Negara Islam Irak dan Syam: Perbedaan antara revisi

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| name = = Negara Islam Irak dan Syam

| native_name = {{lang|ar|الدولة الإسلامية في العراق والشام}}<br /><small>''{{transltransliteration|ar|ad-DawlahDaulah al-Islāmiyah fī 'l-ʿIrāq wa-sy-Syām}}''</small>

| war = [[Perang Saudara Suriah ]], = {{ubl|[[Perang Irak|Perang Irak]] (2003–2011)]], |[[Pemberontakan Irak (2011–132011–2013)|Pemberontakan Irak]], |[[Perang IrakSaudara (2014–present)Suriah]], |[[Perang Saudara LibyaIrak (2014–sekarang2014–2017)]]|[[Perang Saudara Libya Kedua]], |[[Pemberontakan Boko Haram]], |[[Perang di Pakistan Barat LautDaya]], |[[Perang di Afghanistan (2015–sekarang2001–2021)|Perang di Afghanistan]], |[[Perang Saudara Yaman (20152015–sekarang)|Perang Saudara Yaman]], dan |''[[Daftar perang dan pertempuran yang melibatkan NIISISIS|konflikKonflik lainnya...]]''}}

Dalam bahasa Arab, kelompok ini dikenal dengan nama ''{{transl|ar|ad-Dawlah al-Islāmiyah fī 'l-ʿIrāq wa-sy-Syām}}'' sehingga terciptalah kata '''Da'isy''' atau '''Daesh''' ({{lang|ar|داعش}}, {{IPA-ar|ˈdaːʕiʃ}}),<ref name="DAESH shift"/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.freewordcentre.com/blog/2015/02/daesh-isis-media-alice-guthrie/ |title=Decoding Daesh: Why is the new name for ISIS so hard to understand? |first=Alice |last=Guthrie |date=19 February 2015 |accessdate=15 November 2015 |work=Free Word Centre |archive-date=2015-11-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117000440/https://www.freewordcentre.com/blog/2015/02/daesh-isis-media-alice-guthrie/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref> singkatan "NIIS" dalam bahasa Arab. Pada tanggal 29 Juni 2014, kelompok ini menyatakan dirinya sebagai [[negara Islam]] sekaligus [[kekhalifahan dunia]] yang dipimpin oleh [[khalifah]] [[Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi]] dan berganti nama menjadi ''ad-Dawlah al-Islāmiyah'' ({{lang|ar|الدولة الإسلامية}}, {{transl|id|"Negara Islam" (NI)}}. Sebagai kekhalifahan, NIIS mengklaim kendali agama, politik, dan militer atas semua Muslim di seluruh dunia, dan "keabsahan semua keamiran, kelompok, negara, dan organisasi tidak diakui lagi setelah kekuasaan khilāfah meluas dan pasukannya tiba di wilayah mereka".<ref name="ISIS or ISIL? The debate"/><ref name="newname">{{cite news |url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/isis-declares-new-islamic-state-in-middle-east-with-abu-bakr-albaghdadi-as-emir-removing-iraq-and-syria-from-its-name-9571374.html |last=Withnall |first=Adam |title=Iraq crisis: Isis changes name and declares its territories a new Islamic state with 'restoration of caliphate' in Middle East |date=29 June 2014 |accessdate=29 June 2014 |work=The Independent |location=London}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Bill |last=Roggio |author-link=Bill Roggio |url=http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2014/06/isis_announces_formation_of_ca.php |title=ISIS announces formation of Caliphate, rebrands as 'Islamic State' |work=[[Long War Journal]] |date=29 June 2014}}</ref><ref name="The Week">{{cite news |title = Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi: The man who would be caliph |url=http://theweek.com/article/index/267920/abu-bakr-al-baghdadi-the-man-who-would-be-caliph |accessdate=7 December 2014 |work = [[The Week]] |date = 13 September 2014}}<!--al-Baghdadi has the megalomaniacal aim of restoring the long-expired caliphate, the original Muslim kingdom that existed under the successors of the Prophet Mohammed and at one point extended from modern-day Spain to Central Asia. "Caliph", or khalifa, means "successor" in Arabic, and by taking the title, al-Baghdadi has declared himself the chief imam and political and military leader of all Muslims.--></ref>

[[Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa]] menyebut NIIS telah melakukan pelanggaran hak asasi manusia dan [[kejahatan perang]]. [[Amnesty International]] melaporkan bahwa kelompok ini telah melakukan [[pembersihan etnis]] "berskala sangat besar". Kelompok ini [[Daftar organisasi teroris resmi|dicap sebagai organisasi teroris]] oleh PBB, [[Uni Eropa]] dan negara-negara anggotanya, [[Amerika Serikat]], [[India]], [[Indonesia]], [[Israel]], [[Turki]], [[Arab Saudi]], [[Suriah]], dan negara-negara lain. Lebih dari 60 negara secara langsung atau tidak langsung [[#Negara dan kelompok yang berperang melawan NIIS|berperang melawan NIIS]].

Kelompok ini awalnya didirikan dengan nama ''[[Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad]]'' pada tahun 1999, lalu bergabung dengan [[al-Qaeda]] pada tahun 2004. Kelompok ini terlibat [[pemberontakan Irak (2003–11)|pemberontakan Irak]] setelah pasukan koalisi Barat [[invasi Irak 2003|menyerbu Irak tahun 2003]]. Bulan Januari 2006, kelompok tersebut bergabung dengan grup-grup pemberontak Sunni yang tergabung dalam [[Dewan Syura Mujahidin (Irak)|Dewan Syura Mujahidin]]. Mereka memproklamasikan pemberntukan [[Negara Islam Irak]] (NII) pada bulan Oktober 2006. Setelah [[Perang Saudara Suriah]] pecah bulan Maret 2011, NII di bawah kepemimpinan al-Baghdadi mengutus para pejuang ke Suriah pada Agustus 2011. Para pejuang tersebut menyebut dirinya ''Jabhat an-Nuṣrah li-Ahli asy-Syām''—[[Front al-Nusra]]—dan menguasai daerah-daerah yang mayoritas dihuni warga Sunni di [[kegubernuran]] [[Kegubernuran Ar-Raqqah|Ar-Raqqah]], [[Kegubernuran Idlib|Idlib]], [[Kegubernuran Deir ez-Zor|Deir ez-Zor]], dan [[Kegubernuran Aleppo|Aleppo]]. Bulan April 2013, al-Baghdadi mengumumkan penyatuan NII dengan Front al-Nusra dan nama barunya, Negara Islam Irak dan Syam (NIIS). Namun demikian, [[Abu Mohammad al-Julani]] dan [[Ayman al-Zawahiri]], masing-masing pemimpin al-Nusra dan al-Qaeda, menolak penyatuan tersebut. Setelah perebutan kekuasaan selama delapan bulan, al-Qaeda memutus semua hubungan dengan NIIS pada tanggal 3 Februari 2014 karena NIIS enggan berunding dan "luar biasa keras kepala". Di Suriah, kelompok ini melancarkan serangan darat terhadap pasukan pemerintah dan faksi pemberontak dalam Perang Saudara Suriah. Mereka mulai dikenal luas setelah mendesak mundur pasukan pemerintah Irak dari kota-kota besar di Irak barat dalam sebuah serangan pada awal 2014. Hilangnya kendali Irak atas wilayahnya sendiri mengakibatkan pecahnya pemerintahan Irak dan memicu aksi militer Amerika Serikat di Irak.<ref name="al-Qaeda severs link with ISIL">{{cite news|last=Holmes|first=Oliver|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/02/03/us-syria-crisis-qaeda-idUSBREA120NS20140203|agency=Reuters|title=Al Qaeda breaks link with Syrian militant group ISIL|date=3 February 2014|accessdate=6 July 2014|archive-date=2014-06-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140625141853/http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/02/03/us-syria-crisis-qaeda-idUSBREA120NS20140203|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Sly|first=Liz|title=Islamic law comes to rebel-held Syria|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/islamic-law-comes-to-rebel-held-syria/2013/03/19/b310532e-90af-11e2-bdea-e32ad90da239_print.html|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=23 July 2013}}</ref><ref name="AlQaedaTiesEnd">{{cite news|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/al-qaeda-disavows-any-ties-with-radical-islamist-isis-group-in-syria-iraq/2014/02/03/2c9afc3a-8cef-11e3-98ab-fe5228217bd1_story.html|title=Al-Qaeda disavows any ties with radical Islamist ISIS group in Syria, Iraq|work=The Washington Post|first=Liz|last=Sly|date=3 February 2014|accessdate=7 February 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant (ISIL)|url=http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1963547/Islamic-State-in-Iraq-and-the-Levant-ISIL|work=Encyclopædia Britannica|accessdate=1 February 2015|subscription=yes}}</ref>

NIIS mahir memanfaatkan media sosial. Mereka mengepos video-video [[insiden pemenggalan NIIS|pemenggalan tentara, warga sipil, wartawan, dan pekerja sosial]] di Internet dan dikenal karena [[penghancuran warisan budaya oleh NIIS|menghancurkan situs-situs warisan budaya]]. Para tokoh [[Muslim]] di seluruh dunia mengutuk ideologi dan aksi-aksi NIIS; mereka berpendapat bahwa kelompok tersebut sudah keluar jauh dari ajaran [[Islam]] yang sejati dan segala tindakannya tidak mencerminkan ajaran atau nilai-nilai yang dibawa agama ini.<ref name="al-shorfa">{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150219092526/http://mawtani.al-shorfa.com/en_GB/articles/iii/features/2015/02/13/feature-01 |url=http://mawtani.al-shorfa.com/en_GB/articles/iii/features/2015/02/13/feature-01 |title=Iraq churches, mosques under ISIL attack |first=Khalid |last=al-Taie |publisher=Al-Shorfa |date=13 February 2015 |archive-date=19 February 2015-02-19 |access-date=27 February 2015 |dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref>{{citation|url=http://www.newstatesman.com/world-affairs/2015/03/mehdi-hasan-how-islamic-islamic-state|title=Mehdi Hasan: How Islamic is Islamic State?|last=Hasan|first=Mehdi|authorlink=Medhi Hasan|work=New Statesman|date=10 March 2015|accessdate=7 July 2015|section=The Theologian|quote=Consider the various statements of Muslim groups such as the Organisation of Islamic Co-operation, representing 57 countries (Isis has "nothing to do with Islam"); the Islamic Society of North America (Isis’s actions are "in no way representative of what Islam actually teaches"); al-Azhar University in Cairo, the most prestigious seat of learning in the Sunni Muslim world (Isis is acting "under the guise of this holy religion . . . in an attempt to export their false Islam"); and even Saudi Arabia’s Salafist Grand Mufti, Abdul Aziz al ash-Sheikh (Isis is "the number-one enemy of Islam").}}</ref> Penggunaan nama "Negara Islam" dan konsep kekhalifahan oleh kelompok ini dikritik secara luas. PBB, [[NATO]], berbagai negara, dan sejumlah kelompok Muslim besar menolak keduanya.

== Nama{{anchor|Penamaan|Nama}} ==

Nama kelompok ini berubah-ubah sejak didirikan.<ref name="Conflict Encyclopedia">{{cite book |title=Uppsala Data Conflict Programme: Conflict Encyclopaedia (Iraq) |url=http://www.ucdp.uu.se/gpdatabase/gpcountry.php?id=77&regionSelect=10-Middle_East#|access-date=2015-11-26|archive-date=2013-09-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927151947/http://www.ucdp.uu.se/gpdatabase/gpcountry.php?id=77&regionSelect=10-Middle_East|dead-url=yes}} (See One-sided violence – ISIS-civilians – Actor information-ISIS.) Retrieved 5 August 2014.</ref>

# Kelompok ini didirikan tahun 1999 oleh seorang radikalpria yang berasal dari Yordania, [[Abu Musab al-Zarqawi]], dengan nama ''[[Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad|Jamāʻat al-Tawḥīd wa-al-Jihād]]'', "Organisasi Tauhid dan Jihad" (JTJ).<ref name="winepJune14"/>

# Bulan Oktober 2004, al-Zarqawi [[Baiat|berbaiat]] kepada [[Osama bin Laden]] dan mengganti nama kelompoknya menjadi ''[[Tanzim Qaidat al-Jihad fi Bilad al-Rafidayn|Tanẓīm Qāʻidat al-Jihād fī Bilād al-Rāfidayn]]'', "Organisasi Pangkalan Jihad di [[Mesopotamia]]", lebih dikenal dengan nama al-Qaeda di Irak (AQI).<ref name="Conflict Encyclopedia"/><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/06/09/AR2006060902040.html |title=Death Could Shake Al-Qaeda in Iraq and Around the World |work=The Washington Post |last=Whitlock |first=Craig |date=10 June 2006 |accessdate=22 July 2014}}</ref> Meski mereka tidak pernah menyebut dirinya al-Qaeda di Irak, nama ini menjadi nama non-resminya selama beberapa tahun.<ref name="ctc29May">{{cite web |url=http://www.ctc.usma.edu/posts/the-isils-stand-in-the-ramadi-falluja-corridor |title=The ISIL's Stand in the Ramadi-Falluja Corridor |last=Knights |first=Michael |publisher=Combating Terrorism Center |date=29 May 2014 |accessdate=12 July 2014 |archive-date=2017-06-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170622143603/https://www.ctc.usma.edu/posts/the-isils-stand-in-the-ramadi-falluja-corridor |dead-url=yes }}</ref>

# Bulan Januari 2006, AQI bergabung dengan sejumlah kelompok pemberontak Irak dan membentuk [[Dewan Syura Mujahidin (Irak)|Dewan Syura Mujahidin]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Fishman|2008|pp=48–9}} Akan tetapi, aksi al-Qaeda merupakan pencitraan sepele sekaligus upaya untuk memberi sentuhan Irak dan mungkin menjauhkan al-Qaeda dari kekacauan taktik al-Zarqawi, khususnya [[pengebomanPengeboman Amman 2005|pengeboman tiga hotel]] di Amman oleh AQI pada tahun 2005.</ref> Al-Zarqawi tewas pada bulan Juni 2006.

# Tanggal 12 Oktober 2006, Dewan Syura Mujahidin bergabung dengan beberapa faksi pemberontak. Keesokan harinya, mereka mengumumkan pembentukan ''ad-Dawlah al-ʻIraq al-Islāmiyah'', juga dikenal dengan nama [[Negara Islam Irak]] (NII).<ref name="lwj161006">{{cite news |first=Bill |last=Roggio |url=http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2006/10/the_rump_islamic_emi.php |title=The Rump Islamic Emirate of Iraq |work=Long War Journal |date=16 October 2006 |accessdate=2 June 2014}}</ref> Pemimpin kelompok ini adalah [[Abu Abdullah al-Rashid al-Baghdadi]] dan [[Abu Ayyub al-Masri]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Fishman|2008|pp=49–50}}</ref> Setelah keduanya tewas dalam operasi gabungan Amerika Serikat dan Irak bulan April 2010, [[Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi]] diangkat sebagai pemimpin baru kelompok tersebut.

