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{{Infobox military unit
|unit_name= Angkatan Darat Yugoslavia
|image= [[FileBerkas:KoV JNA.JPG|150px]]
|caption= EmblemLambang ofAngkatan theDarat [[YugoslavTentara People'sRakyat ArmyYugoslavia]] Ground Forces
|dates= 1945–1992
|country= {{YUG}}
Baris 9:
|type=
|role=
|size= sekitar 600140,000 personel dan ada 2({{sekitar|1.000.000}} cadangan)
|command_structure=[[Tentara Rakyat Yugoslavia (TRY)]]
|garrison= [[Belgrade]]
|garrison_label= H/QMarkas
|battles= [[Perang Yugoslavia]]<br>[[Perang Sepuluh Hari]]<br> [[Perang Kroasia]] <br>[[Perang Bosnia]]
|anniversaries= 22 Desember 1945
|decorations=
|disbanded= [[Breakup ofPerpecahan Yugoslavia]] (1992)
<!-- Insignia -->
|identification_symbol= [[Berkas:Flag of the Yugoslav Ground Forces.svg|200px|border]]
|identification_symbol_label= Bendera infanteri
|identification_symbol_2=
|identification_symbol_2_label=
<!-- Commanders -->
|commander1= [[ColonelKolonel GeneralJenderal]] [[Života Panić]]
|commander1_label=Last commanderKomandan terakhir
|notable_commanders=
}}
 
'''Angkatan Darat Yugoslavia''' ([[bahasa Serbo-Croatian languageKroasia|Serbo-CroatianKroasia]]: ''Kopnena Vojska'' – KoV, [[SerbianAlfabet CyrillicKiril alphabetSerbia|Cyrillictulisan scriptKiril]]: Копнена Војска – КоВ) adalah salah satu cabang [[Tentara Rakyat Yugoslavia (TRY)]] dari tanggal 1 Maret 1945 sampai 20 Mei 1992 saat pecah [[Perang Bosnia]] pecah.
 
== Sejarah ==
Asal Muasalmuasal Angkatan Darat ini berasal dari para Partisan Yugoslavia di wilayah pendudukan [[Nazi Jerman]] selama masa [[Perang Dunia ke-2]],. dan padaPada tanggal 1 Maret 1945, Partisan itu disusun lagi menjadi sebuah tentara yang bernama Angkatan Darat Yugoslavia (''Jugoslovenska Armija'') danlalu pada 22 DecemberDesember 1951, ulang tahun ke-10,mereka menambahkan kata ''Rakyat'' (i.e. ''Narodna'') jadinyasehingga menjadi Angkatan Bersenjata Rakyat Yugoslavia (ABRY).<ref>p.202, Trifunovska</ref>
 
Pada September 1968 dibentuk Pasukan Pembela Wilayah (PPW) untuk membantu [[Tentara Rakyat Yugoslavia (TRY)]] dalam hal penjagaan perbatasan.
 
==Operations Tugas ==
''SeeLihat alsopula: [[YugoslavPerang warsYugoslavia]] and [[TenPerang DaySepuluh WarHari]]''
 
