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'''Prasasti Kurkh''' ({{lang-en|'''Kurkh Monolith'''}}; '''''Kurkh Stela''''') adalah sebuah monumen yang dibuat oleh raja [[Asyur]] yang memuat catatan sejarah [[Pertempuran Karkar]] di bagian akhirnya. Sekarang dipamerkan di [[British Museum]], [[London]], [[Inggris]], tetapi asalnya ditemukan di desa orang [[Kurdi]] yang bernama '''Kurkh''' (Bahasa [[Turki]]: '''Üçtepe'''), dekat kota Bismil di provinsi [[Diyarbakır]], [[Turki]]. Batu ''monolith'' ini tingginya 2,2 meter. Isinya mencakup sejarah tahun pertama sampai ke-6 pemerintahan raja Asyur, [[Salmaneser III]] (859-824 SM), meskipun tahun ke-5 tidak ada.
Prasasti ini khususnya memuat penyerangan Salmaneser di bagian barat [[Mesopotamia]] dan [[Syria]], bertempur dahsyat dengan negara-negara '''Beth Eden''' ('''Bit Adini''') dan '''[[Karkemis]]'''. Di bagian akhir ''[[Monolit|monolith]]'' ini tercantum riwayat "'''Pertempuran Qarqar'''", di mana gabungan dua belas raja bertempur melawan Salmaneser di kota [[Karkar]], Siria. Pasukan gabungan ini dipimpin oleh [[Irhuleni]] raja [[Hamat]] dan [[Hadadezer]] raja [[Damaskus]], termasuk juga tentara berjumlah besar<ref>Huffmon, Herbert B. "Jezebel - the 'Corrosive' Queen" in Joyce Rilett Wood, John E. Harvey, Mark Leuchter, eds. ''From Babel to Babylon: Essays on Biblical History And Literature in Honor of Brian Peckham'', T&T Clark, 2006, ISBN 978-0-567-02892-1 p. 276 http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=1Lvh29qOHHoC&oi=fnd&pg=PA273&dq=%22kurkh+monolith%22&ots=bjmQrTflBj&sig=k-0DuKWDrGxYo06Jcdk5mhZG1v0#PPA276,M1</ref> pimpinan raja [[Ahab]] dari [[Kerajaan Israel (Samaria)|Israel]]. Prasasti ini juga pertama kalinya memuat kisah orang [[Arab]] dalam sejarah dunia, menyertakan satu pasukan [[onta]] yang dipimpin oleh raja '''Gindibu'''.
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then in the Ottoman [[Eyalet of Kurdistan]] in [[Al-Jazira, Mesopotamia|Al-Jazira]].{{sfn|Taylor|1865}} The location was also known as Kerh or Kerh-i Dicle and is now known as Üçtepe, in the district of [[Bismil]], in the province of [[Diyarbakır Province|Diyarbakir]] of Turkey.<ref>Ancient Locations [http://www.ancientlocations.net/?sp=3570 Tidu? Kurkh] Site accessed July 5, 2014</ref><ref>Aynur Özfırat. [http://www.academia.edu/2536056/Ozfirat_A._Uctepe_and_Diyarbakir_Area_During_the_Early-Middle_Bronze_Ages_Workshop_on_Looking_North_The_Socio-economic_Dynamics_of_the_Northern_Mesopotamian_and_Anatolian_Regions_during_the_Late_Third_and_Early_Second_Millenium_BC_ "Üçtepe and Diyarbakır Area During the Early-Middle Bronze Ages"], pages 117-126 in Workshop on Looking North: The Socio-economic Dynamics of the Northern Mesopotamian and Anatolian Regions during the Late Third and Early Second Millenium BC. 6th International Congress on the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East (Rome, 5-10 May 2008), eds N. Laneri, P. Pfälzner and S. Valentini, 117-126, Wiesbaden 2012: Harrassowitz Verlag, Studien zur Urbanisierung Nordmesopotamiens Supplementa.</ref>{{rp|117}}
Kurkh was initially identified by [[Sir Henry Rawlinson, 1st Baronet|Henry Rawlinson]] as the ancient city of [[Tushhan]].{{sfn|Taylor|1865}} This identification was challenged by Karlheinz Kessler in 1980, who proposed ancient Tidu.<ref>Karlheinz Kessler, Untersuchungen zur historischen Topographie Nordmesopotamiens, 1980, pp117-120</ref><ref>Nadav Na'aman, [http://books.google.ca/books?id=1RgRPAkLqLUC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA2#v=onepage&q&f=false ''Ancient Israel and Its Neighbors: Interaction and Counteraction
Taylor described his find as follows:
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<blockquote>"...I had the good fortune to discover a stone slab bearing the effigy of an Assyrian king, and covered on both sides with long inscriptions in the cuneiform character, to within 2 feet of its base, which had purposely been left bare to admit of its being sunk erect in the ground, as a trophy commemorative of its capture by the king, and at the point probably where his legions effected their forced entry into the city. Some little way below it, on the slope of the mound, and nearly entirely concealed by debris, I exhumed another perfect relic of the same description."{{sfn|Taylor|1865}}</blockquote>
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== Pemerian ==
