Resign for Immunity|publisher=The New York Times|date=23 April 2011|accessdate=24 April 2011|first=Robert F.|last=Worth}}</ref> sebuah persetujuan yang diterima oposisi Yaman secara tidak formal pada 26 April;<ref>{{cite news|url=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704677404576285473691028908.html?mod=googlenews_wsj|agency=The Wall Street Journal|date=26 April 2011|accessdate=27 April 2011|title=Yemen Protesters Accept Deal|first=Hakim|last=Almasmari}}</ref> Saleh kemudian mengingkari persetujuan ini dan semakin memperpanjang pemberontakan di Yaman.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-05-01/yemen-accord-signing-has-been-postponed-gulf-official-says-2-.html|date=2 May 2011|accessdate=5 May 2011|title=Yemen Accord Signing Has Been Postponed, Gulf Official Says|first=Donna|last=Abu-Nasr|agency=Bloomberg}}</ref> Pemimpin [[Libya]] [[Muammar al-Gaddafi]] menolak mengundurkan diri dan mengakibatkan [[perang saudara Libya 2011|perang saudara]] antara [[Libya dalam pemerintahan Gaddafi|pihak loyalis]] dan [[pasukan anti-Gaddafi|pemberontak]] yang berbasis di [[Benghazi]].<ref>{{cite news|agency=The Times of India|title=Libyan govt says Gaddafi won't step down|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-04-05/middle-east/29384120_1_mussa-ibrahim-muammar-gaddafi-brega|date=5 April 2011|accessdate=5 May 2011|work=The Times Of India}}</ref>▼
▲{{As of|2011|07}}, unjuk rasa ini telah mengakibatkan penggulingan dua kepala negara, yaitu Presiden Tunisia [[Zine El Abidine Ben Ali]] yang kabur ke Arab Saudi tanggal 14 Januari setelah protes [[revolusi Tunisia]], dan di Mesir, [[Presiden Mesir|Presiden]] [[Hosni Mubarak]] mengundurkan diri pada 11 Februari 2011, setelah 18 hari protes massal dan mengakhiri masa kepemimpinannya selama 30 tahun. Selama periode kerusuhan regional ini, beberapa pemimpin negara mengumumkan keinginannya untuk tidak mencalonkan diri lagi setelah masa jabatannya berakhir. Presiden [[Sudan]] [[Omar al-Bashir]] mengumumkan ia tidak akan mencalonkan diri lagi pada 2015,<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.gulf-times.com/site/topics/article.asp?cu_no=2&item_no=417637&version=1&template_id=37&parent_id=17|title=Party: Bashir is not standing for re-election|agency=Gulf Times|date=22 February 2011|accessdate=22 February 2011}}</ref> begitu pula Perdana Menteri [[Irak]] [[Nouri al-Maliki]], yang masa jabatannya berakhir tahun 2014,<ref>{{Cite news
Dampak protes ini secara geopolitik telah menarik perhatian global,<ref>{{cite web|author=AFP 27 January 2011|url=http://www.vancouversun.com/news/Unrest+across+Arab+world/4178175/story.html|title=Unrest across the Arab world|work=The Vancouver Sun |date=1986-01-28|accessdate=29 January 2011}}</ref> termasuk usulan agar sejumlah pengunjuk rasa dicalonkan untuk menerima [[Hadiah Perdamaian Nobel]] 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.news24.com/World/News/Arab-protests-attract-Nobel-interest-20110131|title=Arab protests attract Nobel interest: News24: World: News|publisher=News24|date=31 January 2011|accessdate=8 February 2011}}</ref> [[Tawakel Karman]] dari Yaman merupakan salah satu penerima [[Hadiah Perdamaian Nobel|Hadiah Perdamaian Nobel 2011]] sebagai salah seorang pemimpin penting dalam Musim Semi Arab.▼
▲Dampak protes ini secara geopolitik telah menarik perhatian global,<ref>{{cite web|author=AFP 27 January 2011|url=http://www.vancouversun.com/news/Unrest+across+Arab+world/4178175/story.html|title=Unrest across the Arab world|work=The Vancouver Sun
{{Revolusi sidebar}}{{Annotated image
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Baris 102 ⟶ 114:
|{{dts|format=dmy|2010|12|18}}