=== Perang Sepuluh Hari/Perang di Slovenia ===
===The Ten-Day War===
Saat pecah [[Perang Sepuluh Hari]], banyak dari Prajurit TRY tidak mengetahui mengapa dan apa yang sedang mereka lakukan di wilayah [[Slovenia]] Timur karena sehari sebelum Slovenia merdeka, tentara TRY dikirim dengan tergesa-gesa menuju ke timur [[Slovenia]] hanya dalam waktu satu hari. Tetapi hasil yang didapatkan begitu mudah untuk menguasai [[Slovenia]] karena pemerintahan mereka belum siap sedangkan TRY sudah berpengalaman selama [[Perang Dunia II|Perang Dunia ke-2]]. Meskipun sukses tetapi tetap saja Slovenia merdeka dan telah diakui oleh banyak negara sehingga TRY menarik mundur pasukannya untuk mencegah [[Kroasia]] merdeka.
During the [[Ten Day War]] the JNA performed abysmally as many of the Yugoslav soldiers did not realise they were taking part in a real military operation, rather an exercise, until they came under attack. The officer corps was dominated by Serbs and Montenegrins and in many cases ideologically committed to Yugoslav unity. The rank and file troops however were conscripts, many who had no strong motivation in fighting against the Slovenes. Of the soldiers of the 5th Military District, which was in action in Slovenia, in 1990 30% were [[Albanians]], 20% [[Croats]], 15 to 20% [[Serbs]] and [[Montenegrins (ethnic group)|Montenegrins]], 10% [[Bosniaks]], and 8% [[Slovenes]].<ref>Meier, Viktor. ''Yugoslavia – A History of its Demise''. Routledge, London, 1999</ref> The JNA eventually lost nearly all of its Slovenian and Croat personnel, becoming an almost entirely Serbian and Montenegrian force. Its poor performance in Slovenia and later in Croatia discredited its leadership – Kadijević resigned as defence minister in January 1992, and Adžić was forced into medical retirement shortly afterwards. Due to the short duration (10 Days) and relatively low intensity of the war, casualties were low. According to Slovenian estimates, the JNA suffered 44 fatalities and 146 wounded, while 4,692 JNA soldiers and 252 [[federal police]] officers were captured by the Slovenian side. According to post-war assessments made by the JNA, its material losses amounted to 31 tanks, 22 armoured personnel carriers, 6 helicopters, 6,787 infantry weapons, 87 artillery pieces and 124 air defence weapons damaged, destroyed or confiscated. Property damage was fairly light, due to the scattered and short-term nature of the fighting.
 
==Infantry= Peralatan ===
* ''Senjata Assault''
** [[Zastava M70]]
* ''Senapan Mesin''
** [[Zastava M84]]
** [[Zastava M72]]
** [[Zastava M77]]
* ''Submachineguns''
** [[Skorpion vz. 61]]
* ''Senapan Runduk''
** [[Zastava M76]]
* ''Pistol''
** [[CZ-99]]
* ''Peluncur''
** [[M80 Rocket Launcher]]
** [[M79 Osa]]
 
==== Galleri ====
The ground forces led in personnel. It had about 540,000 active-duty soldiers (including 120,000 conscripts) and could mobilize over a million trained [[reservist]]s in wartime. Reserve forces were organized along republics' lines into [[Territorial Defense Forces (Yugoslavia)|Territorial Defence Forces]] and in wartime they were to be subordinate to [[JNA Supreme Command]] as an integral part of defence system. Territorial Defence (reserve force) was made up of former conscripts and they were occasionally called up for war exercises.
 
The ground forces were infantry, [[armour]], artillery, and air defence, as well as signal, engineering and chemical defence corps.
 
===Equipment===
*''Assault Rifles''
**[[Zastava M70]]
*''Machineguns''
**[[Zastava M84]]
**[[Zastava M72]]
**[[Zastava M77]]
*''Submachineguns''
**[[Skorpion vz. 61]]
*''Sniper Rifles''
**[[Zastava M76]]
*''Pistols''
**[[CZ-99]]
*''Launchers''
**[[M80 Rocket Launcher]]
**[[M79 Osa]]
 
====Gallery====
 
<gallery>
ImageBerkas:Zastava M84.jpg|HeavySenapan machineMesin gunKelas Berat, Zastava M84 7.62 &nbsp;mm.
</gallery>
 
== Tank anddan armoured brigades ==
 
=== Perlengkapan ===
 
Yugoslav tank brigades comprised two or three battalions each with 31 tanks in three ten tank companies. They operated 1114 Soviet [[T-54]]s and [[T-55]]s, 73 Soviet [[T-72]]s, 443 Yugoslav [[M-84]]s, and some United States-made M-47 tanks. The army's tanks were in many respects its most obsolete forces. The T-54/-55 was a frontline model during the 1960s. Domestic production of the [[M-84]] (an improved version of the Soviet [[T-72]] built under license in Yugoslavia) was providing the army with a late 1970s and 1980s model. The army also had a reserve of old [[T-34/85]] and [[Sherman tank]]s from World War II.
 