# {{anchor|ISIS}}Tanggal 8 April 2013, setelah memperluas wilayahnya ke Suriah, kelompok ini mulai menggunakan nama Negara Islam Irak dan [[al-Syam]] atau Negara Islam Irak dan Suriah.<ref name="memri"/><ref name="bbc-2013-07-12">{{cite news |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-23283079 |title=Key Free Syria Army rebel 'killed by Islamist group' |work=BBC News |date=12 July 2013}}</ref><ref name="AlArabiya_9-4-2013">{{cite news |url=http://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/middle-east/2013/04/09/Al-Qaeda-in-Iraq-confirms-Syria-s-Nusra-Front-is-part-of-its-network.html |title=Al-Qaeda in Iraq confirms Syria's Nusra Front is part of its network |work=Al Arabiya |date=9 April 2013 |accessdate=15 June 2014}}</ref> Kedua nama tersebut merupakan terjemahan dari bahasa Arab ''ad-Dawlah al-Islāmīyah fī-l-ʻIrāq wa-sy-Syām'';<ref name="BBC-profile">{{cite news |url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-24179084 |title=Profile: Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) |work=BBC News |date=11 June 2014 |accessdate=16 June 2014}}</ref><ref name="ISIS vs ISIL">{{cite news |last1=Saxena |first1=Vivek |title=ISIS vs ISIL – Which One Is It? |url=http://www.inquisitr.com/1306844/isis-vs-isil-which-one-is-it/ |accessdate=20 June 2014 |work=The Inquisitr |date=18 June 2014}}</ref> ''[[wikt:الشام|al-Syām]]'' berarti kawasan [[Syam]] atau [[Suriah Raya]].<ref name="ISIS or ISIL? The debate">{{cite news |last1=Tharoor |first1=Ishaan |title=ISIS or ISIL? The debate over what to call Iraq's terror group |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2014/06/18/isis-or-isil-the-debate-over-what-to-call-iraqs-terror-group/?_ga=1.75244306.1823250761.1403224335 |accessdate=21 June 2014 |work=The Washington Post |date=18 June 2014}}</ref> Nama terjemahan tersebut biasa disingkat ISIL atau ISIS dalam bahasa Inggris, namun tidak pernah tetap.<ref name="ISIS or ISIL? The debate"/><ref name="ISIS vs ISIL"/> ''[[The Washington Post]]'' menyimpulkan bahwa perbedaan antara kedua singkatan tersebut "tidak terlalu besar".<ref name="ISIS or ISIL? The debate"/>

# Nama Da'isy sering dipakai oleh para penentang NIIS yang berbahasa Arab. Nama ini terdiri dari huruf [[Dāl]], [['alif|alif]], [[ﻋ ع|ʻayn]], dan [[Sīn|syīn]] sehingga membentuk kata ({{lang|ar|داعش}}), singkatan ''al-Dawlah al-Islamīyah fī al-ʻIrāq wa-al-Syām'' dalam bahasa Arab.<ref name="daesh2">{{cite web |url=http://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2014/05/226067.htm |title=Terrorist Designations of Groups Operating in Syria |publisher=United States Department of State |date=14 May 2014 |accessdate=18 June 2014}}</ref><ref name="daesh3">{{cite news |url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-27994277 |title=Isis, Isil or Da'ish? What to call militants in Iraq |date=24 June 2014 |work=BBC News |accessdate=16 August 2014}}</ref> Ejaan singkatan tersebut beragam, dan "Daesh" lebih lazim digunakan. NIIS menganggap singkatan Da'isy sangat merendahkan karena dengan [[konjugasi tata bahasa]] yang tepat, kata tersebut terdengar seperti ''Daes'' yang berarti "seseorang yang menginjak sesuatu", dan ''Dahes'', "seseorang yang menebar kebencian".<ref name="DAESH shift"/><ref>{{cite news |last1=Randal |first1=Collin |title=Why Does a Simple Word like Daesh Disturb Extremists so Much |url=http://www.thenational.ae/opinion/comment/why-does-a-simple-word-like-daesh-disturb-extremists-so-much |work=thenational.ae/ |accessdate=22 November 2014}}</ref> ISIL kabarnya memberi ancaman cambuk<ref name="daesh">{{cite web |last=Abouzeid |first=Rania |url=http://ecfr.eu/content/entry/commentary_syrias_uprising_within_an_uprising238 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125092845/http://ecfr.eu/content/entry/commentary_syrias_uprising_within_an_uprising238 |archivedate=25 January 2014 |title=Syria's uprising within an uprising |publisher=European Council on Foreign Relations |date=16 January 2014 |accessdate=15 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Keating |first1=Joshua |title=Who Is Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi? |url=http://www.slate.com/blogs/the_world_/2014/06/16/abu_bakr_al_baghdadi_how_did_isis_s_leader_go_from_total_unknown_to_the.html |accessdate=22 July 2014 |work=Slate |date=16 June 2014}}</ref> dan potong lidah<ref>{{cite news |first=Maria |last=Vultaggio |title=ISIL, ISIS, Islamic State, Daesh: What's The Difference? |date=16 November 2015 |work=International Business Times |url=http://www.ibtimes.com/isil-isis-islamic-state-daesh-whats-difference-2187131}}</ref> kepada orang-orang yang memakai istilah Da'isy di wilayahnya. Pada tahun 2015, lebih dari 120 anggota parlemen Britania meminta BBC memakai nama Daesh seperti [[John Kerry]] dan [[Laurent Fabius]].<ref name="DAESH shift"/><ref name="bbc-review-is">{{cite news |last1=Martinson |first1=Jane |title=BBC to review use of 'Islamic State' after MPs protest against term |url=http://www.theguardian.com/media/2015/jun/29/bbc-to-review-use-of-islamic-state-after-mps-protest-against-term |accessdate=1 July 2015 |work=The Guardian |date=29 June 2015 |quote=More than 120 MPs, backed by David Cameron, sign letter saying name gives legitimacy to terrorist group that is neither Islamic nor a state... It urges the BBC and other broadcasters to adopt the name "Daesh" for the group.}}</ref>

# Tanggal 14 Mei 2014, [[Departemen Luar Negeri Amerika Serikat]] memutuskan untuk menggunakan nama ''Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant'' (ISIL) untuk menyebut kelompok ini.<ref name="daesh2"/> Pada akhir 2014, para petinggi pemerintahan A.S. beralih ke Daesh karena nama tersebut lebih disukai sekutu-sekutunya di Arab.<ref name="DAESH shift">{{cite news |last1=Schwartz |first1=Felica |title=One More Name for Islamic State: Daesh |url=http://blogs.wsj.com/washwire/2014/12/23/one-more-name-for-islamic-state-daesh/ |accessdate=25 December 2014 |work=The Wall Street Journal |date=23 December 2014}}</ref>

# Tanggal 29 Juni 2014, kelompok ini mengganti namanya menjadi ''ad-Dawlah al-Islāmiyah'' ({{lang|ar|الدولة الإسلامية}}, {{transl|id|Negara Islam (NI)}}) dan menyatakan dirinya sebagai [[kekhalifahan]] dunia.<ref name="newname"/><ref name="newname2">{{cite news |title=ISIL renames itself 'Islamic State' and declares Caliphate in captured territory |url=http://www.euronews.com/2014/06/30/isil-renames-itself-islamic-state-and-declares-caliphate-in-captured-territory/ |date=30 June 2014 |work=Euronews |accessdate=30 June 2014|archive-date=2015-08-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150825164958/http://www.euronews.com/2014/06/30/isil-renames-itself-islamic-state-and-declares-caliphate-in-captured-territory/|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref name="businessinsider.com">{{cite news |last1=Khosla |first1=Simran |title=This Is What The World's Newest Islamic Caliphate Might Look Like |url=http://www.businessinsider.com/isis-caliphate-might-look-like-2014-6?nr_email_referer=1&utm_source=Triggermail&utm_medium=email&utm_term=Business%20Insider%20Select&utm_campaign=BI%20Select%20Mondays%202014-06-30&utm_content=emailshare |accessdate=22 July 2014 |work=Business Insider |publisher=GlobalPost |date=30 June 2014}}</ref> "Irak dan Syam" dihapus dari semua dokumen dan komunikasi resmi. Sejak saat itu, nama resmi kelompok ini adalah Negara Islam. Nama Negara Islam dan klaim kekhalifahan dikritik habis-habisan. PBB, beberapa negara, dan sejumlah kelompok Muslim besar menolak nama baru tersebut.<ref name="bbc-review-is"/><ref name="Moore">{{cite news |last=Moore |first=Jack |date=2 July 2014 |title=Iraq Crisis: Senior Jordan Jihadist Slams Isis Caliphate |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/iraq-crisis-senior-jordan-jihadist-slams-isis-caliphate-1455041 |work=International Business Times UK |accessdate=2 July 2014}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite news |last1=Mandhai |first1=Shafik |title=Muslim leaders reject Baghdadi's caliphate |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2014/07/muslim-leaders-reject-baghdadi-caliphate-20147744058773906.html |accessdate=12 July 2014 |publisher=Al Jazeera |date=7 July 2014}}</ref><ref name="Goodenough">{{cite news |last=Goodenough |first=Patrick |url=http://cnsnews.com/news/article/patrick-goodenough/self-appointed-caliph-makes-first-public-appearance |title=Self-Appointed 'Caliph' Makes First Public Appearance |work=CNS News |date=6 July 2014 |accessdate=26 July 2014}}</ref><ref name="un.org"/><ref name="ottawacitizen.com"/><ref name="ReferenceB"/><ref name="potus-statement"/>

== Sejarah ==

=== Pembentukan, 1999–2006 ===

Kelompok Al-Zarqawi secara resmi berbaiat kepada jaringan [[al-Qaeda]] [[Osama bin Laden]] pada bulan Oktober 2004 dan mengganti namanya menjadi Tanzim Qaidat al-Jihad fi Bilad al-Rafidayn ({{lang|ar|تنظيم قاعدة الجهاد في بلاد الرافدين}}, "Organisasi Pusat Jihad di [[Mesopotamia]]"), biasa dikenal dengan nama [[al-Qaeda di Irak]] (AQI).<ref name="JamestownFoundation20041018">{{cite journal |last1=Pool |first1=Jeffrey |title=Zarqawi's Pledge of Allegiance to Al-Qaeda: From Mu'Asker Al-Battar, Issue 21 |journal=Terrorism Monitor |date=16 December 2004 |volume=2 |issue=24 |page=The Jamestown Foundation |url=http://www.jamestown.org/publications_details.php?volume_id=400&issue_id=3179&article_id=2369020 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930180847/http://www.jamestown.org/publications_details.php?volume_id=400&issue_id=3179&article_id=2369020 |archivedate=30 September 2007 |accessdate=30 July 2014}}</ref><ref name="Dawn20041018">{{cite news |title=Zarqawi pledges allegiance to Osama |url=http://www.dawn.com/2004/10/18/top7.htm |date=18 October 2004 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071229020549/http://www.dawn.com/2004/10/18/top7.htm |archivedate=29 December 2007 |agency=Agence France-Presse |work=Dawn |accessdate=13 July 2007}}</ref><ref name="Msnbc20041018">{{cite news |url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/6268680/ |agency=Associated Press |publisher=NBC News |title=Al-Zarqawi group vows allegiance to bin Laden |date=18 October 2004 |accessdate=13 July 2007}}</ref> Serangan terhadap warga sipil, pasukan pemerintah dan pasukan keamanan Irak, diplomat dan tentara asing, dan konvoi Amerika Serikat berlangsung secara intens. Dalam surat kepada al-Zarqawi bulan Juli 2005, wakil ketua al-Qaeda [[Ayman al-Zawahiri]] merumuskan rencana empat tahap untuk memperluas [[Perang Irak]]. Rencana tersebut mencakup pengusiran [[militer Amerika Serikat|pasukan A.S.]] dari Irak, pembentukan pemerintahan kekhalifahan Islam, penyebaran konflik ke negara tetangga Irak yang sekuler, dan perseteruan dengan Israel. Surat tersebut menyebutkan bahwa rencana ini "bertujuan melawan organisasi Islam baru apapun bentuknya".<ref>{{cite news |last=Whitaker |first=Brian |title=Revealed: Al-Qaida plan to seize control of Iraq |url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/oct/13/alqaida.iraq |work=The Guardian |date=13 October 2005 |accessdate=19 September 2014}}</ref>

Pada bulan Januari 2006, AQI bergabung dengan beberapa kelompok pemberontak Irak kecil di bawah organisasi bernama Dewan Syura Mujahidin (DSM). Menurut Brian Fishman, aksi al-Qaeda merupakan pencitraan semata sekaligus upaya untuk memasukkan unsur-unsur Irak dan mungkin menjauhkan al-Qaeda dari kekacauan taktik al-Zarqawi, khususnya [[pengeboman Amman 2005|pengeboman tiga hotel]] di Amman oleh AQI pada tahun 2005.<ref>{{Harvnb|Fishman|2008|pp=48–9}}.</ref> Pada tanggal 7 Juni 2006, serangan udara A.S. menewaskan al-Zarqawi; posisinya digantikan oleh militan asal Mesir, [[Abu Ayyub al-Masri]].<ref name="bbc1">{{cite news |title=Al-Qaeda in Iraq names new head |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/5073092.stm |publisher=BBC News |date=12 June 2006}}</ref><ref name="Al Masri">{{cite news |last=Tran |first=Mark |title=Al-Qaida in Iraq leader believed dead |url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/may/01/iraq.alqaida |newspaper=The Guardian |date=1 May 2007}}</ref>

Tanggal 12 Oktober 2006, DSM bergabung dengan tiga kelompok kecil dan enam suku [[Islam Sunni]] dalam "Koalisi Mutayibin". Kelompok baru ini bersumpah "untuk menyelamatkan umat Sunni dari penindasan kaum pembangkang (Muslim Syi'ah) dan pasukan pendudukan salibis ... untuk mengembalikan hak-hak [kami] sekalipun harus mengorbankan nyawa ... untuk menegakkan janji Allah di muka bumi, dan mengembalikan kejayaan Islam".<ref name="lwj121006">{{cite news |first=Bill |last=Roggio |url=http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2006/10/alqaedas_grand_coali.php |title=al Qaeda's Grand Coalition in Anbar |work=Long War Journal |date=12 October 2006 |accessdate=11 February 2015}}</ref><ref name="memri171006">{{cite web |url=http://www.memri.org/report/en/0/0/0/0/0/0/1910.htm |title=Jihad Groups in Iraq Take an Oath of Allegiance |website=MEMRI |publisher=Middle East Media Research Institute |date=17 October 2006 |accessdate=10 February 2015}}</ref> Sehari kemudian, DSM mengumumkan pembentukan Negara Islam Irak (NII) yang terdiri atas enam kegubernuran Arab Sunni di Irak.<ref name=FT15Oct06>{{cite news |url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/e239159e-5c6a-11db-9e7e-0000779e2340.html |first=Stephen |last=Negus |title=Call for Sunni state in Iraq |work=[[Financial Times]] |date=15 October 2006 |access-date=15 January 2015 |subscription=yes}}</ref> [[Abu Omar al-Baghdadi]] diangkat sebagai [[amir]],<ref name="lwj161006"/><ref name="Al-Qaida">{{cite web |title=Al-Qaida in Iraq (AQI) |url=http://www.nps.edu/Library/Research/SubjectGuides/SpecialTopics/TerroristProfile/Current/AlQaidaIraq.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070401114027/http://www.nps.edu/Library/Research/SubjectGuides/SpecialTopics/TerroristProfile/Current/AlQaidaIraq.html |archivedate=1 April 2007 |website=[[Dudley Wright Knox|Dudley Knox]] Library |publisher=Naval Postgraduate School |accessdate=14 July 2014}}</ref> dan al-Masri diangkat sebagai Menteri Perang dalam kabinet NII yang beranggotakan sepuluh orang.<ref name="cabinetlist">{{cite news |title=Islamic State of Iraq Announces Establishment of the Cabinet of its First Islamic Administration in Video Issued Through al-Furqan Foundation |url=http://www.siteinstitute.org/bin/articles.cgi?ID=publications274907&Category=publications&Subcategory=0 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928061225/http://www.siteinstitute.org/bin/articles.cgi?ID=publications274907&Category=publications&Subcategory=0 |archivedate=28 September 2007 |accessdate=20 July 2014 |publisher=SITE Institute |date=19 April 2007}}</ref>

=== Negara Islam Irak, 2006–13 ===

Menurut penelitian yang dilakukan oleh [[badan intelijen Amerika Serikat]] pada awal 2007, NII—dikenal dengan nama AQI—berencana menggulingkan pemerintahan di Irak bagian tengah dan barat, lalu mengubahnya menjadi [[kekhalifahan]] Sunni.<ref>{{cite news |last=Mahnaimi |first=Uzi |title=Al-Qaeda planning militant Islamic state within Iraq |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/iraq/article1782088.ece |newspaper=The Sunday Times |date=13 May 2007 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110524071632/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/iraq/article1782088.ece |archivedate=24 May 2011 |location=London}}</ref> Kelompok ini semakin menguat dan, pada masa kejayaannya, menguasai [[kegubernuran di Irak|kegubernuran]] [[Kegubernuran Al Anbar|Al Anbar]], [[Kegubernuran Diyala|Diyala]], dan [[Kegubernuran Baghdad|Baghdad]]. [[Baqubah]] dipilih sebagai ibu kota Negara Islam Irak.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ricks |first1=Thomas E. |title=Situation Called Dire in West Iraq |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/09/10/AR2006091001204.html?nav=rss_email/components |accessdate=13 July 2014 |work=The Washington Post |date=11 September 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Linzer |first1=Dafna |last2=Ricks |first2=Thomas E. |title=Anbar Picture Grows Clearer, and Bleaker |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/11/27/AR2006112701287.html |accessdate=18 July 2014 |work=The Washington Post |date=28 November 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Engel |first1=Richard |url=http://onthescene.msnbc.com/baghdad/2006/12/reporting_under.html#posts |title=Reporting under al-Qaida control |publisher=MSNBC |date=27 December 2006 |accessdate=28 October 2009|archive-date=2018-10-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181012110014/http://onthescene.msnbc.com/baghdad/2006/12/reporting_under.html#posts|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Engel |first=Richard |url=http://worldblog.msnbc.msn.com/archive/2007/01/17/32969.aspx |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071102170117/http://worldblog.msnbc.msn.com/archive/2007/01/17/32969.aspx |archivedate=2 November 2007 |title=Dangers of the Baghdad plan |publisher=MSNBC |date=17 January 2007 |accessdate=28 October 2009}}</ref>