|Revolusi tanggal 14 Januari 2011<br />Protes dihentikan sejak Maret 2011
|{{*}}'''Zine El Abidine Ben Ali digulingkan, Ben Ali eksil ke Arab Saudi'''<ref>{{cite news
{{*}} Perdana Menteri [[Mohamed Ghannouchi|Ghannouchi]] mengundurkan diri, <br />
{{*}}Pembubaran polisi politik<ref>{{cite news
{{*}}Pembubaran [[Constitutional Democratic Rally|RCD]], bekas partai berkuasa di Tunisia dan pencairan semua asetnya<ref>{{cite news
{{*}}Pembebasan tahanan politik<br />
{{*}}Pemilihan [[Pemilihan Majelis Konstituen Tunisia 2011|Majelis Konstituante]] tanggal 23 Oktober 2011<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/06/08/us-tunisia-election-idUSTRE7571R020110608 |title=Tunisia election delayed until October 23 |publisher=Reuters |date=8 June 2011 |accessdate=8 June 2011 |archive-date=2015-10-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151001132603/http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/06/08/us-tunisia-election-idUSTRE7571R020110608 |dead-url=yes }}</ref>
|223<ref>{{cite news
! style="color:#fff; background:#00112b;"|[[Revolusi Tunisia|<span style="color:white;">Revolusi</span>]]
|-
Baris 115 ⟶ 127:
|{{*}}Pemerintah digulingkan pada 23 September 2011<br>{{*}}Perang berakhir 23 October 2011
|{{*}} '''[[Muammar Gaddafi]] digulingkan; Gaddafi terbunuh pada 20 Oktober'''
{{*}} Pasukan oposisi menguasai hampir semua kota-kota besar Libya.<ref>{{cite news
{{*}} Pembentukan [[Dewan Transisi Nasional]]<ref>{{cite news
{{*}} Intervensi militer oleh [[NATO]], [[Yordania]], [[Arab Saudi]], [[Israel]], [[Qatar]], [[Swedia]], dan [[UEA]] <ref name=bbc_libya_intervention>{{cite news|title=Libya: Coalition launches attacks|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12796972|publisher=BBC News
{{*}} Perang saudara berakhir pada 23 October 2011.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.abc.net.au/news/2011-10-23/libya-declares-liberation-with-celebrations/3596262?section=world| title = Liberation with celebrations | publisher=ABC News | accessdate = 2011-10-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
|32,000<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.smh.com.au/breaking-news-world/residents-flee-gaddafi-hometown-20111003-1l49x.html
! style="color:#fff; background:#00112b;"|[[Perang saudara Libya 2011|<span style="color:white;">Pemerintah digulingkan</span>]]
|-
Baris 137 ⟶ 149:
|Terbatas
|
|0<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.yalibnan.com/2011/05/15/lebanese-condemn-israeli-agression-against-protesters/#more-24963|title=Lebanese condemn Israeli agression against protesters|publisher=yalibnan.com|date=15 May 2011
<ref>{{cite news|url=http://nowlebanon.com/NewsArchiveDetails.aspx?ID=282966
! style="color:#fff; background:#00bff3;"|[[Protes Lebanon 2011|<span style="color:white;">Protes dan perubahan pemerintahan</span>]]
|-
Baris 144 ⟶ 156:
|{{dts|format=dmy|2011|01|14}}
|Sedang berlangsung
|{{*}}Raja [[Abdullah II dari Yordania|Abdullah II]] membubarkan Perdana Menteri [[Samir Rifai|Rifai]] dan kabinetnya.<ref>{{cite news
|1 <ref name="khaberni.com">{{Cite web |url=http://khaberni.com/more.asp?ThisID=52120&ThisCat=1 |title=Salinan arsip |access-date=2011-08-22 |archive-date=2011-08-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110819104533/http://khaberni.com/more.asp?ThisID=52120&ThisCat=1 |dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref>http://english.aljazeera.net/news/middleeast/2011/02/201121821116689870.html</ref>
! style="color:#fff; background:#00bff3;"|[[Protes Yordania 2011|<span style="color:white;">Protes dan perubahan pemerintahan</span>]]
|-
Baris 159 ⟶ 171:
|Dihentikan sejak April 2011