The Yugoslav army had 955 [[BVP M-80|M-80A]] IFVs and 551 [[OT M-60|M-60P]] armored personnel carriers produced domestically. The infantry also operated more than 200 Soviet-made [[BTR-152]], [[BTR-40]], and [[BTR-50]] [[armored personnel carriers]] (APCs), which had been purchased in the 1960s and 1970s. It had 100 [[M3 Half-track|M-3A1]] half-tracked personnel carriers produced by the United States and a small number of new Romanian [[TAB-72]] (a variant of the [[BTR-60]]) armored personnel carriers. Armored reconnaissance vehicles included a few older Soviet BTR-40s, newer [[BRDM-2]] and BTR-60 models, and domestic [[BOV APC|BOV]] and [[M-8 (armored vehicle)|M-8]] vehicles.
 
===Equipment===
{{Unreferenced section|date=September 2010}}
* '''LightTank TanksRingan'''
** [[PT-76]] – 63
* '''MediumTank TanksMedium''''
** [[M-4 Sherman]] – 630 (includingtermasuk M-32, M32B1 anddan M-74 tank recovery vehicles, stored in reserve)
** [[T-34/85]] – 889
** [[M-47 Patton]] – 319
** [[T-55]] – 16141.614
* '''Main Battle Tanks'''
** [[T-72]] – 73
** [[M-84]] – 443
* '''Tank DestroyersPenghancur'''
** [[SU-100]] – 40
** [[2S1 Gvozdika]] – 100
** [[M18 Hellcat]] – ~260
** [[M36 Jackson]] – ~300
* '''APC's'''
** [[MT-LB]] – ~200
** [[OT M-60]] – 551
** [[BTR-50]] – 120
** [[BTR-60]] (TBA-72) – 80
* '''IFV's'''
** [[BVP M-80|M-80A]] – 995
* '''Armored Reconnaissance Vehicles
** [[BRDM-2]] – 50
** [[BOV APC]] – 317 (successor state)
 
==Artillery= Artileri ===
Perlengkapan
 
* Mountain artillery
Yugoslav [[artillery]] regiments were well equipped with Soviet, U.S. and domestic systems. Soviet artillery in these units consisted of approximately 1,000 towed 122&nbsp;mm howitzers, 130&nbsp;mm guns, 152&nbsp;mm gun/howitzers, and 155&nbsp;mm howitzers. There were about 700 older United States 105&nbsp;mm and 155&nbsp;mm towed guns and domestically produced models such as the M-65 in the artillery regiments. Towed pieces were very important for operations in the country's mountainous terrain.
 
Artillery units operated Soviet 100&nbsp;mm and 122&nbsp;mm and Yugoslav-produced 105&nbsp;mm M-7 [[Self-propelled artillery|self-propelled guns]]. Those units had over 8,000 82&nbsp;mm and 120&nbsp;mm mortars, including a self-propelled 82&nbsp;mm mortar mounted on an M-60PB variant of the standard armored personnel carrier.
 
Yugoslav artillery units operated several battlefield missile systems including 160 128&nbsp;mm YMRL-32 and M-63 multiple-rocket launchers. The arsenal included four launchers for Soviet [[FROG-7]] surface-to-surface missiles. First fielded in 1967, the unguided FROG-7 had a range of 100 kilometers.
 
===Equipment===
*Mountain artillery
** [[76 mm mountain gun M48|M48]] (AKA the Tito Gun)
* '''Towed Artillery Ringan'''
** [[M101 howitzer|M56]]-?
** [[122 mm howitzer 2A18 (D-30)|D-30]] (D-30J, D-30JA1) – 120
** [[D-74]] – ?
** [[130 mm towed field gun M1954 (M-46)|M-46]] – 250–300
** [[152 mm towed gun-howitzer M1955 (D-20)|D-20]] – 136
** [[M84 NORA - 152mm Field Gun-Howitzer|M84 "NORA A"]] – 200–300
* '''Artileri Roket'''
** [[M-63 Plamen]] – ~800
** [[M-77 Oganj]] – ~120
** [[M-87 Orkan]] – ~10
** [[FROG-7]] – 10
 