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Prasasti (''[[stela]]'') melukiskan raja Salmaneser III terbuat dari [[limestone]] dengan bagian atasnya bulat. Tingginya 221 cm, lebarnya 87 cm, dan dalamnya 23 cm.<ref name=BM-SIII>British Museum. [http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=367117&partId=1&people=92929&object=20160&page=1 The Kurkh Stela: Shalmaneser III] Accessed July 5, 2014</ref>
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The British Museum describes the image as follows:
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<blockquote>Year 6 (Col. ll, 78-I02) </blockquote>
<blockquote>610. In the year of Dâian-Assur, in the month of ''Airu'', the fourteenth day, I departed from Nineveh, crossed the Tigris, and drew near to the cities of Giammu, (near) the Balih(?) River. At the fearfulness of my sovereignty, the terror of my frightful weapons, they became afraid; with their own weapons his nobles killed Giammu. Into Kitlala and Til-sha-mâr-ahi, I entered. I had my gods brought into his palaces. In his palaces I spread a banquet. His treasury I opened. I saw his wealth. His goods, his property, I carried off and brought to my city Assur. From Kitlala I departed. To Kâr-Shalmaneser I drew near. In (goat)-skin boats I crossed the Euphrates the second time, at its flood. The tribute of the kings on that side of the Euphrates,---of Sangara of Carchemish, of Kundashpi of Kumuhu (Commagene), of Arame son of Gûzi, of Lalli the Milidean, of Haiani son of Gahari, of Kalparoda of Hattina, of Kalparuda of Gurgum, - silver, gold, lead, copper, vessels of copper, at Ina-Assur-uttir-asbat, on that side of the Euphrates, on the river Sagur, which the people of Hatti call Pitru, there I received (it). From the Euphrates I departed, I drew near to Halman (Aleppo). They were afraid to fight with (me), they seized my feet. Silver, gold, as their tribute I received. I offered sacrifices before the god Adad of Halman. From Halman I departed. To the cities of Irhulêni, the Hamathite, I drew near. The cities of Adennu, Bargâ, Arganâ, his royal cities, I captured. His spoil, his property, the goods of his palaces, I brought out. I set fire to his palaces. From Argana I departed. To Karkar I drew near.
<blockquote>611. Karkar, his royal city, I destroyed, I devastated, I burned with fire. 1,200 chariots, I,200 cavalry, 20,000 soldiers, of Hadad-ezer, of Aram (? Damascus); 700 chariots, 700 cavalry, 10,000* soldiers of Irhulêni of Hamath, 2,000 chariots, 10,000 soldiers of Ahab, the Israelite, 500 soldiers of the Gueans, 1,000 soldiers of the Musreans, 10 chariots, 10,000 soldiers of the Irkanateans, 200 soldiers of Matinuba'il, the Arvadite, 200 soldiers of the Usanateans, 30 chariots, [ ],000 soldiers of Adunu-ba'il, the Shianean, 1,000 camels of Gindibu', the Arabian, [ ],000 soldiers [of] Ba'sa, son of Ruhubi, the Ammonite, - these twelve kings he brought to his support; to offer battle and fight, they came against me. (Trusting) in the exalted might which Assur, the lord, had given (me), in the mighty weapons, which Nergal, who goes before me, had presented (to me), I battled with them. From Karkar, as far as the city of Gilzau, I routed them. 14,000 of their warriors I slew with the sword. Like Adad, I rained destruction upon them. I scattered their corpses far and wide, (and) covered (''lit.''., filled) the face of the desolate plain with their widespreading armies. With (my) weapons I made their blood to flow down the valleys(?) of the land. The plain was too small to let their bodies fall, the wide countryside was used up in burying them. With their bodies I spanned the Arantu (Orotes) as with a bridge(?). In that battle I took from them their chariots, their cavalry, their horses, broken to the yoke. (*Possibly 20,000).<ref>Daniel David Luckenbill
Ancient Records of Assyria and Babylonia (Chicago, 1926) Entire book is available online and to download [http://rbedrosian.com/Classic/Luck/arabtoc.html here]. Quoted text begins [http://rbedrosian.com/Classic/Luck/arab222.htm here]. This is the English translation cited by the British Museum webpage on the Shalmaneser III stela [http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=367117&partId=1&people=92929&object=20160&page=1 here].</ref>