[[Kenaikan jumlah tentara Perang Irak 2007|Kenaikan jumlah tentara Perang Irak]] tahun 2007 memberi [[militer Amerika Serikat]] tambahan pasukan yang cukup untuk menyerbu kelompok tersebut. Akibatnya, banyak anggota AQI yang paling berpengaruh ditangkap atau dibunuh.<ref>{{cite news |first=Bill |last=Roggio |url=http://www.weeklystandard.com/weblogs/TWSFP/2007/11/targeting_al_qaeda_in_iraqs_ne.asp |title=Targeting al Qaeda in Iraq's Network |work=[[The Weekly Standard]] |date=13 November 2007}}</ref>

Antara bulan Juli dan Oktober 2007, al-Qaeda di Irak dikabarkan kehilangan kendali atas provinsi Al Anbar dan wilayah [[Baghdad]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ricks |first1=Thomas |last2=DeYoung |first2=Karen |title=Al-Qaeda in Iraq Reported Crippled |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/10/14/AR2007101401245.html |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=15 October 2007 |accessdate=13 February 2015}}</ref>

Sepanjang tahun 2008, serangkaian serangan yang dilancarkan Amerika Serikat dan Irak mendesak mundur pemberontak AQI dari wilayah kekuasaannya di kegubernuran [[kampanye Diyala|Diyala]] dan Al Anbar sampai ke kota [[Mosul]].<ref name="nostra">{{cite news |last=Samuels |first=Lennox |title=Al Qaeda in Iraq Ramps Up Its Racketeering |url=http://www.newsweek.com/id/138085 |magazine=[[Newsweek]] |date=20 May 2008 |accessdate=13 February 2015}}{{subscription required}} Accessible via Google.</ref>

Pada tahun 2008, NII mengaku sedang mengalami "krisis luar biasa".<ref>{{cite journal |last=Phillips |first=Andrew |year=2009 |title=How al Qaeda lost Iraq |url=http://www.polsis.uq.edu.au/docs/PHILLIPSHowAlQaedaLostIraq.pdf |journal=Australian Journal of International Affairs |volume=63 |number=1 |pages=64–84 |doi=10.1080/10357710802649840 |access-date=2015-11-29 |archive-date=2015-01-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150128071725/http://www.polsis.uq.edu.au/docs/PHILLIPSHowAlQaedaLostIraq.pdf |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Usaha kerasnya untuk mempertahankan wilayahnya dikecam oleh warga Irak Arab Sunni dan kelompok pemberontak lainnya. Kelompok tersebut mengalami kejatuhan sementara yang disebabkan oleh beberapa faktor,<ref>{{cite journal |last=Kahl |first=Colin H .|year=2008 |title=When to Leave Iraq: Walk Before Running |url=http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/64458/colin-h-kahl-and-william-e-odom/when-to-leave-iraq |journal=[[Foreign Affairs]] |volume=87 |number=4 |pages=151–154 |jstor=20032727}}</ref> salah satunya [[Kebangkitan Anbar]].

Pada akhir 2009, komandan pasukan A.S. di Irak, Jenderal [[Ray Odierno]], menyatakan bahwa NII "telah berubah besar dalam kurun dua tahun terakhir. Kelompok yang dulunya didominasi warga asing akhirnya didominasi oleh orang Irak".<ref>{{cite news |title=Al Qaeda in Iraq becoming less foreign-US general |url=http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSLI176502 |date=18 November 2009 |agency=Reuters |first=Michael |last=Christie}}</ref> Pada tanggal 18 April 2010, dua pucuk pimpinan NII, [[Abu Ayyub al-Masri]] dan [[Abu Abdullah al-Rashid al-Baghdadi|Abu Omar al-Baghdadi]], tewas dalam serangan gabungan AS-Irak di dekat kota [[Tikrit]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Arango |first=Tim |title=Top Qaeda Leaders in Iraq Reported Killed in Raid |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/20/world/middleeast/20baghdad.html |newspaper=The New York Times |date=22 August 2014}}</ref> Dalam konferensi pers bulan Juni 2010, Jenderal Odierno melaporkan bahwa 80% dari 42 pemimpin NII, termasuk perekrut dan penyalur dana, tewas atau ditangkap; delapan sisanya masih buron. Ia mengatakan bahwa kelompok ini sudah terpisah dari pusat al-Qaeda di Pakistan.<ref>{{cite news |last=Shanker |first=Thom |title=Qaeda Leaders in Iraq Neutralized, US Says |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/05/world/middleeast/05military.html |newspaper=The New York Times |date=4 June 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=US says 80% of al-Qaeda leaders in Iraq removed |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/world/middle_east/10243585.stm |publisher=BBC News |date=4 June 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Attacks in Iraq down, Al-Qaeda arrests up: US general |url=http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5iliKXlauRMdj1Uijz1Zv-WkJ7RUQ |publisher=Google News |date=4 June 2010 |agency=Agence France-Presse |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225073345/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5iliKXlauRMdj1Uijz1Zv-WkJ7RUQ |archivedate=9 January 2015}}</ref>

Tanggal 16 Mei 2010, Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi diangkat sebagai pemimpin baru Negara Islam Irak.<ref name="ISI">{{cite news |last=Shadid |first=Anthony |url=http://atwar.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/05/16/iraqi-insurgent-group-names-new-leaders/?_php=true&_type=blogs&_r=0 |title=Iraqi Insurgent Group Names New Leaders |work=The New York Times |date=16 May 2010 |accessdate=22 August 2014}}</ref><ref name="bbc31July14">{{cite web |title=Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi: Islamic State's driving force |url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-28560449 |publisher=BBC World News |date=31 July 2014 |accessdate=19 August 2014}}</ref> Al-Baghdadi mengganti para pemimpin yang tewas atau ditangkap dengan mengangkat mantan pejabat militer dan intelijen [[Partai Ba'ath Sosialis Arab – Irak|Ba'athis]] era [[Saddam Hussein]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Sly |first=Liz |date=5 April 2015 |title=How Saddam Hussein's former military officers and spies are controlling Isis |url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/how-saddam-husseins-former-military-officers-and-spies-are-controlling-isis-10156610.html |newspaper=Independent |location=United Kingdrom |access-date=21 April 2015 |quote=But American officials didn't anticipate that they would become not only adjuncts to al-Qaeda, but core members of the jihadist group.<br />They were instrumental in the group’s rebirth from the defeats inflicted on insurgents by the US military, which is now back in Iraq bombing many of the same men it had already fought twice before.}}<br />{{cite news |last=Sly |first=Liz |date=4 April 2015 |title=The hidden hand behind the Islamic State militants? Saddam Hussein’s. |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/the-hidden-hand-behind-the-islamic-state-militants-saddam-husseins/2015/04/04/aa97676c-cc32-11e4-8730-4f473416e759_story.html |newspaper=The Washington Post |location=United States |access-date=21 April 2015}}</ref> Hampir semuanya pernah ditahan oleh militer Amerika Serikat, dan mereka mencakup sepertiga dari 25 komandan tertinggi Baghdadi. Salah satu di antaranya adalah mantan kolonel [[Samir al-Khlifawi]], biasa diapnggil Haji Bakr, yang menjadi komandan militer tertinggi yang mengatur semua operasi kelompok ini.<ref name="nytimes10Aug14">{{cite news |first1= Tim |last1=Arango |first2=Eric |last2=Schmidtt |title=U.S. Actions in Iraq Fueled Rise of a Rebel |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/11/world/middleeast/us-actions-in-iraq-fueled-rise-of-a-rebel.html |work=The New York Times |date=10 August 2014 |accessdate=28 August 2014}}</ref><ref name="nytimes27Aug14">{{cite news |title=Military Skill and Terrorist Technique Fuel Success of ISIS |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/28/world/middleeast/army-know-how-seen-as-factor-in-isis-successes.html |work=The New York Times |date=27 August 2014 |accessdate=28 August 2014 |first1=Ben |last1=Hubbard |first2=Eric |last2=Schmitt}}</ref> Al-Khlifawi berperan penting dalam perencanaan dasar yang kelak mendorong terbentuknya NIIS.<ref>{{cite news |last=Smith |first=Samuel |date=21 April 2015 |title=ISIS' Rise in Iraq Masterminded by Former Saddam Hussein Intelligence Officer, Recently Published Caliphate 'Blueprint' Documents Reveal |url=http://www.christianpost.com/news/isis-rise-in-iraq-masterminded-by-former-saddam-hussein-intelligence-officer-recently-published-caliphate-blueprint-documents-reveal-137925/#uyxSLO8V20QzGpBj.99 |newspaper=The Christian Post |access-date=21 April 2015}}<br />{{cite news |agency=Reuters |date=20 April 2015 |title=Former Saddam Hussein spy masterminded the rise of Isis, says report |url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/apr/20/former-saddam-spy-masterminded-the-rise-of-islamic-state-says-report |newspaper=The Guardian |location=United Kingdom |access-date=21 April 2015}}<br />{{cite podcast |url=http://www.kfiam640.com/media/podcast-dark-secret-place-darksecretplace/dark-secret-place-0418-25982682/ |title=Dark Secret Place 04/18 |website=[[KFI]] |publisher=iHeartRadio |host=[[Bryan Suits]] |date=19 April 2015 |time=8:50| access-date=21 April 2015}}<br />{{cite news |last=Dettmer |first=Jamie |first2=Jacob |last2=Siegel |date=21 April 2015 |title=What Saddam Gave ISIS |url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2015/04/21/what-saddam-gave-isis.html |newspaper=The Daily Beast |location=United States |access-date=21 April 2015}}<br />{{cite news |last=Reuter |first=Christoph |date=18 April 2015 |title=The Terror Strategist: Secret Files Reveal the Structure of Islamic State |url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/islamic-state-files-show-structure-of-islamist-terror-group-a-1029274.html |newspaper=Der Spiegel |location=Germany |access-date=21 April 2015}}</ref>

Pada Juli 2012, al-Baghdadi merilis pernyataan audio daring bahwa kelompoknya sudah kembali ke daerah yang dulu mereka kuasai sebelum diusir pasukan Amerika Serikat dan [[Para Putra Irak]] tahun 2007 dan 2008.<ref name="ap22July12">{{cite news |title=Al-Qaida: We're returning to old Iraq strongholds |url=https://news.yahoo.com/al-qaida-were-returning-old-iraq-strongholds-131645698.html |agency=Associated Press |date=22 July 2012 |accessdate=22 August 2014}}</ref> Ia juga mengumumkan serangan baru di Irak bernama ''Breaking the Walls''; serangan ini bertujuan membebaskan para anggotanya yang ditahan di sejumlah penjara di Irak.<ref name="ap22July12"/> Kekerasan di Irak mulai meningkat pada Juni 2012 lewat serangkaian [[bom mobil|serangan bom mobil]] AQI. Pada Juli 2013, jumlah korban tewas mencapai 1.000 orang per bulan untuk pertama kalinya sejak April 2008.<ref name="iswSeptember13">{{cite web |title=Al Qaeda in Iraq Resurgent |url=http://www.understandingwar.org/sites/default/files/AQI-Resurgent-10Sept_0.pdf |publisher=Institute for the Study of War |date=September 2013 |accessdate=13 February 2015}}</ref>

==== Perang Saudara Suriah ====

Pada bulan Maret 2011, unjuk rasa menentang pemerintahan [[Bashar al-Assad]] di Suriah dimulai. Dalam beberapa bulan berikutnya, kerusuhan antara pengunjuk rasa dan pasukan keamanan memicu militerisasi konflik secara bertahap.<ref name="bbc14March14">{{cite web |title=Syria: The story of the conflict |url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-26116868 |date=14 March 2014 |accessdate=22 August 2014 |publisher=BBC News |first=Rania |last=Abouzeid}}</ref> Bulan Agustus 2011, al-Baghdadi mulai mengirimkan anggota NII cabang Suriah dan Irak yang berpengalaman dalam perang gerilya untuk mendirikan organisasi di Suriah. Di bawah pimpinan [[Abu Muhammad al-Julani]] asal Suriah, kelompok ini mulai merekrut anggota dan mendirikan sel di seluruh Suriah.<ref name="politico23June14">{{cite web |title=The Jihad Next Door |url=http://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2014/06/al-qaeda-iraq-syria-108214_full.html |date=23 June 2014 |accessdate=22 August 2014 |publisher=Politico |first=Rania |last=Abouzeid}}</ref><ref name="quilliam">{{cite news |title=Jabhat al-Nusra A Strategic Briefing |url=http://www.quilliamfoundation.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/publications/free/jabhat-al-nusra-a-strategic-briefing.pdf |publisher=Quilliam Foundation |date=8 January 2013 |accessdate=22 August 2014|archive-date=2015-03-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150328080133/http://www.quilliamfoundation.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/publications/free/jabhat-al-nusra-a-strategic-briefing.pdf|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Bulan Januari 2012, kelompok ini meresmikan dirinya dengan nama ''Jabhat al-Nusra li Ahl as-Sham''—[[Front al-Nusra|Jabhat al-Nusra]]—biasa dikenal dengan nama Front al-Nusra. Al-Nusra berkembang menjadi pasukan tempur berpengalaman. Mereka didukung oleh warga Suriah yang menentang pemerintahan Assad.<ref name="politico23June14"/>

=== Negara Islam Irak dan Syam, 2013–14 ===

Pada tanggal 8 April 2013, al-Baghdadi merilis pernyataan audio bahwa Front al-Nusra didirikan, didanai, dan dibantu oleh Negara Islam Irak,<ref name="globalpost">{{cite news |url=http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/afp/130409/qaeda-iraq-confirms-syrias-nusra-part-network |title=Qaeda in Iraq confirms Syria's Nusra is part of network |date=9 April 2013 |accessdate=9 April 2013 |agency=Agence France-Presse |publisher=GlobalPost|archive-date=2013-05-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513193707/http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/afp/130409/qaeda-iraq-confirms-syrias-nusra-part-network|dead-url=yes}}</ref> dan keduanya bergabung menjadi "Negara Islam Irak dan al-Syam".<ref name="memri">{{cite web |url=http://www.memri.org/report/en/0/0/0/0/0/0/7119.htm |title=ISI Confirms That Jabhat Al-Nusra Is Its Extension in Syria, Declares 'Islamic State of Iraq And Al-Sham' As New Name of Merged Group |website=MEMRI |publisher=Middle East Media Research Institute |date=8 April 2013 |accessdate=10 April 2013}}</ref> Al-Julani mengeluarkan pernyataan yang membantah penggabungan kedua kelompok tersebut dan mengaku bahwa tak satupun petinggi al-Nusra yang diberitahu soal penggabungan ini.<ref name="naharnet">{{cite news |url=http://www.naharnet.com/stories/en/78961-al-nusra-commits-to-al-qaida-deny-iraq-branch-merger/ |title=Al-Nusra Commits to al-Qaida, Deny Iraq Branch 'Merger' |date=10 April 2013 |accessdate=18 May 2013 |agency=Naharnet [[Agence France-Presse]]}}</ref> Pada Juni 2013, [[Al Jazeera]] melaporkan bahwa mereka menerima surat dari pemimpin al-Qaeda [[Ayman al-Zawahiri]] yang ditujukan kepada pemimpin al-Nusra dan NII; ia menolak penggabungan tersebut dan mengutus seseorang untuk mengawasi hubungan sekaligus meredam ketegangan antara kedua kelompok tersebut.<ref name="aljazeera090613">{{cite news |last=Atassi |first=Basma |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/06/2013699425657882.html |title=Qaeda chief annuls Syrian-Iraqi jihad merger |publisher=Al Jazeera |date=9 June 2013 |accessdate=10 June 2013}}</ref> Pada bulan yang sama, al-Baghdadi merilis pesan audio yang isinya menolak keputusan al-Zawahiri dan menyatakan bahwa penggabungan akan tetap berjalan.<ref name="aljazeera150613">{{cite news |first=Basma |last=Atassi |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/06/2013615172217827810.html |title=Iraqi al-Qaeda chief rejects Zawahiri orders |publisher=Al Jazeera |date=15 June 2013 |accessdate=15 June 2013}}</ref> Sementara itu, kampanye NIIS untuk membebaskan anggota-anggotanya yang dipenjara memuncak pada Juli 2013. NIIS melancarkan serangan bersamaan terhadap [[penjara Abu Ghraib]] dan [[Taji]] yang membebaskan lebih dari 500 tahanan, kebanyakan di antaranya veteran [[pemberontakan Irak (2003–11)|pemberontakan Irak]].<ref name="iswSeptember13"/><ref name="reuters23July13">{{cite news |title=Al Qaeda says it freed 500 inmates in Iraq jail-break |url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/07/23/us-iraq-violence-alqaeda-idUSBRE96M0C720130723 |agency=Reuters |date=23 July 2013 |accessdate=22 August 2014|archive-date=2015-10-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151006093612/http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/07/23/us-iraq-violence-alqaeda-idUSBRE96M0C720130723|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Bulan Oktober 2013, al-Zawahiri memerintahkan pembubaran NIIS dan mengangkat Front al-Nusra sebagai pemimpin operasi jihadis di Suriah,<ref>{{cite news |title=Zawahiri disbands main Qaeda faction in Syria |url=http://dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle-East/2013/Nov-08/237219-zawahiri-disbands-main-qaeda-faction-in-syria-jazeera.ashx |accessdate=8 November 2013 |work=[[The Daily Star (Lebanon)|The Daily Star]] |date=8 November 2013|archive-date=2013-11-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109021550/http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle-East/2013/Nov-08/237219-zawahiri-disbands-main-qaeda-faction-in-syria-jazeera.ashx|dead-url=yes}}</ref> tetapi al-Baghdadi menolak keputusan al-Zawahiri atas dasar fikih Islam.<ref name="aljazeera150613"/> Kelompok al-Baghdadi melanjutkan operasinya di Suriah. Pada Februari 2013, setelah delapan bulan berebut kekuasaan, al-Qaeda memutuskan hubungan dengan NIIS.<ref name="AlQaedaTiesEnd"/>