== Lihat pula ==
*'''Rocket Artillery'''
{{Tentara Rakyat Yugoslavia (TRY)}}
**[[M-63 Plamen]] – ~800
**[[M-77 Oganj]] – ~120
**[[M-87 Orkan]] – ~10
**[[FROG-7]] – 10
 
* [[Angkatan Bersenjata Novorossiya]]
==Anti-tank regiments==
* [[Angkatan Bersenjata Transnistria]]
<!-- Deleted image removed: [[Image:M791vs6.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Yugoslav People's Army Anti-tank team.]] -->
* [[Angkatan Bersenjata Serbia]]
Yugoslav anti-tank regiments had towed anti-tank guns, recoilless rifles, and Soviet [[anti-tank guided missile]]s. Antitank guns included 75&nbsp;mm, 90&nbsp;mm, and 100&nbsp;mm models. They were Soviet produced with the exception of the 90&nbsp;mm M-63B2, which was manufactured domestically.
* [[Angkatan Bersenjata Kroasia]]
 
== Referensi ==
The recoilless rifles were manufactured domestically and included 57&nbsp;mm, [[M60 recoilless gun|82&nbsp;mm]], and 105&nbsp;mm models. Two self-propelled 82&nbsp;mm recoilless rifles could be mounted on an M-60PB armored personnel carrier.
 
Anti-tank guided missiles were the Soviet [[AT-1 Snapper|AT-1]] (NATO: ''Snapper'') and [[AT-3 Sagger|AT-3]] (NATO: ''Sagger''). They were used in both anti-tank and infantry units, but because of their early vintage, effectiveness against advanced armor was uncertain. The four wheeled BOV-1 armored reconnaissance vehicle could be equipped with six AT-3 launchers to serve as a highly mobile anti-tank platform.
 
==Air defense==
 
Larger Yugoslav army units had considerable tactical air defense assets, designed to defend major troop concentrations against enemy air strikes. The ground forces had four surface-to-air missile regiments and eleven antiaircraft artillery regiments. The former operated large numbers of Soviet [[SA-6]], [[SA-7]], [[SA-9]], [[SA-13]], [[SA-14]], [[SA-16]] missiles. Short-range systems also were employed in infantry units.
 
Yugoslav antiaircraft artillery regiments operated over 5,000 guns. Self-propelled gun systems included the Soviet-made 57&nbsp;mm dual [[ZSU-57-2]] gun systems and the domestically produced triple 20&nbsp;mm BOV-3s and dual 30&nbsp;mm [[BOV-30]]s. Large numbers of towed antiaircraft guns of many calibers were in the inventory. Of both domestic and foreign origin, they included pieces purchased from the United States, Czechoslovakia, Switzerland, and Sweden.
 
===Equipment===
 
*'''Anti aircraft systems'''
**[[57 mm AZP S-60]] – ?
**[[M-55 (anti-aircraft gun)|M-55]] – ?
**[[Bofors 40mm]]
*'''Self-propelled Anti aircraft systems'''
**[[BOV APC|BOV-3/30]] – ~100
**[[M53/59 Praga]] – 789<ref>[http://oklop2.tripod.com/praga/m53.htm Samohodni PA top Praga M-53/59<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
**[[ZSU-57-2]] – 100
*'''MANPAD's'''
**[[Strela-2]] – 4700
**[[9K34 Strela-3]]
**[[9K38 Igla]]
*'''SAM's'''
**[[9K31 Strela-1]] – 120
**[[9K35 Strela-10]] – 18
**[[S-75 Dvina]] – 60 (used by Air Force and Air Defense)
**[[S-125|S-125 Neva]] – 60 (used by Air Force and Air Defense)
**[[2K12 Kub]] – 80~90 (used by Air Force and Air Defense)
 
==Coastal defense==
The coastal artillery batteries had both surface-to-surface missiles and guns. They operated the Soviet-designed [[P-5 Pyatyorka|SS-C-3]] and a truck-mounted, Yugoslav-produced Brom antiship missile which was essentially a Yugoslav variant of the Soviet SS-N-2. Coastal guns included over 400 [[85 mm]], [[88 mm]], [[122 mm]], [[130 mm]], and [[152 mm]] artillery pieces obtained from the Soviet Union, the United States, captured and refurbished WW2 German and Italian pieces, and Yugoslav manufacturers.
 