|{{*}}Presiden [[Omar al-Bashir|Bashir]] mengumumkan tidak akan mencalonkan diri lagi pada 2015.<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12521427 Sudan's Bashir will not stand in next election: party official], AFP, 21 February 2011.</ref>
|1<ref>
! style="color:#fff; background:#eac27c;"|[[2011 Sudanese protests|<span style="color:white;">Protes</span>]]
|-
Baris 165 ⟶ 177:
|{{dts|format=dmy|2011|01|17}}
|Berakhir Mei 2011
|{{*}}Konsesi ekonomi oleh Sultan [[Qaboos]];<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.news.maktoob.com/20090000585688/Oman_ups_minimum_monthly_wages_to_520_for_nationals/Article.htm|title=Oman ups minimum monthly wages to $520 for nationals, Oman Economy – Maktoob News|publisher=En.news.maktoob.com|year=|accessdate=27 February 2011|archive-date=2011-07-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714023303/http://en.news.maktoob.com/20090000585688/Oman_ups_minimum_monthly_wages_to_520_for_nationals/Article.htm|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://gulfnews.com/news/gulf/oman/sit-in-in-sohar-town-forces-hypermarkets-to-close-down-1.768284|title=Sit-in in Sohar town forces hypermarkets to close down|publisher=gulfnews|year=|accessdate=27 February 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.khaleejtimes.com/DisplayArticle08.asp?xfile=data
{{*}}Pembubaran menteri;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.aljazeera.net/news/middleeast/2011/02/201122620711831600.html|title=Oman shuffles cabinet amid protests – Middle East|publisher=Al Jazeera English|year=|accessdate=27 February 2011}}</ref><ref name="AJ-Oman-5Mar">{{cite news
{{*}}Pemberian kekusaan legislatif kepada legislator terpilih Oman<ref>[http://www.voanews.com/english/news/middle-east/Omans-Sultan-Shifts-Lawmaking-Powers-Amid-Unrest--117895309.html Oman's Sultan Granting Lawmaking Powers to Councils | Middle East | English<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
|2–6<ref name="google1">{{cite web|last=Surk|first=Barbara|url=http://www.google.com/hostednews/canadianpress/article/ALeqM5gh9egWT30AUKwD6gzNoIxvkoqFMg?docId=6083540|title=The Canadian Press: Police in Oman fire tear gas, rubber bullets at protesters seeking political reform; 1 killed|publisher=Google.com|year=|accessdate=27 February 2011|archiveurl=
! style="color:#fff; background:#00bff3;"|[[Protes Oman 2011|<span style="color:white;">Protes dan perubahan pemerintahan</span>]]
|-
Baris 174 ⟶ 186:
|{{dts|format=dmy|2011|01|21}}
|Dihentikan sejak Juni 2011
|{{*}}Konsesi ekonomi oleh Raja [[Abdullah dari Arab Saudi|Abdullah]];<ref>{{Cite news|title=Saudi King Boosts Spending, Returns to Country|newspaper=[[Voice of America]]|date=23 February 2011|url=http://www.voanews.com/english/news/middle-east/Saudi-King-Boosts-Spending-Returns-to-Country-116739074.html|accessdate=23 February 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=King's order to benefit 180,000 temporary employees|newspaper=[[Arab News]]|date=28 February 2011|url=http://arabnews.com/saudiarabia/article289334.ece|accessdate=28 February 2011|archive-date=2011-03-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110302015606/http://arabnews.com/saudiarabia/article289334.ece|dead-url=yes}}</ref> <br />
{{*}}[[Pemilihan munisipal Arab Saudi 2011|Pemilihan munisipal khusus pria tanggal 22 September 2011]]<ref name="alawsat_details" /><ref name="bloom_women" />
|2<ref name="DPA_Abdul-Ahadwas">{{cite news
! style="color:#fff; background:#eac27c;"|[[Protes Arab Saudi 2011|<span style="color:white;">Protes</span>]]
|-
|{{flag|Mesir}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2011|01|25}}
|Revolusi tanggal 11 Februari 2011<br />
|{{*}}'''Hosni Mubarak digulingkan, Mubarak didakwa membunuh pengunjuk rasa.'''