Menurut wartawan Sarah Birke, ada "perbedaan besar" antara Front al-Nusra dan NIIS. Bila al-Nusra aktif mendukung penggulingan pemerintahan Assad, NIIS "justru berfokus pada pendirian pemerintahan di wilayah yang didudukinya". NIIS "jauh lebih kejam" dalam pembentukan negara Islam. Mereka "melancarkan serangan sektarian dan langsung menegakkan hukum syariah saat itu juga". Front al-Nusra memiliki "kontingen pejuang asing berjumlah besar" dan dipandang sebagai kelompok dalam negeri oleh sebagian besar warga Suriah. Sebaliknya, para pengungsi Suriah justru memandang pejuang NIIS sebagai "pasukan 'penjajah' asing".<ref name="birke3">{{cite journal |last=Birke |first=Sarah |title=How al-Qaeda Changed the Syrian War |journal=New York Review of Books |date=27 December 2013 |url=http://www.nybooks.com/blogs/nyrblog/2013/dec/27/how-al-qaeda-changed-syrian-war/}}</ref> NIIS menguasai Suriah timur dan utara, dan menerapkan hukum [[syariah]] di beberapa kota di sana.<ref name="birke3"/> Kelompok ini kabarnya menguasai empat kota perbatasan Atmeh, al-Bab, Azaz, dan Jarablus dengan tujuan mengendalikan arus perpindahan manusia dari Suriah ke Turki.<ref name="birke3"/> Pejuang asing di Suriah mencakup para jihadis berbahasa Rusia yang awalnya merupakan anggota [[Jaish al-Muhajireen wal-Ansar]] (JMA).<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://journal-neo.org/2014/01/18/rus-rost-mezhdunarodno-terroristicheskoj-ugrozy-s-territorii-sirii/ |title=Growth of International Terrorist Threat from Syria |first=Vladimir |last=Platov |journal=New Eastern Outlook |date=18 January 2014 |accessdate=11 June 2014}}</ref> Pada November 2013, pemimpin JMA asal Chechnya, [[Abu Omar al-Shishani]], [[baiat|berbaiat]] kepada al-Baghdadi.<ref>{{cite news |first=Thomas |last=Joscelyn |title=Chechen-led group swears allegiance to head of Islamic State of Iraq and Sham |url=http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2013/11/muhajireen_army_swea.php |date=27 November 2013 |accessdate=13 July 2014 |work=Long War Journal}}</ref> JMA kemudian terbelah antara pihak pendukung al-Shishani dan pihak yang melanjutkan operasi JMA secara terpisah di bawah kepemimpinan baru.<ref name="BBC">{{cite news |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-25151104 |title=Syria crisis: Omar Shishani, Chechen jihadist leader |publisher=BBC News |date=3 December 2013 |accessdate=8 December 2013}}</ref>

Pada bulan Januari 2014, pemberontak yang berafiliasi dengan [[Front Islam (Suriah)|Front Islam]] dan [[Pasukan Suriah Bebas]] yang dilatih Amerika Serikat<ref>{{cite news |url=http://articles.latimes.com/2013/jun/21/world/la-fg-wn-cia-syria-20130621 |title=U.S. training Syrian rebels; White House 'stepped up assistance' |work=Los Angeles Times |date=21 June 2013 |first1=David S. |last1=Cloud |first2=Raja |last2=Abdulrahim}}</ref> melancarkan serangan melawan militan NIIS di dalam dan sekitar kota [[Aleppo]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/04/world/middleeast/qaeda-insurgents-in-syria.html |title=Qaeda-Linked Insurgents Clash With Other Rebels in Syria, as Schism Grows |work=The New York Times |date=4 January 2014 |accessdate=16 January 2014 |first1=Hwaida |last1=Saad |first2=Rick |last2=Gladstone}}</ref><ref name="Casey">{{cite web |last=Casey |first=Mary Joshua Haber |title=Rebel factions continue fight against ISIL in Northern Syria |url=http://foreignpolicy.com/2014/01/07/rebel-factions-continue-fight-against-isil-in-northern-syria/ |date=7 January 2014 |work=Foreign Policy |accessdate=7 January 2014}}</ref> Bulan Mei 2014, Ayman al-Zawahiri meminta Front al-Nusra untuk menghentikan serangan terhadap pesaingnya, NIIS.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle-East/2014/Jun-18/260556-isis-rebel-clashes-resume-in-deir-al-zor.ashx |title=ISIS-rebel clashes resume in Deir al-Zor |date=18 June 2014 |accessdate=23 July 2015 |work=The Daily Star}}</ref>{{failed verification|date=July 2015}} Bulan Juni 2014, setelah pertempuran berlarut-larut antara kedua kelompok tersebut, cabang al-Nusra di kota [[Al-Bukamal]], Suriah, berbaiat kepada NIIS.<ref name="Al-Nusra">{{cite news |url=http://www.france24.com/en/20140625-syrian-branch-qaeda-vows-loyalty-iraq-isis-kamal/ |title=Syrian branch of al Qaeda vows loyalty to Iraq's ISIS |publisher=[[France 24]] |date=25 June 2014}}</ref><ref name="ANF">{{cite news |title=Al Nusra pledges allegiance to Isil |url=http://gulfnews.com/news/region/iraq/al-nusra-pledges-allegiance-to-isil-1.1352029 |date=25 June 2014 |work=Gulf News |accessdate=29 June 2014}}</ref> Pada pertengahan Juni 2014, NIIS menduduki perlintasan Trabil di perbatasan Yordania–Irak,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gaouette |first1=Nicole |last2=Ajrash |first2=Kadhim |last3=Sabah |first3=Zaid |date=23 June 2014 |title=Militants Seize Iraq-Jordan Border as Kerry Visits Baghdad |url=http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-06-23/militants-seize-iraqi-town-near-border-with-jordan.html |publisher=Bloomberg News |accessdate=6 July 2014}}</ref> satu-satunya perlintasan perbatasan antara kedua negara ini.<ref name="NYT Jordan border">{{cite news |last1=Arango |first1=Tim |last2=Gordon |first2=Michael R. |date=23 June 2014 |title=Iraqi Insurgents Secure Control of Border Posts |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/24/world/middleeast/sunni-militants-seize-crossing-on-iraq-jordan-border.html |work=The New York Times |accessdate=6 July 2014}}</ref> NIIS didukung oleh sebagian kecil masyarakat di Yordania walaupun tidak banyak karena faktor penindasan pemerintah di Yordania.<ref>{{cite news |last=Abuqudairi |first=Areej |date=5 July 2014 |title=Anger boils over in the 'Fallujah of Jordan' |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2014/07/anger-boils-over-fallujah-jordan-20147575130478577.html |publisher=Al Jazeera |accessdate=6 July 2014}}</ref> NIIS melakukan perekrutan di Arab Saudi<ref name="Bloomberg"/> karena suku-suku di utara Arab Saudi berhubungan dekat dengan suku-suku di Irak barat dan Suriah timur.<ref name="FT Saudi troops">{{cite news |last1=Solomon |first1=Erika |last2=Kerr |first2=Simeon |date=3 July 2014 |title=Saudi Arabia sends 30,000 troops to Iraq border |url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/3312faba-0286-11e4-aa85-00144feab7de.html |work=Financial Times |accessdate=6 July 2014 |subscription=yes}}</ref>

=== Negara Islam, 2014–sekarang ===

Pada tanggal 29 Juni 2014, organisasi ini mengklaim diri sebagai [[kekhalifahan dunia]].<ref name=worldwide1>{{cite news |last1=Lawrence |first1=Jessica |title=Iraq crisis: Could an ISIS caliphate ever govern the entire Muslim world? |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-07-02/could-an-isis-caliphate-ever-govern-the-muslim-world/5559806 |publisher=ABC News (Australia) |accessdate=22 November 2014}}</ref> Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi—dikenal oleh para pendukungnya dengan sebutan [[Amirul Mu'minin]], Khalifah Ibrahim—diangkat sebagai [[khalifah]], dan kelompok ini mengganti namanya menjadi ad-Dawlah al-Islāmiyah ({{lang|ar|الدولة الإسلامية}}, {{transl|id|"Negara Islam" (NI)}}).<ref name="newname"/> Sebagai "kekhalifahan", NIIS mengklaim kendali agama, politik, dan militer atas umat Islam di seluruh dunia.<ref name="The Week"/><ref name="Al Akhbar English">{{cite web |url=http://english.al-akhbar.com/node/20378 |title=What does ISIS' declaration of a caliphate mean? |work=Al Akhbar English |accessdate=25 November 2014 |archive-date=2019-01-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190119080201/https://english.al-akhbar.com/node/20378 |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Konsep kekhalifahan dan nama "Negara Islam" ditolak oleh pejabat pemerintahan dan tokoh-tokoh Islam di seluruh dunia.<ref name="Moore"/><ref name="ReferenceA"/><ref name="Goodenough"/><ref name="un.org"/><ref name="ottawacitizen.com"/><ref name="ReferenceB"/><ref name="potus-statement"/>

Pada bulan Juni dan Juli 2014, Yordania dan Arab Saudi mengerahkan pasukannya ke perbatasan Irak setelah Irak kehilangan kendali atas titik-titik perlintasan strategis yang dikuasai NIIS atau suku-suku pendukung NIIS.<ref name="NYT Jordan border"/><ref name="DTel">{{cite news |last=Spencer |first=Richard |date=3 July 2014 |title=Saudi Arabia sends 30,000 troops to Iraq border |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/saudiarabia/10942680/Saudi-Arabia-sends-30000-troops-to-Iraq-border.html |work=The Telegraph |accessdate=6 July 2014 |location=London}}</ref> Kala itu muncul spekulasi bahwa Perdana Menteri Irak [[Nouri al-Maliki]] memerintahkan penarikan tentara dari perbatasan Irak–Saudi untuk "menekan Arab Saudi dan menciptakan ancaman bahwa NIIS juga akan menyeberang ke Arab Saudi".<ref name="FT Saudi troops"/>

Pada Juli 2014, NIIS merekrut lebih dari 6.300 orang menurut [[Syrian Observatory for Human Rights]]. Beberapa di antaranya diduga pernah menjadi bagian dari [[Pasukan Suriah Bebas]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle-East/2014/Aug-30/269031-syrians-adjust-to-life-under-isis-rule.ashx |title=Syrians adjust to life under ISIS rule |work=The Daily Star |date=29 August 2014 |accessdate=29 August 2014 |archive-date=2019-08-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806175434/http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle-East/2014/Aug-30/269031-syrians-adjust-to-life-under-isis-rule.ashx |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Tanggal 23 Juli 2014, pemimpin [[Abu Sayyaf]], [[Isnilon Totoni Hapilon]], dan sejumlah pria bertopeng berbaiat kepada al-Baghdadi lewat rekaman video sehingga NIIS juga hadir di Filipina.<ref name="ISIL gains supporters">{{cite web |last=Zavadski |first=Katie |title=ISIS Now Has a Network of Military Affiliates in 11 Countries Around the World |url=http://nymag.com/daily/intelligencer/2014/11/isis-now-has-military-allies-in-11-countries.html |accessdate=25 November 2014 |work=New York |date=23 November 2014}}</ref><ref name="sayyaf-swears-loyalty">{{cite news |first=Maria A. |last=Ressa |work=[[Rappler]] |location=Pasig City, Philippines |date=4 August 2014 |url=http://www.rappler.com/nation/65199-abu-sayyaf-leader-oath-isis}}</ref> Bulan September 2014, kelompok ini mulai menculik orang-orang untuk dimintai tebusan atas nama NIIS.<ref name="Abu Sayyaf kidnaps 2 Germans in the name of ISIL">{{cite news |url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/sep/24/islamists-philippines-threaten-kill-german-hostages-isis |title=Islamists in Philippines threaten to kill German hostages |first=Philip |last=Oltermann |work=The Guardian |date=24 September 2014}}</ref>

[[FileBerkas:USAID Mt Sinjar.jpg|thumbjmpl|250px|Pengungsi Yazidi dan pekerja sosial Amerika Serikat di Gunung Sinjar, Agustus 2014]]

Tanggal 3 Agustus 2014, NIIS menduduki kota [[Zumar]], [[Sinjar]], dan [[Wana, Irak|Wana]] di Irak utara.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/04/world/middleeast/iraq.html |title=Sunni Extremists in Iraq Seize 3 Towns From Kurds and Threaten Major Dam |work=The New York Times |last1=Arango |first1=Tim |date=3 August 2014 |accessdate=20 August 2014}}</ref> Ribuan orang [[Yazidi]] mengungsi ke [[Pegunungan Sinjar|Gunung Sinjar]] untuk menghindari militan NIIS. Penderitaan warga Yazidi yang membutuhkan pangan dan air, ancaman [[genosida]] oleh NIIS, serta perlunya melindungi warga A.S. di Irak dan membantu Irak melawan NIIS merupakan alasan [[intervensi Amerika Serikat di Irak 2014|intervensi Amerika Serikat di Irak]] tanggal 7 Agustus<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2014/08/07/statement-president |title=Statement by the President |publisher=The White House |date=7 August 2014 |accessdate=18 August 2014}}</ref> dan [[intervensi Amerika Serikat di IRak 2014|kampanye pengeboman udara]] di Irak tanggal 8 Agustus 2014.

Tanggal 11 Oktober 2014, NIIS dikabarkan mengerahkan 10.000 militan dari Suriah dan [[Mosul]] untuk menduduki ibu kota Irak, [[Baghdad]].<ref name="10,000 ISIS fighters head to Baghdad">{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/video/?/video/world/2014/10/11/nr-paton-walsh-isis-fighters-head-to-baghdad.cnn&iref=allsearch&video_referrer=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2Fsearch%2F%3Fquery%3DISIS%2Bsends%2B10%252C000%2Bto%2BBaghdad%26x%3D0%26y%3D0%26primaryType%3Dmixed%26sortBy%3Drelevance%26intl%3Dfalse |title=CNN Video - Breaking News Videos from CNN.com |publisher=CNN |accessdate=25 November 2014}}{{deadlink|archive-date=November 20152014-11-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129063632/http://www.cnn.com/video/?%2Fvideo%2Fworld%2F2014%2F10%2F11%2Fnr-paton-walsh-isis-fighters-head-to-baghdad.cnn&iref=allsearch&video_referrer=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2Fsearch%2F%3Fquery%3DISIS+sends+10%2C000+to+Baghdad&x=0&y=0&primaryType=mixed&sortBy=relevance&intl=false|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Angkatan Darat Irak dan suku Anbar mengancam desersi apabila Amerika Serikat tidak menerjunkan tentara untuk menghambat laju NIIS.<ref name="Iraqi fighters in Anbar Province call for US intervention">{{cite news |first1=Laura |last1=Smith-Spark |first2=Ben |last2=Wedeman |first3=Greg |last3=Botelho |url=http://www.cnn.com/2014/10/11/world/meast/isis-threat/ |title=Leaders of Iraq's Anbar province call for U.S. ground forces to stop ISIS |publisher=CNN |date=11 October 2014}}</ref> Tanggal 13 Oktober, pasukan NIIS terletak {{convert|25|km}} dari Bandar Udara Baghdad.<ref name="ISIL nearly made it to Baghdad Airport">{{cite news |first=Mary Grace |last=Lucas |url=http://www.cnn.com/2014/10/12/politics/isis-baghdad-martin-dempsey/index.html |title=ISIS nearly made it to Baghdad airport, top U.S. military leader says |publisher=CNN |date=13 October 2014}}</ref>