==Rank and uniforms==
===Rank===
According to the Army Law of 1 October 1982 the Land Forces had five categories of ranks; general officers, senior officers, junior officers, Non-commissioned Officers, and soldiers.
 
====Enlisted====
The soldier and NCO ranks were private first class, corporal, junior sergeant, sergeant, sergeant first class, senior sergeant, senior sergeant first class, warrant officer, and warrant officer first class. Privates first class, corporals, and junior sergeants wore one, two, and three red chevrons, respectively, on a background of olive-green, blue-gray, or black—corresponding, respectively, to the ground forces, air force, or navy. In the land forces and air forces, sergeants, sergeants first class, senior sergeants, and senior sergeants first class wore single thin yellow-gold chevrons with one, two, three, and four yellow-gold stars, respectively. Warrant officers and warrant officers first class wore two yellow-gold chevrons with one and two gold stars respectively.
 
{| style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:100%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px;width:100%"
|-
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
|-
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! ||colspan=6|NCOs<ref name="Yugoslav People's Army Ranks">[[JNA Ranks|Yugoslav People's Army Ranks]]</ref>||colspan=3|Soldiers<ref name="Yugoslav People's Army Ranks"/>
|-
|align="center" rowspan=1|
|align="center"|
|align="center"|
|align="center"|
|align="center"|
|align="center"|
|align="center"|
|align="center"| [[Image:Mladji vodnik kov jna.gif|40px]]
|align="center"|
|align="center"|
|- align="center"
|Ranks in Serbo-Croatian ||''Zastavnik I klase''<br> Заставник I класе ||''Zastavnik''<br>Заставник ||'' Stariji Vodnik I klase''<br>Старији Водник I класе ||''Stariji Vodnik''<br>Старији Водник ||''Vodnik I klase''<br>Водник I класе||''Vodnik''<br>Водник||''Mlađi vodnik''<br>Млађи водник ||''Desetar''<br>Десетар||''Razvodnik''<br>Разводник
|- align="center" rowspan=2
|Ranks ||[[Warrant Officer]], 1st class||[[Warrant Officer]]||[[Senior Sergeant]] 1st class||[[Senior Sergeant]]||[[Sergeant]], 1st class||[[Sergeant]]||Junior [[Sergeant]]||[[Corporal]]||[[Private (rank)|Private]]
|}
 
====Officers====
Insignia for commissioned officers were worn on shoulder boards in olivegreen for the land forces. Shoulder boards were piped with single and double yellow-gold braid, respectively, for junior and senior officers. General officers wore shoulder boards piped with twisted gold cord.
 
Junior officer ranks were sub-lieutenant, lieutenant, lieutenant, captain, and captain first class and their shoulder boards had one, two, three, and four small yellow gold stars, respectively.
 
Senior officer ranks were major, lieutenant colonel, and colonel and their shoulder boards bore one, two, or three large yellow-gold stars respectively.
 
General officer ranks were major general, lieutenant colonel general, colonel general, and general of the army. General was the rank created for federal secretary of people's defense in 1955 and it was abolished in 1974. Army general officers wore a crossed sword and cannon and one, two, three, four and five gold stars.
 
Tito was the only person to hold the rank of [[Marshal]], and the position was abolished shortly after his death. The shoulder board insignia featured the [[Emblem of Yugoslavia]].
 