{{*}} Perdana Menteri [[Ahmed Nazif|Nazif]] dan [[Ahmed Shafik|Shafik]] mengundurkan diri;<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.forexyard.com/en/news/Egypts-prime-minsiter-quits-new-govt-soon-army-2011-03-03T093300Z |title=Egypt's prime minsiter quits, new govt soon-army |publisher=Forexyard.com |date= |accessdate=5 March 2011 |archive-date=2016-07-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160722012543/http://www.forexyard.com/en/news/Egypts-prime-minsiter-quits-new-govt-soon-army-2011-03-03T093300Z |dead-url=yes }}</ref><br />
{{*}}Pengambilalihan kekuasaan oleh [[Dewan Agung Angkatan Bersenjata|Angkatan Bersenjata]];<ref>[http://online.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20110211-713327.html Egypt's Mubarak Steps Down; Military Takes Over] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110215082342/http://online.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20110211-713327.html |date=2011-02-15 }}, The Wall Street Journal, 11 February 2011.</ref><br />
{{*}}Penangguhan [[Konstitusi Mesir|Konstitusi]], pembubaran [[Parlemen Mesir|Parlemen]];<ref>{{cite news|author=Reuters|url=http://www.haaretz.com/news/international/egypt-s-military-moves-to-dissolve-parliament-suspend-constitution-1.343140|title=Egypt's military moves to dissolve parliament, suspend constitution|newspaper=Haaretz|date=29 November 2010|accessdate=24 February 2011|archiveurl=
{{*}}Pembubaran [[Badan Investigasi Keamanan Negara]];<ref>{{cite news
{{*}}Pembubaran [[Partai Demokratik Nasional (Mesir)|NDP]], bekas partai berkuasa di Mesir dan pengalihan asetnya kepada negara<ref>Egypt dissolves former ruling party http://english.aljazeera.net/news/middleeast/2011/04/2011416125051889315.html</ref><br />
{{*}}Pengadilan Mubarak, keluarganya dan bekas menteri-menterinya.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2011/1036/eg31.htm |title=Al-Ahram Weekly | Egypt | How the mighty have fallen |publisher=Weekly.ahram.org.eg |date=2 February 2011 |accessdate=23 March 2011}}</ref><ref name="Detention">{{cite news|url= http://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/14/world/middleeast/14egypt.html?_r=1
|846<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.haaretz.com/news/international/government-fact-finding-mission-shows-846-killed-in-egypt-uprising-1.356885|title=846 killed in Egypt uprising|date=20 April 2011|accessdate=20 April 2011|archiveurl=
! style="color:#fff; background:#00112b;"|[[Revolusi Mesir 2011|<span style="color:white;">Revolusi</span>]]
|-
Baris 195 ⟶ 207:
|{{dts|format=dmy|2011|01|30}}
|Sedang berlangsung
|{{*}}Konsesi politik oleh Raja [[Mohammed VI dari Maroko|Mohammed VI]];<ref>[http://www.middle-east-online.com/english/?id=44526 Moroccan king to make reforms with constitutional body] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110223070006/http://www.middle-east-online.com/english/?id=44526 |date=2011-02-23 }}, Middle East Online, 22 February 2011;</ref>
{{*}}[[Referendum konstitusi Maroko 2011|Referendum]] terhadap reformasi konstitusi;<br />
{{*}}Perlindungan hak asasi manusia dan pengakhiran korupsi<ref name="independent.co.uk">{{cite news|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/thousands-in-morocco-march-for-rights-2247511.html
|7<small><ref>
! style="color:#fff; background:#00bff3;"|[[Protes Maroko 2011|<span style="color:white;">Protes dan perubahan pemerintahan</span>]]
|-
Baris 207 ⟶ 219:
{{*}} Tanggal 4 Juni, Presiden [[Ali Abdullah Saleh]] terluka dalam serangan terhadap masjid di tempat perlindungannya di ibu kota Yaman, [[Sana'a]], menyebabkan ia dan 35 anggota keluarganya, termasuk istrinya, serta Perdana Menteri dan Juru Bicara Parlemen Yaman, meninggalkan Yaman ke Arab Saudi. Hingga 20 Agustus, Saleh belum kembali ke Yaman.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-13658445|title=Yemenis rejoice as Saleh leaves but fighting continues|publisher=BBC News|date=5 June 2011|accessdate=5 June 2011}}</ref><br />
{{*}} Wakil Presiden [[Abd al-Rahman Mansur al-Hadi]] menjabat sebagai Presiden Petahana pada 4 Juni 2011.<ref>[http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/06/04/abd-rabbu-mansour-hadi-yemen-vice-president_n_871400.html], Huffington Post, 4 June 2011.]</ref>