Pada akhir Oktober 2014, 800 militan radikal menguasai sebagian kota [[Derna, Libya]], dan berbaiat kepada Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi. Derna menjadi kota pertama di luar Suriah dan Irak yang menjadi bagian dari "Kekhalifahan Negara Islam".<ref name="Derna">{{cite web |url=http://www.cp24.com/world/libyan-city-declares-itself-part-of-islamic-state-caliphate-1.2093900 |title=Libyan city declares itself part of Islamic State caliphate |work=CP24}}</ref> Tanggal 2 November 2014, menurut [[Associated Press]], sebagai tanggapan atas serangan udara koalisi, perwakilan [[Ahrar ash-Sham]] bertemu dengan [[Front al-Nusra]], [[Khorasan Group]], NIIS, dan [[Jund al-Aqsa]] untuk menyatukan kekuatan untuk melawan koalisi pimpinan Amerika Serikat dan kelompok pemberontak moderat Suriah.<ref name="al-Qaeda groups in Syria unite">{{cite news |first=Deb |last=Riechmann |url=http://news.yahoo.com/ap-sources-al-qaida-reach-accord-syria-190921017.html |title=IS, al-Qaeda reach accord in Syria |agency=Associate Press |date=13 November 2014 |accessdate=13 November 2014}}</ref> Namun demikian, pada tanggal 14 November 2014, terungkap bahwa perundingan tersebut tidak menemukan titik terang.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://syriahr.com/en/2014/11/negotiations-failed-between-the-is-jabhat-al-nusra-and-islamic-battalions/ |title=Negotiations failed between the IS, Jabhat al-Nusra and Islamic battalions |work=Syrian Observatory For Human Rights |date=14 November 2014}}</ref> Tanggal 10 November 2014, faksi besar dari kelompok militan [[Ansar Bait al-Maqdis]] asal Mesir menyatakan berbaiat kepada NIIS.<ref name="news.yahoo.com">{{cite news |url=http://news.yahoo.com/egypts-main-jihadist-group-pledges-allegiance-islamic-state-060836737.html |title=Egypt jihadists vow loyalty to IS as Iraq probes leader's fate |date=10 November 2014 |agency=Agence France-Presse}}</ref>

[[FileBerkas:Coalition Airstrike on ISIL position in Kobane.jpg|thumbjmpl|rightka|upright=1.2|250px|Serangan udara koalisi terhadap target-target NIIS, Oktober 2014]]

Pada pertengahan Januari 2015, seorang pejabat Yaman mengatakan bahwa NIIS memiliki "puluhan" anggota di Yaman, dan mereka berebut kekuasaan dengan [[al-Qaeda di Jazirah Arab]].<ref name="ISIS gaining ground in Yemen, competing with al Qaeda">{{cite news |title=ISIS gaining ground in Yemen, competing with al Qaeda |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2015/01/21/politics/isis-gaining-ground-in-yemen/ |publisher=CNN |date=21 January 2015|access-date=21 January 2015}}</ref> Pada bulan itu juga, pejabat Afghanistan membenarkan bahwa NIIS hadir di Afghanistan<ref name="ISIL confirmed to have presence in Afghanistan">{{cite news |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/asia/2015/01/afghan-officials-confirm-isil-presence-201511815245847478.html |title=Officials confirm ISIL present in Afghanistan |publisher=Al Jazeera}}</ref> setelah merekrut 135 militan pada akhir Januari. Pada akhir Januari 2015, 65 militan telah ditangkap atau dibunuh oleh [[Taliban]]. Perekrut utama NIIS di Afghanistan, [[Abdul Rauf Aliza|Mullah Abdul Rauf]], tewas akibat [[serangan pesawat nirawak Amerika Serikat]] pada bulan Februari 2015.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://foreignpolicy.com/2015/02/02/isis-reportedly-kills-afghan-taliban-commander-modi-to-visit-china-pakistan-tests-cruise-missile/ |title=ISIS Reportedly Kills Afghan Taliban Commander; Modi to Visit China; Pakistan Tests Cruise Missile |work=Foreign Policy |accessdate=6 February 2015}}</ref><ref name="cbsnews-southafghan">{{cite news |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/isis-active-in-south-afghanistan-officials-confirm-for-first-time/ |title=ISIS active in south Afghanistan, officials confirm for first time |date=12 January 2015 |accessdate=6 February 2015 |publisher=CBS News}}</ref><ref name=BBC31290147>{{cite news |title=Afghanistan drone strike 'kills IS commander Abdul Rauf' |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-31290147 |publisher=BBC News |date=9 February 2015 |accessdate=24 February 2015}}</ref>

Pada awal Februari 2015, militan NIIS di Libya berusaha menduduki sebagian pedesaan di sebelah barat [[Sabha, Libya|Sabha]] dan wilayah yang mencakup kota [[Sirte]], [[Pendudukan Nofaliya (2015)|Nofolia]], dan pangkalan militer di selatan kedua kota tersebut. Pada bulan itu juga, sebagian anggota [[Ansar al-Sharia (Yaman)|Ansar al-Sharia di Yaman]] berpisah dari al-Qaeda dan berbaiat kepada NIIS.<ref name="the War on ISIS">{{cite news |url=http://time.com/3723588/the-war-on-isis/ |title=What Comes After the War on ISIS |first=David |last=Von Drehle |work=Time |date=26 February 2015}}</ref>

Tanggal 16 Februari 2015, [[serangan udara Mesir di Libya Februari 2015|Mesir melancarkan serangan udara di Libya]] sebagai balasan atas pemenggalan 21 penganut Kristen Mesir oleh NIIS. Pada hari itu pula, 64 militan NIIS di Libya tewas akibat serangan udara tersebut, termasuk [[pendudukan Derna oleh NIIS|50 militan di Derna]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/02/16/us-mideast-crisis-libya-egypt-idUSKBN0LJ10D20150216/ |title=Egypt bombs Islamic State targets in Libya after 21 Egyptians beheaded |agency=Reuters |first1=Omar |last1=Fahny |first2=Yara |last2=Bayoumy |date=16 February 2015 |accessdate=16 February 2015|archive-date=2015-11-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151115172105/http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/02/16/us-mideast-crisis-libya-egypt-idUSKBN0LJ10D20150216|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Akan tetapi, pada awal Maret 2015, NIIS menduduki sebagian kecil wilayah Libya, termasuk sebuah kota di sebelah barat Derna, wilayah sekitar [[Sirte]], sepetak lahan di Libya selatan, sebagian wilayah dekat [[Benghazi]], dan sebagian wilayah di sebelah timur [[Tripoli]].

Tanggal 7 Maret 2015, [[Boko Haram]] menyatakan berbaiat kepada NIIS sehingga NIIS hadir di Nigeria, Niger, Chad, dan Kamerun.<ref name="cnn-boko-haram-isis">{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2015/03/07/africa/nigeria-boko-haram-isis/ |title=Boko Haram purportedly pledges allegiance to ISIS |first1=Nima |last1=Elbagir |first2=Paul |last2=Cruickshank |first3=Mohammed |last3=Tawfeeq |date=7 March 2015 |publisher=CNN}}</ref><ref name="Boko Haram joins ISIL">{{cite news |url=http://www.foxnews.com/world/2015/03/08/boko-haram-swears-formal-allegiance-to-isis/ |title=Boko Haram swears formal allegiance to ISIS |others=Associated Press |publisher=Fox News Channel |date=8 March 2015}}</ref><ref name="sunnewsonline.com"/> Tanggal 13 Maret 2015, kelompok militan dari [[Gerakan Islam Uzbekistan]] berbaiat kepada NIIS;<ref name="IMU joins ISIL">{{cite web |url=http://www.khaama.com/uzbek-militants-in-afghanistan-pledge-allegiance-to-isis-in-beheading-video-9962 |title=Uzbek militants in Afghanistan pledge allegiance to ISIS in beheading video |website=khaama.com}}</ref> kelompok tersebut merilis video lain pada 31 Juli 2015 yang menampilkan baiat pemimpin spiritualnya kepada NIIS.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eurasianet.org/node/74471 |title=IMU Pledges Allegiance to Islamic State |work=EurasiaNet |date=1 August 2015}}</ref> Tanggal 30 Maret 2015, pejabat syariah senior [[Ansar al-Sharia (Libya)|Ansar al-Sharia di Libya]], Abdullah Al-Libi, pindah ke NIIS.<ref name="lwj9apr">{{cite news |first=Thomas |last=Joscelyn |title=Ansar al Sharia Libya relaunches social media sites |url=http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2015/04/ansar-al-sharia-libya-relaunches-social-media-sites.php |work=Long War Journal |date=9 April 2015 |accessdate=10 April 2015}}</ref>

Sejak Maret sampai pertengahan April 2015, serbuan pasukan Irak di wilayah NIIS lebih diutamakan di [[Tikrit]] dan [[Kegubernuran Saladin]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Daragahi |first1=Borzou |title=Iraqi forces advance further into Tikrit |url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/f3cec738-c898-11e4-8617-00144feab7de.html |work=Financial Times |date=12 March 2015}}</ref>

Pada bulan Juni 2015, Wakil Menteri Luar Negeri Amerika Serikat mengumumkan bahwa NIIS kehilangan lebih dari 10.000 anggota akibat serangan udara selama sembilan bulan.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://sg.news.yahoo.com/more-10-000-jihadists-killed-since-coalition-raids-141800399.html |title=More than 10,000 jihadists killed since coalition raids: US |date=3 June 2015 |work=Yahoo News Singapore |accessdate=8 June 2015}}</ref> Pada bulan itu juga, tiga serangan bersamaan terjadi: dua hotel diserang oleh pria bersenjata di Tunisia, satu orang dipenggal di PerancisPrancis, dan sebuah bom meledak di masjid Syi'ah di Kuwait. NIIS mengaku bertanggung jawab atas serangan di Kuwait dan Tunisia. Bendera NIIS dikibarkan di TKP di PerancisPrancis, tetapi NIIS tidak mengaku bertanggung jawab. NIIS juga mengaku bertanggung jawab atas [[serangan Paris November 2015]].<ref>{{cite news |first=Hannah |last=Al-Othman |url=http://www.standard.co.uk/news/world/paris-attacks-french-president-francois-hollande-says-shootings-were-an-act-of-war-by-islamic-state-a3114476.html |title=Paris attacks: Islamic State claims responsibility as French President Francois Hollande promises "merciless" revenge |newspaper=London Evening Standard |date=14 November 2015 |accessdate=14 November 2015}}</ref>

=== Tujuan= dan strategi ==

{{quote|text=Benderanya yang diberkati [Allah]...berkibar di ujung timur dan barat Bumi, menyemaikan benih-benih kebenaran dan keadilan Islam di seluruh dunia, dan mengakhiri kepalsuan dan tirani kaum jahiliyah [tersesat] sekalipun Amerika Serikat beserta koalisinya menolaknya. |source=[[Dabiq (majalah)|Dabiq]] edisi ke-5, majalah Negara Islam berbahasa Inggris<ref name="Joscelyn">{{cite news |last=Joscelyn |first=Thomas |title=US counterterrorism efforts in Syria: A winning strategy? |url=http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2015/09/us-counterterrorism-efforts-in-syria-a-winning-strategy.php |work=Long War Journal |date=29 September 2015}}</ref>}}

Menurut wartawan Jerman [[Jürgen Todenhöfer]] yang menghabiskan sepuluh hari bersama NIIS di Mosul, ia sering mendengar seruan bahwa NIIS ingin "menguasai dunia" dan semua yang tidak percaya dengan penafsiran Quran versi NIIS akan dibunuh. Todenhöfer dikejutkan oleh keyakinan para anggota ISISNIIS bahwa "semua agama yang menyetujui demokrasi harus lenyap”<ref name=Withnall>{{cite news |last1=Withnall |first1=Adam |title=Middle East. Inside Isis: The first Western journalist ever to be given access to the 'Islamic State' has just returned – and this is what he discovered |url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/inside-isis-the-first-western-journalist-ever-given-access-to-the-islamic-state-has-just-returned-9938438.html |accessdate=3 October 2015 |work=The Independent |date=21 December 2014}}</ref> dan "semangatnya yang luar biasa"—termasuk semangat untuk membunuh "ratusan juta" orang.<ref name=Greyvenstein>{{cite news |last1=Greyvenstein |first1=Hester Maria |title=Q&A: German journalist on surviving ISIL |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/2014/12/qa-german-journalist-surviving-isil-20141224164752725983.html |accessdate=4 October 2015 |publisher=Al Jazeera |date=15 January 2015 |quote=Something that I don't understand at all is the enthusiasm in their plan of religious cleansing, planning to kill the non-believers... They also will kill Muslim democrats because they believe that non-ISIL-Muslims put the laws of human beings above the commandments of God. These were very difficult discussions, especially when they were talking about the number of people who they are willing to kill. They were talking about hundreds of millions. They were enthusiastic about it, and I just cannot understand that.}}</ref>

Peta yang menyebar di Internet terkait bekas wilayah negara Islam di Eropa, Timur Tengah, dan Afrika yang menjadi target perluasan NIIS dibuat oleh pendukung luar dan tidak berhubungan resmi dengan NIIS.<ref name="qz-dontpanic">{{cite web |url=http://qz.com/228833/dont-believe-the-people-telling-you-to-freak-out-over-this-isil-map/ |title=Don’t believe the people telling you to freak out over this "ISIL" map |first=Tim |last=Fernholz |work=Quartz |publisher=Atlantic Media |date=1 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Jeremy |last=Bender |url=http://www.businessinsider.com/isis-five-year-expansion-map-is-fake-2014-7 |title=ISIS' Five Year Expansion Map Is Fake - Business Insider |date=1 July 2014 |work=Business Insider}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.businessinsider.in/that-isis-five-year-expansion-plan-map-is-fake/articleshow/37600684.cms |title=That ISIS Five Year Expansion Plan Map Is Fake |work=Business Insider}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://english.alarabiya.net/en/perspective/analysis/2014/07/02/Expert-claims-ISIS-five-year-expansion-plan-map-is-fake.html |title=ISIS’ five-year expansion plan map branded a fake |publisher=Al Arabiya |date=2 July 2014 |accessdate=13 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://io9.com/that-isis-caliphate-map-is-bogus-so-stop-freaking-ou-1598657469 |title=That ISIS 'Caliphate Map' Is Bogus, So Stop Freaking Out |first=Mark |last=Strauss |work=io9}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://aattp.org/seriously-nbc-station-posts-terrifying-isis-expanison-map-created-by-neofascists-on-twitter/ |title=Seriously, NBC? Station Posts ‘Terrifying ISIS Expansion Map’ Created By Neofascists on Twitter |first=Josh |last=Kilburn |work=Americans Against the Tea Party}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-intersect/wp/2014/07/03/what-was-fake-on-the-internet-this-week-glee-bubbling-and-a-modeling-contract-for-hot-felon-jeremy-meeks/ |title=What was fake on the Internet this week: Glee, ‘bubbling’ and a modeling contract for ‘hot felon’ Jeremy Meeks |first=Caitlin |last=Dewey |date=3 July 2014 |work=The Washington Post}}</ref>

Saat kekhalifahan diproklamasikan, NIIS menyatakan bahwa, "keabsahan semua keamiran, kelompok, negara, dan organisasi tidak diakui lagi setelah kekuasaan khilāfah meluas dan pasukannya tiba di wilayah mereka."<ref name="Johnson14"/> Ini merupakan penolakan terhadap pemecahan wilayah di Timur Tengah yang dirancang oleh negara-negara Eropa semasa [[Perang Dunia I]] lewat [[Perjanjian Sykes–Picot]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Tran |first1=Mark |last2=Weaver |first2=Matthew |date=30 June 2014 |title=Isis announces Islamic caliphate in area straddling Iraq and Syria |url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jun/30/isis-announces-islamic-caliphate-iraq-syria |work=The Guardian |accessdate=6 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=McGrath |first1=Timothy |title=Watch this English-speaking ISIS fighter explain how a 98-year-old colonial map created today's conflict |url=http://www.dailynews.com/general-news/20140702/watch-this-english-speaking-isis-fighter-explain-how-a-98-year-old-colonial-map-created-todays-conflict |accessdate=22 July 2014 |work=Los Angeles Times |agency=GlobalPost |date=2 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://carnegieendowment.org/syriaincrisis/?fa=54017 |title=The Islamic State: Leaving al-Qaeda Behind |first=Romain |last=Caillet |date=27 December 2013 |publisher=Carnegie Endowment for International Peace}}</ref>

===Ideologi danStrategi kepercayaan===

=== Klaim wilayah dan perluasan internasional ===

[[FileBerkas:Territorial control of the ISIS.svg|thumbjmpl|250px|{{leftlegend|#c12838|Wilayah yang dikuasai&nbsp;(per 21 Oktober 2015)|outline=black}} {{leftlegend|#fefee9|Remaining territorySisa inwilayah countriesnegara-negara withtempat ISILbercokolnya presenceNIIS|outline=black}}]]

==== Provinsi Libya ====

[[FileBerkas:Libyan Civil War.png|thumbjmpl|250px|Situasi militer saat ini di Libya:<br /> {{legend|#b4b2ae|Di bawah kekuasaan NIIS dan [[Ansar al-Sharia (Libya)|Ansar al-Sharia]]}}]]