{| style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:100%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px;width:100%"
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! ||colspan=5|Generals<ref>[http://www.vs.rs/cir/simboli/cinovi/cinovi_generali.php Ознаке чинова – Генерали и Адмирали]</ref>||colspan=7|Officers<ref>[http://www.vs.rs/cir/simboli/cinovi/cinovi_oficiri.php Официри]</ref>
|-
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|- align="center"
|Ranks in Serbo-Croatian ||''General ''<br>Генерал ||'' General Armije''<br>Генерал Армије||'' General Pukovnik''<br>Генерал Пуковник||''General-Potpukovnik''<br>Генерал-Потпуковник||''General-Major''<br>Генерал-Мајор||'' Pukovnik''<br>Пуковник||''Potpukovnik''<br>Потпуковник||''Major''<br>Мајор||''Kapetan I klase''<br>Капетан I класе||''Kapetan''<br>Капетан||''Poručnik''<br>Поручник||''Potporučnik''<br>Потпоручник
|- align="center" rowspan=2
|Ranks ||[[General (YPA)|General]]||[[General of the Army]]||[[Colonel General]]||[[Lieutenant Colonel General]]||[[Major General]]||[[Colonel]]||[[Lieutenant Colonel]]||Major||[[Captain (armed forces)|Captain]], 1st class||[[Captain (armed forces)|Captain]]||[[Lieutenant]]||[[Sub-lieutenant]]
|}
 
===Uniforms===
====Enlisted and NCO's====
Soldiers and NCOs were issued uniforms field and service uniforms, while NCOs were authorized a dress uniform. Military school cadets wore soldier's uniforms. Soldiers' winter and summer uniforms were made of light or heavy wool and cotton in olive-green. All soldiers wore neckties of the same colors except in summer, when the uniform shirt was worn with an open collar.
 
There were several variations on the basic soldier's uniform and women's uniforms were of the same style as those for men with a skirt being substituted for trousers. Paratroops wore an olive-green beret instead of the standard garrison or service cap.
 
Mountain troops wore distinctive stiff field caps with semi-rigid visors and earflaps. They wore loose winter shirts under which additional layers could be worn. The shirt itself had a lining and a collar that could be turned up to cover the neck and chin. The trousers worn by mountain troops extended just below the knee, with a strap and buckle closure. Leather leggings, heavy wool socks, and foul-weather capes also were worn by the mountain troops.
 
Several different patterns of camouflage uniforms were worn by select units.
 
====Officers====
Officers had to buy their field, service, dress, and full dress uniforms. They wore insignia on the lapels of the field uniform shirts. The service uniform differed only in a few details from the basic dress uniform. The shirt buttons of the dress uniform were yellow-gold instead of the service color. The trousers, jackets, and overcoats were piped red along the seams. The dress cap visor showed the same piping as the officer's shoulder boards. The general officer's dress cap had a chin strap of twisted gold cord. Other officers wore plain plastic or leather chin straps. Full dress uniforms were blue and were worn with a yellow-gold sash belt lined with the appropriate service color. Cap emblems all included a red star with yellow-gold rays, given distinctive configurations according to branch. Airborne officers had the red star resting on a silver parachute against a blue background. Cap emblems for general officers showed the same gold wreath as the shoulder boards.
 
==See also==
{{Yugoslav People's Army}}
 
* [[Partisans (Yugoslavia)]]
* [[Front Illustrated Paper]]
* [[Serbian Land Forces]]
* [[Croatian Ground Army]]
 
==References==
{{reflist}}<!--added under references heading by script-assisted edit-->
* [http://www.avijacijabezgranica.com/forum/viewforum.php?f=27 Logistika, naoruzanje i ratna tehnika u OS SFRJ i novonastalim drzavama..] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070804204539/http://www.avijacijabezgranica.com/forum/viewforum.php?f=27 |date=2007-08-04 }}
* [http://www.avijacijabezgranica.com/forum/viewforum.php?f=7 Kopnene vojske na prostorima Ex-YU drzava od nastanka do danas...] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070806070358/http://www.avijacijabezgranica.com/forum/viewforum.php?f=7 |date=2007-08-06 }}
 
==Further reading==
*Jane's Intelligence Review, June 1993
 
== Pustaka tambahan ==
[[Category:Yugoslav People's Army]]
* Jane's Intelligence Review, June 1993
[[Category:Disbanded armies]]
[[Category:Military units and formations of the Cold War]]
 
[[Kategori:Sejarah Yugoslavia]]
[[bs:Jugoslavenska narodna armija]]
[[hr:Jugoslavenska narodna armija]]
[[it:Kopnena Vojska]]
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