|1,784-1,870[<ref>150 protesters and 154 soldiers killed (by 21 May)[http://www.deseretnews.com/article/700137365/Yemens-president-warns-of-al-Qaida-takeover.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121124075910/http://www.deseretnews.com/article/700137365/Yemens-president-warns-of-al-Qaida-takeover.html|date=2012-11-24}} 150 killed in the ammo dump explosion,[http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704471904576228560307960384.html] total of 454 killed outside of the street fighting</ref><ref>253-273 reported killed during the [[Battle of Sana'a]], 120 during the [[Battle of Zinjibar]], 46-82 during the [[2011 Ta'izz clashes|Ta'izz clashes]], 2 in a militant attack in Loder (27 May),[http://www.france24.com/en/20110529-suspected-al-qaeda-militants-seize-yemeni-town-zinjibar%20] 5 in a tribal-Houthi clash (1 June),[http://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/03/world/middleeast/03yemen.html?_r=1&partner=rss&emc=rss&pagewanted=all] and 9 in a militant attack in Abyan (5 June),[http://www.kansascity.com/2011/06/05/2927897/gunmen-kill-13-troops-in-yemen.html] total of 433-491 reported killed during the street fighting</ref>
! style="color:#fff; background:#004a80;"|[[Pemberontakan Yaman 2011|<span style="color:white;">Mengalami kerusuhan sipil dan perubahan pemerintahan</span>]]
|-
Baris 213 ⟶ 225:
|{{dts|format=dmy|2011|02|10}}
|Sedang berlangsung
|{{*}}Perdana Menteri [[Nouri al-Maliki|Maliki]] mengumumkan bahwa ia tidak akan mencalonkan diri untuk ketiga kalinya;<ref>{{cite news
{{*}}Pengunduran diri gubernur provinsi dan otoritas setempat<ref>{{cite news
|28+<ref name="wpdayofrage">{{cite news|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2011/02/26/AR2011022601854.html
! style="color:#fff; background:#d64400;"|[[Protes Irak 2011|<span style="color:white;">Protes besar</span>]]
|-
Baris 221 ⟶ 233:
|{{dts|format=dmy|2011|02|14}}
|Sedang berlangsung, meski dihentikan sementara sejak Maret 2011
|{{*}}Konsesi ekonomi oleh Raja [[Hamad ibn Isa Al Khalifa|Hamad]];<ref>{{cite news
{{*}}Pembebasan tahanan politik;<ref>[
{{*}}Pembubaran menteri;<ref>[http://www.presstv.ir/detail/167162.html Bahrain sacks ministers amid protests] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110301061141/http://www.presstv.ir/detail/167162.html |date=2011-03-01 }}, Press TV, 26 February 2011.</ref><br />
{{*}}Intervensi [[Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf|GCC]] atas permintaan [[Pemerintah Bahrain]]
|36<ref>31 protestors killed, [http://www.adnkronos.com/IGN/Aki/English/Security/Bahrain-Thirty-one-protesters-killed-600-arrested-since-February-group-says_311903716211.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110418210101/http://www.adnkronos.com/IGN/Aki/English/Security/Bahrain-Thirty-one-protesters-killed-600-arrested-since-February-group-says_311903716211.html|date=2011-04-18}} four policemen killed, [http://www.habibtoumi.com/2011/03/29/bahrain-interior-minister-says-24-were-killed-in-unrest/][http://www.france24.com/en/20110417-seven-bahrainis-trial-over-police-deaths] 1 Saudi soldier killed, [http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/03/15/bahrain-state-of-emergency-saudi-soldier-killed_n_835832.html] total of 36 people reported killed</ref>
! style="color:#fff; background:#004a80;"|[[Pemberontakan Bahrain 2011|<span style="color:white;">Mengalami kerusuhan sipil dan perubahan pemerintahan</span>]]
|-
Baris 231 ⟶ 243:
|{{dts|format=dmy|2011|02|18}}
|Berakhir 31 Maret 2011
|{{*}}Pengunduran diri kabinet <ref>{{Cite news|date=31 March 2011|url=http://articles.cnn.com/2011-03-31/world/kuwait.government_1_cabinet-minister-security-forces-kuwait-news-agency?_s=PM:WORLD|title=Kuwait ministers resign, news agency says|publisher=CNN|access-date=2011-08-22|archive-date=2012-01-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119160030/http://articles.cnn.com/2011-03-31/world/kuwait.government_1_cabinet-minister-security-forces-kuwait-news-agency?_s=PM:WORLD|dead-url=yes}}</ref>