NIIS membagi Libya menjadi tiga provinsi bersejarah. Mereka mengklaim wilayah [[Cyrenaica]] di timur, [[Fezzan]] di selatan, dan [[Tripolitania]] di barat, sekitar ibu kota [[Tripoli]].<ref name=nytimes14feb15>{{cite news |title=Islamic State Sprouting Limbs Beyond Its Base |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/15/world/middleeast/islamic-state-sprouting-limbs-beyond-mideast.html |work=The New York Times |date=14 February 2015 |accessdate=23 February 2015 |first1=Eric |last1=Schmitt |first2=David D. |last2=Kirkpatrick}}</ref>

Pada tanggal 5 Oktober 2014, Dewan Syura Pemuda Islam dan militan lainnya di Libya bergabung dan membentuk Provinsi Cyrenaica.<ref name="spiegel.de">{{cite news |url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/islamic-state-expanding-into-north-africa-a-1003525.html |title=Islamic State Expanding into North Africa |location=Hamburg, Germany |date=18 November 2014 |work=Der Spiegel |accessdate=25 November 2014}}</ref><ref name="ISIS comes to Libya">{{cite news |title=ISIS comes to Libya |url=http://www.cnn.com/2014/11/18/world/isis-libya/index.html |accessdate=20 November 2014 |publisher=CNN |date=18 November 2014}}</ref> NIIS cabang Libya merupakan cabang yang paling aktif dan sukses di luar Irak dan Suriah. NIIS lebih aktif di seputaran [[Derna, Libya|Derna]] dan [[Sirte]], kampung halaman [[Gaddafi]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/05/21/us-libya-security-insight-idUSKBN0O610M20150521 |title=Gaddafi's home town falls to Islamic State in anarchic Libya |first=Ulf |last=Laessing |date=21 May 2015 |agency=Reuters |accessdate=17 August 2015|archive-date=2015-09-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150920221459/http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/05/21/us-libya-security-insight-idUSKBN0O610M20150521|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.washington post.com/world/middle_east/in-libyas-civil-war-the-islamic-state-shows-itself-as-the-main-threat/2015/06/06/65766592-0879-11e5-951e-8e15090d64ae_story.html |title=Libyan gains may offer ISIS a base for new attacks |first=Hassan |last=Morajea |date=6 June 2015 |work=The Washington Post |accessdate=10 June 2015}}</ref>

Tanggal 4 Januari 2015, pasukan NIIS di Libya menguasai pedesaan timur [[Sabha, Libya|Sabha]] dan mengeksekusi 14 tentara Libya.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.haaretz.com/news/middle-east/middle-east-updates/1.635108 |title=Middle East updates / ISIS kills 14 Libyan soldiers, official government says |date=3 January 2015 |work=[[Haaretz]] |location=Tel Aviv, Israel |accessdate=29 January 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Jason |last=Ditz |url=http://news.antiwar.com/2015/01/04/isis-fighters-kill-14-soldiers-in-southern-libya/ |title=ISIS Fighters Kill 14 Soldiers in Southern Libya |work=Antiwar.com |date=4 January 2015 |accessdate=29 January 2015}}</ref> Mereka sempat [[kampanye Derna (2014–15)|menguasai sebagian Derna]] sebelum terusir pada pertengahan 2015.<ref name="victory">{{cite news |first=Mohamed |last=Eljarh |url=http://foreignpolicy.com/2015/06/24/a-victory-over-the-islamic-state-in-libya/ |title=A Victory Over the Islamic State in Libya |work=Foreign Policy |date=24 June 2015 |accessdate=4 July 2015}}</ref> Laporan dari Sirte mengindikasikan bahwa militan NIIS yang ditempatkan di sana merupakan campuran militan asing dan loyalis [[Gaddafi|eks-Gaddafi]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Isis in Libya: Muammar Gaddafi's soldiers are back in the country and fighting under the black flag of the 'Islamic State' |url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/isis-in-libya-muammar-gaddafis-soldiers-are-back-in-the-country-and-fighting-under-the-black-flag-of-the-islamic-state-10111964.html |work=The Independent |date=16 March 2015 |accessdate=17 August 2015 |location=London |first=Yasmine |last=Ryan}}</ref> Pasukan pro-Dawn yang berkaitan dengan Misrata dan Operasi Dawn terlibat pertempuran melawan militan NI di Sirte.{{citation needed|date=October 2015}}<!-- WP:RS needed; removed link to WP:SPS (Twitter, FB, WP)--><ref>{{cite news |title=Libya Islamist militia attacks Daesh in Sirte |url=http://www.aa.com.tr/en/world/478517--libya-islamist-militia-attacks-daesh-in-sirte |work=Anadolu Agency |date=14 March 2015 |accessdate=14 March 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Islamic State fighters and force allied with Tripoli clash in central Libya |url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/03/14/libya-security-idUSL6N0WG0M620150314 |agency=Reuters |date=14 March 2015 |accessdate=14 March 2015|archive-date=2015-09-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930184432/http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/03/14/libya-security-idUSL6N0WG0M620150314|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Pertempuran antara pasukan Libya Dawn dan militan NIIS juga terjadi di Daheera, sebelah barat Sirte, dan Harawa, sebelah timur Sirte.<ref>{{cite news |title=Fighting between GNC-Libyan Dawn’s Sunrise and IS forces – deaths and injuries reported |url=http://www.libyaherald.com/2015/03/15/fighting-between-gnc-libyan-dawns-sunrise-and-is-forces-deaths-and-injuries-reported/ |work=Libya Herald |date=14 March 2015 |accessdate=14 March 2015}}</ref>

Sumber yang belum dikonfirmasi mengklaim bahwa NIIS menggunakan pangkalannya di Libya untuk menyelundupkan anggota-anggotanya ke [[Uni Eropa]] dengan berpura-pura menjadi [[pusat penerimaan imigran Lampedusa|pengungsi]].<ref>{{cite news |first=Mark |last=Piggott |title=Isis militants are being 'smuggled to Europe in migrant boats', Libyan government adviser |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/isis-militants-are-being-smuggled-europe-migrant-boats-libyan-government-adviser-1501692 |work=International Business Times |date=17 May 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=11,000 migrants land in Italy in a week, ISIS had warned of sending over 500,000 |url=http://www.independent.com.mt/articles/2015-04-17/local-news/11-000-migrants-land-in-Italy-in-a-week-ISIS-had-warned-of-sending-over-500-000-6736133962 |work=The Independent |location=Malta |date=17 April 2015}}</ref>

==== Provinsi Sinai ====

Tanggal 10 November 2014, banyak anggota [[Ansar Bait al-Maqdis]] yang berbaiat kepada al-Baghdadi.<ref name="news.yahoo.com"/> Setelah itu, NIIS mendirikan [[Provinsi Sinai (NIIS)|Provinsi Sinai]] (''Wilayat Sinai'').<ref name="spiegel.de"/><ref name="reuters.com">{{cite news |url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/11/10/us-egypt-ansar-islamicstate-idUSKCN0IU0DD20141110?irpc=932 |title=Egyptian militant group pledges loyalty to Islamic State in audio clip |agency=Reuters |date=10 November 2014 |accessdate=11 November 2014|archive-date=2014-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141111012651/http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/11/10/us-egypt-ansar-islamicstate-idUSKCN0IU0DD20141110?irpc=932|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref name=lwj14nov>{{cite news |first=Thomas |last=Joscelyn |url=http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2014/11/sinai_jihadists_rebr.php |title=Sinai-based jihadist group rebranded as Islamic State's official arm |work=Long War Journal |date=14 November 2014 |accessdate=15 November 2014}}</ref><ref name=winep14nov>{{cite news |first=Aaron Y. |last=Zelin |url=http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/the-islamic-states-archipelago-of-provinces |title=The Islamic State's Archipelago of Provinces |work=Washington Institute for Near East Policy |date=14 November 2014 |accessdate=15 November 2014}}</ref> NIIS cabang Sinai diperkirakan memiliki 1.000–2.000 anggota.<ref name="ISIL gains supporters"/><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.sis.gov.eg/En/Templates/Articles/tmpArticleNews.aspx?ArtID=69939 |title=Interior Ministry analyzes Ansar Bayt al-Maqdis statement over assassination attempt |agency=State Information Services |location=Cairo, Egypt |date=10 September 2013 |accessdate=26 December 2013}}</ref> NIIS cabang Sinai juga beroperasi di [[Jalur Gaza]] dengan nama ''Negara Islam di Gaza''.<ref name=middleeasteye-2014-10-08>{{cite news |title=IS claims responsibility for Gaza's French Cultural Centre blast, reports |url=http://www.middleeasteye.net/news/claims-responsibility-gaza-s-french-cultural-centre-blast-1790519098 |accessdate=9 October 2014 |work=Middle East Eye |date=8 October 2014}}</ref> Tanggal 19 Agustus 2015, sejumlah anggota NIIS mengebom markas pasukan keamanan Mesir di [[Kairo]] utara. Serangan tersebut melukai 30 orang.<ref>{{cite news |first=Laura |last=King |url=http://www.latimes.com/world/middleeast/la-fg-egypt-bombing-20150820-story.html |title=Egypt's grim summer: Islamic State affiliate claims latest bombing |date=20 August 2015 |work=Los Angeles Times}}</ref> NIIS juga diduga sebagai dalang jatuhnya [[Metrojet Penerbangan 9268]] yang menewaskan 224 penumpangnya. NIIS mengaku bertanggung jawab atas serangan tersebut lewat rekaman video, namun pemerintah Mesir membantah klaim NIIS.<ref>{{cite news |first1=Barbara |last1=Starr |first2=Catherine E. |last2=Shoichet |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2015/11/04/africa/russian-plane-crash-egypt-sinai/index.html |title=Russian plane crash: U.S. intel suggests ISIS bomb brought down jet |date=5 November 2015 |work=CNN}}</ref>

==== Provinsi Aljazair ====

Para anggota [[Jund al-Khilafah]] berbaiat kepada NIIS pada bulan September 2014.<ref name="npr.org">{{cite web |last=Fadel |first=Leila |url=http://www.npr.org/blogs/parallels/2014/11/18/364942091/with-cash-and-cachet-the-islamic-state-expands-its-empire |title=With Cash And Cachet, The Islamic State Expands Its Empire |date=18 November 2014 |publisher=NPR}}</ref> NIIS di Aljazair mulai mendapat perhatian setelah mereka memenggal wisatawan PerancisPrancis, Herve Gourdel, bulan September 2014. Sejak saat itu, kelompok ini tidak terdengar lagi kabarnya. Pemimpinnya, Khalid Abu-Sulayman, dilaporkan tewas akibat serangan pasukan Aljazair pada Desember 2014.<ref name=turf>{{cite news |title=Islamic State moves in on al-Qaeda turf |work=BBC News |url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-31064300 |date=25 June 2015 |accessdate=7 July 2015}}</ref>

==== Provinsi Khorasan ====

Tanggal 26 Januari 2015, [[Provinsi Khorasan (NIIS)|Provinsi Khorasan]] (Wilayat Khorasan) didirikan. Hafiz Saeed Khan diangkat sebagai [[Wāli]] (gubernur) dan [[Abdul Rauf Aliza|Abdul Rauf]] diangkat sebagai wakilnya setelah keduanya berbaiat kepada al-Baghdadi. Nama Khorasan mengacu pada wilayah lama yang mencakup Afghanistan, Pakistan, dan "daerah sekitarnya".<ref name=BBC31290147/><ref name=Khorasan>{{cite news |first=Rezaul H. |last=Laskar |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/is-announces-expansion-into-afpak-parts-of-india/article1-1311533.aspx |title=IS announces expansion into AfPak, parts of India |work=Hindustan Times |date=29 January 2015 |accessdate=22 February 2015|archive-date=2015-09-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150914043630/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/is-announces-expansion-into-afpak-parts-of-india/article1-1311533.aspx|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref name=BBC31290147/><ref name=Khorasan2>{{cite journal |first=Animesh |last=Roul |url=http://www.jamestown.org/single/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=43744&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=7&cHash=a10cd1f7a96b29d5b0d0bd12f571ebd0 |title=‘Wilayat Khurasan’: Islamic State Consolidates Position in AfPak Region |work=Terrorism Monitor |volume=13 |issue=7 |accessdate=13 April 2015 |publisher=Jamestown Foundation |date=3 April 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Bill |last=Roggio |url=http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2015/02/pakistani_taliban_em.php |title=Pakistani Taliban emir for Bajaur joins Islamic State |work=Long War Journal |date=2 February 2015}}</ref>

Pada tanggal 9 Februari 2015, Mullah Abdul Rauf tewas akibat serangan udara NATO.<ref name=BBC31290147/> Tanggal 18 Maret 2015, Hafiz Wahidi, pengganti wakil amir NIIS di Afghanistan, bersama sembilan militan NIIS lainnya tewas akibat serangan Angkatan Bersenjata Afghanistan.<ref name="ISIL Afghan replacement deputy killed">{{cite news |url=http://www.almasdarnews.com/article/afghan-army-kills-commander-of-isil-affiliate/ |title=Afghan Army Kills Commander of ISIL Affiliate |work=Al-Masdar News |date=18 March 2015|access-date=2015-11-30|archive-date=2015-07-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713101439/http://www.almasdarnews.com/article/afghan-army-kills-commander-of-isil-affiliate/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Pada bulan Juni, Reuters menerima laporan bahwa sejumlah desa di beberapa distrik [[Provinsi Nangarhar]], Afghanistan, telah diduduki oleh NIIS.<ref name="reuters-turfwar"/> Tanggal 10 Juli 2015, Hafiz Saeed Khan, amir Provinsi Khorasan NIIS, dikabarkan tewas dalam serangan pesawat nirawak A.S. di Afghanistan timur.<ref name="ISIL Wilayat Khorasan leader killed">{{cite news |first1=Sudarsan |last1=Raghavan |first2=Sayed |last2=Salahuddin |title=Officials: Top Islamic State leader killed in Afghanistan strike |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/suspected-us-drone-strike-kills-top-isis-leader-in-afghanistan/2015/07/11/90dc9bf6-5ff4-4472-84f8-8a059eaed501_story.html |work=The Washington Post |date=11 July 2015}}</ref> Provinsi Khorasan merilis pesan audio yang diklaim sebagai suara Hafiz Saeed Khan pada tanggal 13 Juli 2015,<ref name=":1">{{cite news |title=Islamic State audio tape raises doubt whether Afghan leader dead |url=http://news.yahoo.com/islamic-state-says-afghanistan-leader-still-alive-020358897.html |accessdate=13 July 2015 |date=13 July 2015 |agency=Reuters |via=Yahoo! News |quote=Islamic State on Monday released an audio tape it said was of the movement's leader for Afghanistan, raising doubts over whether he was killed in a U.S. drone strike on Friday}}</ref> dan ia dijatuhi sanksi oleh [[Departemen Keuangan Amerika Serikat]] pada tanggal 29 September 2015.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.treasury.gov/press-center/press-releases/Pages/jl0188.aspx |title=Treasury Sanctions Major Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant Leaders, Financial Figures, Facilitators, and Supporters |date=29 September 2015 |publisher=US Treasury Department |accessdate=29 September 2015}}</ref>

==== Provinsi Yaman ====

Pada tanggal 13 November 2014, militan tak dikenal di Yaman berbaiat kepada NIIS.<ref name="npr.org"/> Pada bulan Desember 2014, NIIS sudah memiliki anggota aktif di Yaman. NIIS dan [[al-Qaeda di Jazirah Arab]] (AQAP) berebut anggota di Yaman.<ref name="ISIS gaining ground in Yemen, competing with al Qaeda"/><ref>"[http://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/middle-east/2014/08/13/Yemeni-Al-Qaeda-leader-hails-ISIS-gains-in-Iraq.html Yemeni Al-Qaeda leader hails ISIS gains in Iraq]". [[Al Arabiya]]. 13 August 2014.</ref> Pada Februari 2015, dikabarkan bahwa sejumlah anggota [[Ansar al-Sharia (Yaman)|Ansar al-Sharia di Yaman]] berpisah dari AQAP dan berbaiat kepada NIIS.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.newsweek.com/al-qaeda-supporters-yemen-pledge-allegiance-islamic-state-306058 |title=Al-Qaeda Supporters in Yemen ‘Pledge Allegiance to Islamic State’ |work=[[Newsweek]] |agency=Reuters |date=11 February 2015 |subscription=yes}}</ref> Saat [[Perang Saudara Yaman (2015)|Perang Saudara Yaman]] pecah bulan Maret 2015, sedikitnya tujuh provinsi NIIS yang perbatasannya mengikuti provinsi Yaman mengaku bertanggung jawab atas serangan terhadap pasukan [[Houthi]], termasuk Provinsi [[Kegubernuran Hadhramaut|Hadhramaut]], [[Kegubernuran Shabwah|Shabwah]], dan [[Sana'a]].<ref name="ISIL establishes Sanaa Province in Yemen">{{cite web |url=http://ic.galegroup.com/ic/ovic/NewsDetailsPage/NewsDetailsWindow?failOverType=&query=&prodId=OVIC&windowstate=normal&contentModules=&display-query=&mode=view&displayGroupName=News&limiter=&u=powa9245&currPage=&disableHighlighting=false&displayGroups=&sortBy=&source=&search_within_results=&p=OVIC&action=e&catId=&activityType=&scanId=&documentId=GALE%7CA406347867 |title=Gale Cengage Product Failure |publisher=galegroup.com |subscription=yes}}</ref><ref name="iswMay15">{{cite report |first=Harleen |last=Gambhir |title=ISIS Global Intelligence Summary, March 1 – May 7, 2015 |url=http://www.understandingwar.org/sites/default/files/ISIS%20INTSUM_Final.pdf |publisher=Institute for the Study of War |date=10 May 2015 |accessdate=12 May 2015}}</ref>