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The identification of "A-ha-ab-bu Sir-ila-a-a" with "Ahab of Israel" was first proposed<ref name=Smith/> by [[Julius Oppert]] in his 1865 ''Histoire des Empires de Chaldée et d'Assyrie''.<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/histoiredesempi00oppegoog#page/n144/mode/1up Histoire des Empires de Chaldée et d'Assyrie], [[Julius Oppert]], 1865, p.140, "La grande importance de ce texte réside dans la citation du roi célèbre par son impiété, et du nom d'Israël. On se souvient que le roi d'Assyrie cite juste sur l'obélisque, parmi ses tributaires, Jéhu, l'un des successeurs d'Achab, et contemporain de Hazaël qui paraît pour la première fois à la 18e campagne, tandis qu'à la 14e nous lisons encore le nom de son prédécesseur Benhadad."</ref>
[[Eberhard Schrader]] dealt with parts of the inscription on the Shalmaneser III Monolith in 1872, in his ''Die Keilinschriften und das Alte Testament'' ("Tulisan paku dan Perjanjian Lama").<ref name=Schrader>[http://archive.org/details/MN41886ucmf_6 Eberhard Schrader, Die Keilinschriften und das Alte Testament, 1872] Quotes in German:<br>p58-59 "Der Name "Israel" selber findet sich und zwar als Name für das "Reich Israel" nur einmal in den Inschriften, nämlich auf dem neuentdeckten Stein Salmanassar's II, wo Ahab von Israel als Sir-'-lai d. i. als "der von Israel" bezeichnet wird (s. die Stelle in der Glosse zu 1 Kon. 16, 29). Es ist nun allerdings unter den Assyriologen Streit darüber, ob dieser Name wirklich mit hebr. ישראל und nicht vielmehr mit יזרעאל d. i. "Jezreel" zu identificiren sei, dieses deshalb, weil das erste Zeichen sonst den Lautwerth "sir" hat. Indess da das Adjectiv das Land-determinativ ("mat") vor sich hat, Jezreel aber kein "Land", denn vielmehr eine "Stadt" war, so wird schon deshalb die letztere Vermuthung aufzugeben sein. Dazu wird gerade bei zusammengesetzten, mit Zischlauten beginnenden Sylben ein so strenger Unterschied in den verschiedenen Zischlauten nicht gemacht, wie denn z. B. mit Bar-zi-pa in den Inschriften auch Bar-sip wechselt, obgleich sonst dem letzten Zeichen sip der andere "sip" fur gewohnlich nicht zukommt."<br>p99-100 "Der Umstand, dass hier Ahab, der Sir'lit, und Ben-hadad von Damaskus neben einander erscheinen, sowie dass dieser selbe Konig in der spater redigirten Inschrift des Nimrud obelisk's des Jehu ; Sohnes des Omri ; sowie anderseits des Hazael von Damask gedenkt, lässt darüber keinen Zweifel, dass unter diesem Ahab, dem Sir'lit en, der biblische Ahab von Israel gemeint ist. Dass aber Ahab im Bunde mit Damask erscheint; ist durchaus in Uebereinstimmung mit dem biblischen Berichte; wonach Ahab nach der Schlacht bei Aphek mit Benhadad ein Bündniss schloss, selbstverständlich gegen den Erbfeind von Damaskus
Schrader wrote that the name "Israel" ("Sir-ila-a-a") was found only on this artifact in cuneiform inscriptions at that time, a fact which remains the case today. This fact has been brought up by some scholars who dispute the proposed translation.<ref name="books.google.co.uk"/>{{sfn|Kelle|2002|p=642a}}
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Summarizing scholarly works on this subject, Kelle suggests that the evidence "allows one to say that the inscription contains the first designation for the Northern Kingdom. Moreover, the designation "Israel" seems to have represented an entity that included several vassal states." The latter may have included Moab, Edom and Judah.{{sfn|Kelle|2002}}
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==
Terdapat sejumlah dugaan kesalahan penulisan dalam prasasti ini, terutama berkisar dari Pertempuran Qarqar. Misalnya, di sana tertulis sebuah kota ''Gu-a-a'', yang oleh beberapa pakar dianggap kota '''Quwê''' ('''Que'''). Namun, H. Tadmor yakin ini merupakan kesalahan tulis, yaitu ''Gu-a-a'' seharusnya ''Gu-bal-a-a'', yang adalah kota Byblos. Lebih masuk akal jika Salmaneser memerangi Byblos dan bukannya Que, karena secara geografis lebih cocok di mana raja-raja lain berasal dari daerah di selatan dan barat Asyur, yang juga merupakan lokasi kota-negara Byblos, sedangkan Que, terletak di [[Silisia]] (''Cilicia'').
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Juga diperdebatkan ejaan istilah ''musri'', yang dalam [[bahasa Akkadia]] berarti "berbaris". Tadmor mengatakan bahwa orang Musri telah dikalahkan oleh Asyur pada abad ke-11 SM, sehingga ''Musri'' di sini lebih tepat berarti "Mesir", tetapi sejumlah pakar tidak setuju dengan penafsiran ini.
Kesalahan teks lain adalah Kerajaan Asyur memerangi "dua belas raja". Di dalam prasasti itu
== Lihat pula ==
* [[Ahab]]
* [[Salmaneser III]]
* [[Daftar artefak terkait Alkitab]]
== Referensi ==
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