|0<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/41676934/ns/world_news-mideast/n_africa|title=30 wounded in Kuwait protests on Friday|publisher=MSN}}</ref>
! style="color:#fff; background:#00bff3;"|[[Kebangkitan dunia Arab#Lainnya|<span style="color:white;">Protes dan perubahan pemerintahan</span>]]
Baris 245 ⟶ 257:
|{{dts|format=dmy|2011|05|15}}
|Protes dan penekanan sedang berlangsung
|{{*}}Pembebasan beberapa tahanan politik;<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-12679902
{{*}}Pembubaran Gubernur Provinsi;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www1.albawaba.com/main-headlines/unrest-continues-syria |title=Unrest continues in Syria |publisher=Al Bawaba |date=23 March 2011 |accessdate=24 March 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.aljazeera.net/news/middleeast/2011/04/20114711251531744.html |title=Assad attempts to appease minority Kurds |publisher=Al Jazeera |date=8 April 2011 |accessdate=24 April 2011}}</ref><br />
{{*}}Aksi militer di [[Hama]], [[Daraa]] dan daerah lain;<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-13185185|title=Syrian army 'attacks protest city of Deraa'|publisher=bbc.co.uk|accessdate=25 April 2011|date=25 April 2011}}</ref><br />
{{*}}Pengunduran diri Parlemen;<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-13175677
{{*}}Pengunduran diri Pemerintah;<ref>{{cite news|title=Syrian cabinet resigns amid unrest|author=|newspaper=|date=29 March 2011|url=http://english.aljazeera.net/news/middleeast/2011/03/201132975114399138.html}}</ref><br />
{{*}}Terjadi pembelotan dalam angkatan bersenjata Suriah;<ref>{{cite news|url=http://english.aljazeera.net/news/middleeast/2011/04/2011428182333234775.html|title=Syrian army units 'clash over crackdown'|publisher=Al Jazeera|year=2011|accessdate=28 April 2011}}</ref><br />
{{*}}Pembentukan [[Angkatan Darat Suriah Bebas|Pasukan Bebas]]; <br />
{{*}}Keangotaan Suriah di [[Liga Arab]] dihentikan sementara.
|9,045–11,300<ref>6,600+ civilians [http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/meast/06/25/syria.unrest/] and 5,341 [http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/meast/06/25/syria.unrest/]-500 [http://today.msnbc.msn.com/id/43336855/ns/world_news-mideast_n_africa/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110613064712/http://today.msnbc.msn.com/id/43336855/ns/world_news-mideast_n_africa|date=2011-06-13}} security forces killed</ref>
! style="color:#fff; background:#004a80;"|[[Pemberontakan Suriah 2011|<span style="color:white;">Mengalami kerusuhan sipil dan perubahan pemerintahan</span>]]
|-
Baris 268 ⟶ 280:
|Berakhir 5 Juni 2011
|
|30-40<ref name=FRANCE24>{{cite web|url=http://www.france24.com/en/20110606-syria-says-23-dead-israel-opens-fire-golan#|title=Syria says 23 dead as Israel opens fire on Golan|author=[[Agence France Presse]]|publisher=[[France 24]]|date=6 June 2011|accessdate=12 June 2011|archiveurl=
! style="color:#fff; background:#d64400;"|[[Demonstrasi perbatasan Israel 2011|<span style="color:white;">Protes besar</span>]]
|- class="sortbottom"
Baris 285 ⟶ 297:
* [[Gelombang revolusi]]
* [[Revolusi 1989]], dimulai dengan perubahan di Polandia dan mendorong [[pembubaran Uni Soviet]]
* [[Revolusi 1848]], serangkaian pemberontakan rakyat yang dimulai dengan Revolusi
* [[Revolusi Kekuatan Rakyat]], menjadi inspirasi Revolusi 1989
* [[Freedom in the World]]
Baris 296 ⟶ 308:
== Bacaan lanjutan ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite book|last=Browers|first=Michaelle|year=2009|title=Political Ideology in the Arab World: Accommodation and Transformation|url=https://archive.org/details/politicalideolog0000brow|location=New York|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-76532-9}}
* {{Cite book|last=Gardner|first=David|year=2009|title=Last Chance: The Middle East in the Balance|url=https://archive.org/details/lastchancemiddle0000gard_f7t9|location=London|publisher=I.B. Tauris|isbn=978-1-84885-041-5}}