[[Houthi]] [[Zaidiyyah|Syi'ah]] (Komite Revolusi) merupakan musuh utama NIIS cabang Yaman.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jun/30/islamic-state-bomb-attack-on-huthi-rebel-leaders-in-yemen-leaves-28-dead |title=Islamic State bomb attack on Houthi rebel leaders in Yemen leaves 28 dead |date=30 June 2015 |work=The Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/islamic-state/11707328/Islamic-State-targets-Houthi-mourners-in-Yemen-with-car-bomb.html |title=Islamic State targets Houthi mourners in Yemen with car bomb |first=Louisa |last=Loveluck |date=30 June 2015 |work=The Telegraph |location=London}}</ref> Amerika Serikat mendukung [[intervensi pimpinan Arab Saudi di Yaman]] melawan pasukan Houthi,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/04/expediting-arms-supplies-saudi-led-coalition-150407152205321.html |title=US steps up arms for Saudi campaign in Yemen |publisher=Al Jazeera |date=8 April 2015}}</ref> tetapi banyak anggota [[United States Special Operations Command|U.S. SOCOM]] yang mendukung Houthi karena mereka dianggap mampu mendesak mundur al-Qaeda dan NIIS di Yaman, "sesuatu yang tidak mampu dilakukan oleh ratusan serangan pesawat nirawak A.S. dan penasihat militer Yaman".<ref>{{cite news |first=Mark |last=Perry |url=http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2015/4/17/us-generals-think-saudi-strikes-in-yemen-a-bad-idea.html |title=US generals: Saudi intervention in Yemen ‘a bad idea’ |publisher=Al Jazeera |date=17 April 2015}}</ref> ''The Guardian'' melaporkan bahwa "hanya NIIS dan al-Qaeda yang mengambil untung dari konflik yang telah memecah-belah Yaman dan membuat 20 juta orang membutuhkan bantuan darurat."<ref>{{cite news |first=Kareem |last=Shaheen |url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jul/07/jihadis-likely-winners-of-saudi-arabias-futile-war-on-yemens-houthi-rebels |title=Jihadis likely winners of Saudi Arabia's futile war on Yemen's Houthi rebels |date=7 July 2015 |work=The Guardian}}</ref>

==== Provinsi Afrika Barat ====

Pada tanggal 7 Maret 2015, pemimpin Boko Haram [[Abubakar Shekau]] berbaiat kepada Negara Islam Irak dan Syam melalui pesan audio yang dikirimkan di akun [[Twitter]] Boko Haram.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-31784538 |title=Nigeria's Boko Haram pledges allegiance to Islamic State |date=7 March 2015 |accessdate=7 March 2015 |publisher=BBC News}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2015/03/boko-haram-pledges-allegiance-islamic-state/387235/ |title=The Islamic State of Boko Haram? :The terrorist group has pledged its allegiance to ISIS. But what does that really mean? |first=Adam |last=Chandler |date=9 March 2015 |work=The Atlantic}}</ref> Tanggal 12 Maret 2015, juru bicara NIIS [[Abu Mohammad al-Adnani]] merilis pesan audio yang isinya menerima baiat Boko Haram dan menyebutnya sebagai perluasan wilayah NIIS di [[Afrika Barat]].<ref name="BokoHaramIS">{{cite news |url=http://news.yahoo.com/accepts-allegiance-nigeria-jihadists-boko-haram-201513146.html |title=IS welcomes Boko Haram allegiance: tape |work=Yahoo! |agency=Agence France-Presse |date=12 March 2015 |accessdate=12 March 2015}}</ref> Material NIIS yang terbit bulan Maret 2015 mencantumkan bahwa anggota Boko Haram adalah bagian dari ''Wilayat Gharb Afriqiya'' (Provinsi Afrika Barat).<ref name="iswMay15"/>

==== Provinsi Kaukasus Utara ====

Sejumlah komandan [[Keamiran Kaukasus]] di [[Chechnya]] dan [[Dagestan]] berbaiat kepada NIIS pada akhir 2014 dan awal 2015.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Caucasus Emirate and Islamic State Split Slows Militant Activities in North Caucasus |journal=Eurasia Daily Monitor |volume=12 |issue=29 |date=13 February 2015 |url=http://www.jamestown.org/programs/edm/single/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=43542&cHash=7c819b2612b6c4e991453bf9f8fbb1f2}}</ref> Pada tanggal 23 Juni 2015, juru bicara NIIS Abu Mohammad al-Adnani menerima baiat Kaukasus dan mengumumkan pembentukan [[Provinsi Kaukasus (NIIS)|Provinsi Kaukasus]] (''Wilayat al-Qawqaz'') di bawah kepemimpinan [[Rustam Asildarov]].<ref name=turf/><ref name=caucasus>{{cite web |first=Harleen |last=Gambhir |url=http://understandingwar.org/backgrounder/isis-declares-governorate-russia%E2%80%99s-north-caucasus-region |title=ISIS Declares Governorate in Russia’s North Caucasus Region |date=23 June 2015 |publisher=Institute for the Study of War}}</ref><ref name=turf/>

==== Asia Tenggara ====

Pada tanggal 23 Juli 2014, pemimpin [[Abu Sayyaf]], [[Isnilon Totoni Hapilon]], di [[Filipina]] berbaiat kepada [[Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi]], pemimpin NIIS.<ref name="sayyaf-swears-loyalty"/> InPada September 2014, thekelompok groupini beganmulai kidnappingmenculik peopleorang tountuk ransom, indimintai thetebusan nameatas ofnama ISILNIIS.<ref name="Abu Sayyaf kidnaps 2 Germans in the name of ISIL"/>

=== Wilayah operasi lainnya ===

* ''Sons of the Call for Tawhid and Jihad'' (Yordania) berbaiat kepada NIIS.<ref name="Jordinian jihadist group joins ISIL">{{cite news |url=http://jordantimes.com/local-jihadist-group-pledges-allegiance-to-islamic-state |title=Local jihadist group pledges allegiance to Islamic State |work=The Jordan Times |date=23 July 2014 |publisher=Jordan Press Foundation |accessdate=6 June 2015 |first=Taylor |last=Luck |location=Amman, Jordan |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140724154338/http://jordantimes.com/local-jihadist-group-pledges-allegiance-to-islamic-state |archivedate=24 July 2014 |deadurl=yes}}</ref>

=== Kepemimpinan dan pemerintahan ===

[[FileBerkas:Mugshot of Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, 2004.jpg|thumbjmpl|uprightlurus|200px|Foto al-Baghdadi yang direkam oleh militer A.S. saat masih ditahan di [[Camp Bucca]] tahun 2004]]

Kelompok ini dipimpin dan dijalankan oleh [[Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi]] yang dibantu oleh kabinet penasihat. Ia dibantu oleh dua wakil ketua, [[Abu Muslim al-Turkmani]] ([[tewas dalam perang|KIA]]) di Irak dan [[Abu Ali al-Anbari]] di Suriah, dan 12 gubernur lokal di Irak dan Suriah. Tokoh ketiga, [[Abu Ala al-Afri]], diyakini memegang jabatan penting di NIIS dan kabarnya merupakan wakil ketua NIIS. Ketiganya diduga berasal dari etnis [[Turkmen Irak|Turkmen]]. Mantan penguasa Irak, [[Saddam Hussein]], juga kabarnya dikelilingi oleh pejabat Turkmen senior.<ref name="The Islamic State">{{cite web |title=The Islamic State |url=http://soufangroup.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/TSG-The-Islamic-State-Nov14.pdf |website=Soufan Group |date=November 2014 |accessdate=23 April 2015 |archive-date=2015-07-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713102203/http://soufangroup.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/TSG-The-Islamic-State-Nov14.pdf |dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=ISIS Replace Injured Leader Baghdadi With Former Physics Teacher |url=http://europe.newsweek.com/isis-replace-injured-leader-baghdadi-former-physics-teacher-324082 |website=Newsweek |date=22 April 2015 |accessdate=7 May 2015}}</ref> Meski al-Baghdadi memberitahu pengikutnya untuk "menasihatinya apabila [ia] membuat kesalahan" dalam khutbahnya, menurut sejumlah pengamat, "ancaman, perlawanan, atau bahkan perbedaan pendapat apapun langsung dibungkam".<ref name=NYRoB-7-9-2015>{{cite journal |last1=Ruthven |first1=Malise |title=Inside the Islamic State. Review of Islamic State: The Digital Caliphate by Abdel Bari Atwan |journal=New York Review of Books |issue=9 July 2015 |accessdate=11 August 2015}}</ref> Di bawah para pemimpin terdapat dewan keuangan, kepemimpinan, militer, hukum—termasuk urusan eksekusi—bantuan pejuang asing, keamanan, intelijen, dan media. Selain itu, NIIS mendirikan dewan [[syura]] yang menjamin kesesuaian segala keputusan gubernur dan dewan dengan penafsiran [[syariah]] NIIS.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Thompson |first1=Nick |last2=Shubert |first2=Attika |title=The anatomy of ISIS: How the 'Islamic State' is run, from oil to beheadings |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2014/09/18/world/meast/isis-syria-iraq-hierarchy/index.html?hpt=hp_t1 |accessdate=21 September 2014 |publisher=CNN |date=18 September 2014}}</ref> Sebagian besar jajaran pemerintahan NIIS didominasi oleh warga Irak, khususnya mantan pejabat pemerintahan [[Partai Baa'th Sosialis Arab - Irak|Ba'ath]] era Saddam Hussein yang kehilangan pekerjaan sekaligus pensiunnya dalam proses [[de-Ba'athifikasi]] setelah rezimnya digulingkan.<ref name="nytimes27Aug14"/><ref>{{cite news |title=How Saddam Hussein's former military officers and spies are controlling Isis |url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/how-saddam-husseins-former-military-officers-and-spies-are-controlling-isis-10156610.html |website=The Independent |date=5 April 2015 |accessdate=5 April 2015 |location=London |first=Liz |last=Sly}}</ref> Warga Irak dan Suriah lebih diutamakan daripada warga negara lain di dalam NIIS karena kelompok ini membutuhkan kesetiaan penduduk Sunni setempat di Irak dan Suriah agar bisa terus berdiri.<ref>{{cite web |title=Foreign Recruits Are Islamic State's Cannon Fodder |url=http://www.bloombergview.com/articles/2015-02-11/foreign-fighters-are-islamic-state-s-cannon-fodder |date=February 2015 |accessdate=February 2015 |archive-date=2015-12-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223175120/http://www.bloombergview.com/articles/2015-02-11/foreign-fighters-are-islamic-state-s-cannon-fodder |dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Iraqis, Saudis call shots in Raqa, ISIL's Syrian 'capital' |url=http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/specialreports/mh370/news/iraqis-saudis-call-shots/1178866.html |date=June 2014 |accessdate=February 2015 |archive-date=2015-02-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150212174907/http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/specialreports/mh370/news/iraqis-saudis-call-shots/1178866.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Namun demikian, laporan lainnya menunjukkan bahwa warga Suriah merasa terusir oleh pejuang NIIS dari luar negeri. Beberapa pejuang asli Suriah menolak "favoritisme" (kesukaan) upah dan akomodasi yang diterima pejuang asing.<ref>{{cite news |title=Splits in Islamic State Emerge as Its Ranks Expand |url=http://www.wsj.com/articles/islamic-state-feels-growing-pains-1425903933 |website=The Wall Street Journal |date=9 March 2015 |accessdate=11 April 2015 |first=Maria |last=Abi-Habib}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=In Islamic State Stronghold of Raqqa, Foreign Fighters Dominate |url=http://www.wsj.com/articles/in-islamic-state-stronghold-of-raqqa-foreign-fighters-dominate-1423087426 |website=The Wall Street Journal |date=4 February 2015 |accessdate=11 April 2015 |first=Yaroslav |last=Trofimov}}</ref>

Pada bulan September 2014, ''The Wall Street Journal'' memperkirakan bahwa delapan juta warga Irak dan Suriah tinggal di wilayah yang dikuasai NIIS.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1HzMucorCwo |title=The Islamic State: How Its Leadership Is Organized |publisher=YouTube}}</ref> [[Ar-Raqqah]] di Suriah merupakan ibu kota ''de facto'' sekaligus tempat uji coba pemerintahan NIIS.<ref name="nytimesraqqa">{{cite news |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/24/world/middleeast/islamic-state-controls-raqqa-syria.html |date=24 July 2014 |title=Life in a Jihadist Capital: Order With a Darker Side |accessdate=5 September 2014 |first=Ben |last=Hubbard |newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> Per September 2014, pemerintahan di Ar-Raqqah dikuasai sepenuhnya oleh NIIS. NIIS telah membangun ulang struktur pemerintahan modern kurang dari satu tahun. Mantan pejabat pemerintahan era Assad yang berbaiat kepada NIIS tetap memegang jabatan yang sama. Lembaga pemerintah yang difungsikan dan ditata ulang menyediakan jasa bagi masyarakat. Hanya lembaga kepolisian dan militer yang diisi oleh para pejuang NIIS; mereka menerima rumah milik warga non-Sunni dan warga lainnya yang sudah mengungsi. Pemerintah menyediakan layanan kesejahteraan, pengendalian harga, dan pajak bagi penduduk kelas atas. NIIS menjalankan program [[kekuasaan lembut]] di daerah-derah kekuasaannya di Irak dan Suriah, termasuk [[layanan sosial]], khutbah keagamaan, dan [[dakwah]] bagi penduduk setempat. NIIS juga melaksanakan [[layanan masyarakat]] seperti [[perbaikan jalan]] dan pengelolaan [[transmisi tenaga listrik|arus listrik]].<ref name="Atlantic consumer">{{cite web |last=Zelin |first=Aaron Y. |date=13 June 2014 |title=The Islamic State of Iraq and Syria Has a Consumer Protection Office |url=http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2014/06/the-isis-guide-to-building-an-islamic-state/372769/ |work=The Atlantic |accessdate=17 June 2014}}</ref>

Pakar keamanan Britania Raya [[Frank Gardner (wartawan)|Frank Gardner]] menyimpulkan bahwa prospek penguasaan NIIS lebih besar pada tahun 2014 daripada tahun 2006. Walaupun masih sama brutalnya, keberadaan NIIS "diterima dengan baik" oleh penduduk setempat dan mungkin tidak bisa terusir oleh pasukan Suriah atau Irak yang kurang efektif. NIIS menggantikan pemerintah sebelumnya yang korup dengan pemerintah yang berfungsi dengan baik, menjalankan kembali layanan masyarakat, dan menyediakan suplai air dan minyak. Seiring mengecilnya kemungkinan intervensi Barat, kelompok ini akan "terus mempertahankan daerahnya" dan menguasai wilayah "seluas [[Pennsylvania]] sampai waktu yang tak ditentukan".<ref name="mesr22">{{cite web |url=http://www.understandingwar.org/sites/default/files/ISIS_Governance.pdf |title=ISIS Governance in Syria |date=July 2014 |first=Charles C. |last=Caris |first2=Samuel |last2=Reynolds |publisher=Institute for the Study of War}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Gardner |first=Frank |url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-28222872 |title='Jihadistan': Can Isis militants rule seized territory? |publisher=BBC News |date=9 July 2014 |accessdate=17 August 2014}}</ref> NIIS juga mempertahankan produksi pangan, faktor penting bagi kelangsungan pemerintahan dan dukungan masyarakat.<ref>{{cite news |last=Flick |first=Maggie |url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/09/30/us-mideast-crisis-wheat-idUSKCN0HP12J20140930 |title=Special Report: Islamic State uses grain to tighten grip in Iraq |agency=Reuters |date=30 September 2014|access-date=2015-11-30|archive-date=2015-09-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924204927/http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/09/30/us-mideast-crisis-wheat-idUSKCN0HP12J20140930|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Penguasaan 40% produksi gandum Irak oleh NIIS semakin memperkuat cengkeramannya di Irak.

=== Sistem keuangan ===

Pada tanggal 11 November 2014, NIIS mengumumkan rencananya untuk mencetak koin emas, perak, dan tembaga sendiri berdasarkan [[dinar emas|koin]] [[Kekhalifahan Umayyah]] pada abad ke-7. Setelah pengumuman tersebut, NIIS mulai membeli emas, perak, dan tembaga di pasar-pasar di Irak utara dan barat. Para anggota kelompok ini juga kabarnya mulai mencabut insulasi kabel listrik untuk memanfaatkan kabel tembaganya.<ref name="IsisDinar">{{cite news |url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/nov/14/isis-gold-silver-copper-islamic-dinar-coins |title=Isis to mint own Islamic dinar coins in gold, silver and copper |work=The Guardian |date=21 November 2014}}</ref><ref name=GoldDinar>{{cite web |title=Islamic State reportedly buying silver, gold as it prepares to issue currency |url=http://www.mcclatchydc.com/2014/11/20/247584_islamic-state-reportedly-buying.html |work=McClatchy |accessdate=21 November 2014 |date=20 November 2014 }}{{Pranala mati|date=Mei 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Koin tersebut menampilkan peta dunia, pedang dan tameng, [[Masjid Al-Aqsa]] di [[Yerusalem]], dan [[Hilal (bulan sabit)|bulan sabit]]. Pakar ekonomi seperti Steven H. Hanke dari [[Universitas Johns Hopkins]] tidak yakin dengan rencana tersebut.<ref name=GoldDinar/><ref name="GoldDinar2">{{cite news |title=Islamic State announces its own currency |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/islamic-state/11230324/Islamic-State-announces-its-own-currency.html |work=The Telegraph |accessdate=21 November 2014 |date=14 November 2014 |location=London |first=Josie |last=Ensor|archive-date=2015-02-02|archive-url=https://archive.today/20150202011141/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/islamic-state/11230324/Islamic-State-announces-its-own-currency.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Laporan selanjutnya menduga bahwa koin yang diedarkan di Mosul hanya dilapisi emas dan nilainya tidak sama seperti koin emas asli.<ref>{{cite news |first=Marwan |last=Jabbar |work=Niqash |url=http://www.niqash.org/en/articles/economy/5097/Islamic-State-Release-Their-Own-'Fake'-Currency.htm |title=Gold at End of Extremist Rainbow: Islamic State Release Their Own 'Fake' Currency |location=Baghdad |date=3 September 2015|access-date=2015-11-30|archive-date=2015-11-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151124023527/http://www.niqash.org/en/articles/economy/5097/Islamic-State-Release-Their-Own-%27Fake%27-Currency.htm|dead-url=yes}}</ref>

=== Non-pejuang ===

Meski NIIS menarik pengikut dari berbagai penjuru dunia dengan menggembar-gemborkan perang suci, tidak semua anggotanya menjadi pejuang. Banyak anggota baru yang berharap menjadi [[mujahidin]] setelah bertempur di Suriah, namun kecewa karena harus melakukan pekerjaan sehari-hari seperti mencari air atau membersihkan toilet. Mereka juga kecewa atas larangan penggunaan telepon genggam saat latihan militer.<ref>{{cite news |first=Simon |last=Tomlinson |url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2855780/Indian-IS-recruit-goes-home-having-clean-toilets.html |title='ISIS made me clean the toilets... and my iPod didn't work': How disenchanted Islamic fanatics are returning home because jihad isn't as glamorous as they hoped |date=1 December 2014 |accessdate=22 January 2015 |location=London |work=Daily Mail}}</ref>

NIIS menerbitkan material media terkait wanita. Karena wanita tidak diizinkan memegang senjata, NIIS meminta mereka memainkan peran pendukung di dalam organisasi tersebut, misalnya memberi pertolongan pertama, memasak, membesarkan anak, dan menjahit agar menjadi "istri-istri jihad yang baik".<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/isis-now-targeting-women-with-guides-on-how-to-be-the-ultimate-wives-of-jihad-9830562.html |title=Isis now targeting women with guides on how to be the 'ultimate wives of jihad' |date=31 October 2014 |accessdate=22 January 2015 |location=London |work=The Independent |first=Heather |last=Saul}}</ref> Dalam dokumen berjudul ''Women in the Islamic State: Manifesto and Case Study'' yang dirilis oleh divisi media Brigade Al-Khanssaa NIIS, pernikahan dan peran keibuan (sejak usia 9 tahun) sangat diutamakan. Wanita harus menjalani hidup "sedenter", memenuhi "peran keibuannya yang mulia" di rumah, kecuali ketika mereka bekerja sebagai guru atau dokter.<ref name=imsorfw>{{cite journal |last1=Abdul-Alim |first1=Jamaal |title=ISIS 'Manifesto' Spells Out Role for Women |journal=The Atlantic |date=8 March 2015 |url=http://www.theatlantic.com/education/archive/2015/03/isis-manifesto-spells-out-role-for-women/387049/ |accessdate=23 November 2015}}</ref><ref name=quilliam-women>{{cite web |last1=Winter |first1=Charlie |title=QUILLIAM Translation and Analysis of Islamic State Manifesto on Jihadist Brides |url=http://www.quilliamfoundation.org/press/quilliam-translation-and-analysis-of-islamic-state-manifesto-on-jihadist-brides/ |publisher=Quilliam Foundation |accessdate=23 November 2015 |date=5 February 2015 |archive-date=2016-01-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160119055307/http://www.quilliamfoundation.org/press/quilliam-translation-and-analysis-of-islamic-state-manifesto-on-jihadist-brides/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref> NIIS menolak kesetaraan wanita dan pendidikan non-agama yang tergolong "ilmu duniawi tak berguna".<ref name=quilliam-women/>

|{{flagu|Uni Eropa}}||2004||[[Dewan Uni Eropa|Dewan UE]] <small>(melalui penerapan Daftar Sanksi al-Qaeda PBB)</small>||<ref name="berghof-foundation.org">{{cite news |last1=Wahlisch |first1=Martin |title=EU Terrorist Listing – An Overview about Listing and Delisting Procedures |url=http://www.berghof-foundation.org/fileadmin/redaktion/Publications/Other_Resources/RLM_EU_Terrorist_Listing.pdf |accessdate=3 November 2014 |publisher=Berghof Foundation |year=2010}}</ref>

|{{flagu|Britania Raya}}||Maret 2001 <small>(bagian dari al-Qaeda)</small><br />20 Juni 2014 <small>(setelah berpisah dari al‑Qaeda)</small> ||[[Home Office|Kementerian Dalam Negeri Britania]]||<ref name="UK proscribed">{{cite web |title=Proscribed Terrorist Organisations, pp.13–15 |url=http://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/324603/20140627-List_of_Proscribed_organisations_WEBSITE_final.pdf |date=20 June 2014 |publisher=Home Office |accessdate=7 November 2014}}</ref>

|{{flagu|Australia}}||2 Maret 2005 <small>(dengan nama al-Qaeda di Irak)</small><br />14 December 2013 <small>(setelah berpisah dari al‑Qaeda)</small> ||[[Jaksa Umum Australia]]||<ref name="Australia proscribed">{{cite web |url=http://www.nationalsecurity.gov.au/Listedterroristorganisations/Pages/default.aspx |title=Listed terrorist organisations |publisher=Australian National Security |accessdate=31 July 2014 |archive-date=2018-12-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224211729/https://www.nationalsecurity.gov.au/Listedterroristorganisations/Pages/default.aspx |dead-url=yes }}</ref>

|{{flagu|Kanada}}||20 Agustus 2012||[[Parlemen Kanada]] ||<ref name="Canada proscribed">{{cite web |url=http://www.publicsafety.gc.ca/cnt/ntnl-scrt/cntr-trrrsm/lstd-ntts/crrnt-lstd-ntts-eng.aspx |title=Currently listed entities |publisher=Public Safety Canada |accessdate=31 July 2014}}</ref>

|{{flagu|Turki}}||30 Oktober 2013||[[Majelis Nasional Besar Turki]]||<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kaplan |first1=Hilal |title=Charging Turkey for ISIS |url=http://www.dailysabah.com/columns/hilal_kaplan/2014/09/03/charging-turkey-for-isis |accessdate=28 September 2014 |work=Daily Sabah |location=Istanbul, Turkey |date=3 September 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Mahcupyan |first1=Etyen |title=ISIS, Turkey and the US |url=http://www.dailysabah.com/columns/etyen-mahcupyan/2014/09/20/isis-turkey-and-the-us |accessdate=28 September 2014 |work=Daily Sabah |location=Istanbul, Turkey |date=20 September 2014}}</ref>

|{{flagu|Arab Saudi}}||7 Maret 2014||DekritDekret [[Raja Arab Saudi]]||<ref name="Saudi Arabia proscribed">{{cite news |url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/03/07/us-saudi-security-idUSBREA260SM20140307 |title=Saudi Arabia designates Muslim Brotherhood terrorist group |agency=Reuters |date=7 March 2014 |accessdate=31 July 2014|archive-date=2014-07-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703054053/http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/03/07/us-saudi-security-idUSBREA260SM20140307|dead-url=yes}}</ref>

|{{flagu|Indonesia}}||1 Agustus 2014||Badan Nasional Penanggulangan Terorisme||<ref name="Indonesia">{{citeCite news |title=BNPT Declares ISIS a Terrorist Organization |url=http://en.tempo.co/read/news/2014/08/02/055596766/BNPT-Declares-ISIS-a-Terrorist-Organization |accessdate=4 August 2014 |work=[[Tempo .co]]|date=2 August 2014|language=id}}</ref>

|{{flagu|Uni Emirat Arab}}||20 Agustus 2014||Kabinet Uni Emirat Arab||<ref>{{cite news |url=http://gulfnews.com/news/gulf/uae/government/list-of-terror-groups-published-by-uae-1.1413219 |title=List of terror groups published by United Arab Emirates |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150128055511/http://gulfnews.com/news/gulf/uae/government/list-of-terror-groups-published-by-uae-1.1413219 |archivedate=28 January 2015}}</ref>

|{{flagu|Malaysia}}||24 September 2014||[[Kementerian Luar Negeri (Malaysia)|Kementerian Luar Negeri]]||<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.straitstimes.com/news/asia/south-east-asia/story/malaysia-designates-isis-terrorist-group-vows-tough-action-report-20 |title=Malaysia designates ISIS as terrorist group, vows tough action: Report |work=The Straits Times |date=25 September 2014 |accessdate=25 September 2014}}</ref>

|{{flagu|Mesir}}||30 November 2014||Pengadilan Urusan Mendesak Kairo<!--searching this court shows that it is the authoritative body in the country that designates all terrorist groups and bans organisations--> ||<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dailynewsegypt.com/2014/11/30/court-affirms-isis-terrorist-group-designation/ |title=Court affirms ISIS' 'terrorist group' designation |work=[[Daily News Egypt]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Egypt brands jihadist ISIL a 'terrorist group' |url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/egypt-brands-jihadist-isil-a-terrorist-group.aspx?pageID=238&nID=75033&NewsCatID=352 |work=[[Hürriyet Daily News]] |location=Istanbul, Turkey |date=30 November 2014}}</ref>

|{{flagu|India}}||16 Desember 2014||[[Kementerian Dalam Negeri (India)|Kementerian Dalam Negeri]]||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mha.nic.in/BO |title=Banned Organisations |accessdate=16 December 2014 |archive-date=2016-11-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161123062519/http://mha.nic.in/bo |dead-url=yes }}</ref><!--ISIL will be listed here as a banned terrorist group when page updated--><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/indian-government-bans-islamic-state-terror-organisation/article6698369.ece |title=India bans IS |agency=Press Trust of India |work=The Hindu |accessdate=16 December 2014 |location=Chennai, India |date=16 December 2014}}</ref><!--public announcement says "we have banned"-->

|{{flagu|Russia}}||29 Desember 2014||[[Mahkamah Agung Rusia]]||<ref>{{cite news |url=http://tass.ru/en/world/769912 |title=Russia calls on all states to put Islamic State, Jabhat al-Nusra on terrorist lists |publisher=[[Russian News Agency TASS]] |date=29 December 2015 |accessdate=29 December 2014|archive-date=2016-05-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160529034500/http://tass.ru/en/world/769912|dead-url=yes}}</ref>

|{{flagu|Kirgizstan}}||25 Maret 2015||Komite Keamanan Nasional Kirgizstan||<ref name="Kyrgyzstan Designation">{{cite news |last1=Paraszczuk |first1=Joanna |title=Kyrgyzstan Bans IS, Designates It As Terror Group |url=http://www.rferl.org/content/kyrgyzstan-bans-islamic-state/26920328.html |publisher=[[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]] |accessdate=26 March 2015}}</ref>

|{{flagu|Suriah}}||||||<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.sana.sy/en/?p=2988 |title=Syria condemns terrorist acts in Iraq, expresses solidarity with Iraqi government, army and people |author=Manal |agency=Syrian Arab News Agency}}</ref>

|{{flagu|Yordania}}||||||<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.news.com.au/world/middle-east/jordan-continues-their-revenge-on-isis-carrying-out-airstrikes-against-the-terror-group/story-fnh81ifq-1227209129504 |title=Jordan launches airstrikes against ISIS |publisher=News Corp Australia |accessdate=7 August 2015 |date=6 February 2015|archive-date=2015-10-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151019064818/http://www.news.com.au/world/middle-east/jordan-continues-their-revenge-on-isis-carrying-out-airstrikes-against-the-terror-group/story-fnh81ifq-1227209129504|dead-url=yes}}</ref>

|{{flagu|Pakistan}}||29 Agustus 2015||[[Kementerian Dalam Negeri Pakistan|Kementerian Dalam Negeri]]||<ref name="ET">{{cite news |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/946859/banned-organisations-is-listed-among-proscribed-outfits/ |title=Islamic State listed among proscribed outfits |first=Zahid |last=Gishkori |work=The Express Tribune |location=Pakistan}}</ref>

[[FileBerkas:Memorial to November 2015 Paris attacks at French embassy in Moscow 13.jpg|thumbjmpl|250px|Masyarakat meletakkan bunga di luar [[daftar misi diplomatik PerancisPrancis|kedutaan besar PerancisPrancis]] di [[Moskwa]] setelah [[serangan Paris November 2015]].]]

Pemerintah Jerman melarang NIIS pada bulan September 2014. Aktivitas yang dilarang meliputi sumbangan dana, perekrutan anggota, pertemuan NIIS dan penyebaran propaganda, pengibaran bendera dan simbol NIIS, dan segala aktivitas NIIS. Menurut politikus Jerman [[Thomas de Maizière]], "organisasi teror Negara Islam adalah ancaman terhadap keamanan masyarakat di Jerman. ... Larangan tersebut ditujukan kepada teroris yang memanfaatkan agama untuk meraih tujuan kejahatannya." Larangan tersebut tidak berarti NIIS telah ditetapkan sebagai organisasi teroris asing di Jerman karena penetapan semacam itu memerlukan keputusan pengadilan.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.sixth-sense-newspaper.de/german-news/1943-isil-banned-in-germany |title=ISIL banned in Germany |first=Janette |last=Roberts |work=Sixth Sense |date=17 September 2014|access-date=2015-12-01|archive-date=2015-01-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150103205324/http://www.sixth-sense-newspaper.de/german-news/1943-isil-banned-in-germany|dead-url=yes}}</ref>

Pada bulan Oktober 2014, Swiss melarang aktivitas NIIS di negara tersebut, termasuk propaganda dan bantuan keuangan untuk para pejuang, dengan ancaman kurungan penjara.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.aa.com.tr/en/news/401536--switzerland-bans-isil |title=Switzerland bans ISIL |publisher=Anadolu Agency |date=8 October 2014}}</ref>

Pada pertengahan Desember 2014, India melarang NIIS setelah menangkap operator akun Twitter pro-NIIS.<ref>{{cite news |first=Avaneesh |last=Pandey |url=http://www.ibtimes.com/india-bans-isis-after-government-raises-concerns-over-groups-online-presence-1759516 |title=India Bans ISIS After Government Raises Concerns Over Group's Online Presence |date=16 December 2014 |work=International Business Times}}</ref>

Sumber media di seluruh dunia telah menetapkan NIIS sebagai organisasi teroris.<ref name="ISIS or ISIL? The debate"/><ref name="nytimes27Aug14"/><ref name="Indonesiaft-20140617"/><ref name="McCoyTopListerTop"/><ref name="ListerTopMcCoyTop"/><ref name="ft-20140617Indonesia"/>

* {{id}} [http://www.tempo.co/topik/lembaga/1394/Milisi-Negara-Islam-Irak-dan-Suriah-ISIS-ISIL Topik Pilihan TEMPO tentang Milisi Negara Islam Irak dan Suriah | ISIS | ISIL] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140717022051/http://www.tempo.co/topik/lembaga/1394/Milisi-Negara-Islam-Irak-dan-Suriah-ISIS-ISIL |date=2014-07-17 }}

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