* {{cite journal |last=Goldstone |first=Jack A. |authorlink=Jack Goldstone |last2=Hazel |first2=John T., Jr. |date=14 April 2011 |title=Understanding the Revolutions of 2011: Weakness and Resilience in Middle Eastern Autocracies |journal=[[Foreign Affairs]] |url=http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/67694/jack-a-goldstone/understanding-the-revolutions-of-2011 }}
* {{Cite book|last=Kaye|first=Dalia Dassa|title=More Freedom, Less Terror? Liberalization and Political Violence in the Arab World|location=Santa Monica, CA|publisher=RAND Corporation|year=2008|isbn=978-0-8330-4508-9|display-authors=2}}
* {{Cite book|editor1-last=Ottaway|editor1-first=Marina|editor2-last=Choucair-Vizoso|editor2-first=Julia|title=Beyond the Façade: Political Reform in the Arab World|url=https://archive.org/details/beyondfacadepoli0000otta|location=Washington, DC|publisher=Carnegie Endowment for International Peace|year=2008|isbn=978-0-87003-239-4}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Pelletreau|first=Robert H.|authorlink=Robert Pelletreau|date=24 February 2011|title=Transformation in the Middle East: Comparing the Uprisings in Tunisia, Egypt and Bahrain|journal=[[Foreign Affairs]]|prurl=http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/67546/robert-h-pelletreau/transformation-in-the-middle-east}}
* {{cite book|last=Phares|first=Walid|year=2010|title=Coming Revolution: Struggle for Freedom in the Middle East|url=https://archive.org/details/comingrevolution0000phar|location=New York|publisher=Simon & Schuster|isbn=978-1439178379 }}
* {{Cite book|editor1-last=Posusney|editor1-first=Marsha Pripstein|editor2-last=Angrist|editor2-first=Michele Penner|year=2005|title=Authoritarianism in the Middle East: Regimes and Resistance|location=Boulder|publisher=Lynne Rienner|isbn=1-58826-317-7}}
{{refend}}
Baris 308 ⟶ 320:
== Pranala luar ==
{{
{{Commons category|2010–2011 Arab world protests|Kebangkitan dunia Arab 2010-2011}}
* [http://english.aljazeera.net/news/middleeast/ Middle East] at ''[[Aljazeera English]]''
Baris 321 ⟶ 333:
* {{Spiegeltopic|the_arab_revolution/|The Arab Revolution}}
* [http://www.carnegieendowment.org/topic/?fa=list&id=839 Unrest in the Arab World] collected news and commentary at [[Carnegie Endowment for International Peace]]
* [http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/0,28757,2045328,00.html The Middle East in Revolt] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110207075103/http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/0,28757,2045328,00.html |date=2011-02-07 }} collected news and commentary at ''[[
* [http://www.cfr.org/egypt/issue-guide-arab-world-protests/p23929 Issue Guide: Arab World Protests], [[Council on Foreign Relations]], February 16, 2011
* [http://www.economist.com/blogs/dailychart/2011/02/daily_chart_arab_unrest_index The Shoe Thrower's index], An index of unrest in the Arab world, ''[[The Economist]]'', February 9, 2011
* [http://en.qantara.de/webcom/show_article.php/_c-478/_nr-1164/i.html Interview with Tariq Ramadan: "We Need to Get a Better Sense of the Trends within Islamism"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110226115107/http://en.qantara.de/webcom/show_article.php/_c-478/_nr-1164/i.html |date=2011-02-26 }}, ''[[Qantara.de]]'', 2 February 2011
* [http://arabrevolution.posterous.com/ Arab Revolution Video Blog] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110312052014/http://arabrevolution.posterous.com/ |date=2011-03-12 }}
* [http://www.revolutiontrends.org Tracking the wave of protests with statistics], ''RevolutionTrends.org''
* {{BOTW|Regional/Middle_East/Society_and_Culture/Protests_2010-2011}}
* [http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/index.cfm/articles/Arab-Upheavals-and-the-Future-of-the-US-Military-Policies-and-Presence-in-the-Middle-East-and-the-Gulf/2011/6/27] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110703072659/http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/index.cfm/articles/Arab-Upheavals-and-the-Future-of-the-US-Military-Policies-and-Presence-in-the-Middle-East-and-the-Gulf/2011/6/27 |date=2011-07-03 }} "Strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil"
{{DEFAULTSORT:Kebangkitan dunia Arab}}
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