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Baris 1: ~~{{terjemah\|Inggris}}~~ {{Infobox Former Country \|conventional_long_name = Republik Texas Baris 37 ⟶ 36: \|<!--- Flag navigation: Preceding and succeeding entities p1 to p5 and s1 to s5 ---> \|p1 = Republik Sentralis Meksiko \|flag_p1 = Flag of Mexico (1823-1864, 1867-~~1968~~1893).~~png~~svg \|s1 = Texas \|flag_s1 = Flag of Texas.svg Baris 51 ⟶ 50: \|image_map = Republic of Texas labeled.svg \|image_map_caption = \|anthem = [[Le March]] (17 bait) \| \|capital = [[Washington-on-the-Brazos]], [[Harrisburg, Texas\|Harrisburg]], [[Galveston, Texas\|Galveston]], [[Velasco, Texas\|Velasco]], [[West Columbia, Texas\|Columbia]]<small> ([[1836]])</small>{{br}}[[Houston, Texas\|Houston]]<small> ([[1837]]–[[1839]])</small>{{br}}[[Austin, Texas\|Austin]]<small> ([[1839]]–[[1845]])</small> Baris 57 ⟶ 58: \|national_anthem = \|common_languages = [[Bahasa Inggris]] ([[de facto]]) <small>[[bahasa Spanyol\|Spanyol]], [[bahasa ~~Perancis~~Prancis\|~~Perancis~~Prancis]], [[bahasa Jerman\|Jerman]] dan [[bahasa-bahasa penduduk asli Amerika]] languages secara regional</small> \|religion = \|currency = Dolar ($) Republik Texas Baris 106 ⟶ 107: \|footnotes = <sup>1</sup>Periode interim ([[16 Maret]]-[[22 Oktober]] [[1836]]): Presiden: [[David G. Burnet]], Wakil Presiden [[Lorenzo de Zavala]] }} '''Republik Texas''' (Bahasa Spanyol: ''República de Texas'') adalah sebuah negara berdaulat di [[Amerika Utara]] yang terletak di antara [[Amerika Serikat]] dan [[Meksiko]] yang berdiri pada [[2 Maret]] [[1836]] hingga [[19 Februari]] [[1846]]. Negara ini terbentuk sebagai republik yang memisahkan diri dari [[Meksiko]] sebagai hasil dari [[Revolusi Texas]]. Berbatasan dengan negara [[Meksiko]] dan [[Teluk Meksiko]] di tenggara, dengan negara bagian Amerika Serikat ([[Louisiana]] dan [[Arkansas]]) di timur dan timur laut, dan dengan 5 negara bagian Amerika Serikat lainnya ([[Oklahoma]], [[Kansas]], [[Colorado]], [[Wyoming]], dan [[New Mexico]]) di utara dan barat. Warganegaranya disebut ''Texan''. Perbatasan sebelah timur dengan Amerika Serikat ditentukan oleh [[Perjanjian Adams-Onís]] antara Amerika Serikat dan [[Spanyol]], pada tahun [[1819]]. Perbatasan sebelah selatan dan paling barat dengan [[Meksiko]] dipertikaikan sepanjang keberadaan Republik ini, dengan Texas mengklaim bahwa perbatasannya adalah [[Rio Grande]], sementara Meksiko mengklaim [[Sungai Nueces]] sebagai perbatasannya. Pertikaian ini belakangan menjadi pemicu bagi [[Perang Meksiko-Amerika]], setelah Texas dianeksasi. Baris 114 ⟶ 115: :''Artikel sebelumnya: [[Texas Meksiko]]'' Texas awalnya merupakan bagian dari ''Provincias Internas'' dari koloni [[Spanyol Baru]] (''Nueva España)'', kawasan yang secara historis dikenal sebagai <u>''Texas Spanyol''</u>. Meskipun diklaim oleh Spanyol, ~~namun~~tetapi ~~pemukiman~~permukiman permanen orang-orang Spanyol baru muncul di [[San Antonio, Texas\|San Antonio]] pada tahun [[1718]], untuk menandingi kehadiran orang-orang [[~~Perancis~~Prancis]] di Fort St. Louis di muara [[Sungai Mississippi]]. Meskipun demikian, sebagian besar teritori Texas tetap tidak dihuni pendatang-pendatang dari Eropa secara permanen, kecuali beberapa misi Katolik di antara penduduk pribumi Amerika (Indian) dan tentara yang melindunginya. Pada tahun 1762, ~~Perancis~~Prancis menyerahkan sebagian besar klaimnya atas pedalaman Amerika Utara, termasuk wilayah Texas dan Louisiana, kepada Spanyol. Antara 1799 - 1803, Napoleon memaksa Spanyol untuk mengembalikan Louisiana, sementara status Texas dibiarkan menggantung hingga terjadi Perjanjian Adams-Onis pada tahun 1819, yang menyerahkan Florida kepada Amerika Serikat dan terbentuklah batas-batas wilayah Texas seperti sekarang. === Perang Kemerdekaan Meksiko (1810 - 1821) === Pada tahun [[1810]], pecah [[Perang Kemerdekaan Meksiko]]. Di Texas, banyak orang-orang Amerika yang berjuang di pihak pejuang Meksiko melawan pasukan kolonial Spanyol, dalam beberapa pasukan milisi sukarelawan. Salah satunya, Ekspedisi Gutiérrez–Magee (dikenal juga sebagai '''''Republican Army of the North''''') yang terdiri dari 130 sukarelawan Amerika di bawah kepemimpinan bersama Bernardo Gutiérrez de Lara dan Augustus Magee. Pasukan yang terdiri dari rekrutan baru dan dipimpin oleh Samuel Kemper (yang menggantikan Magee yang gugur dalam pertempuran pada tahun 1813) ini, sempat meraih beberapa kemenangan terhadap pasukan Spanyol pimpinan Gubernur Manuel María de Salcedo, salah satunya dalam pertempuran Rosillo Creek, yang memaksa Salcedo menyerah pada [[1 April]] [[1813]]. Salcedo dihukum mati 2 hari kemudian. === Republik Texas Pertama === Pada [[6 April]] [[1813]], '''''Republican Army of the North''''' menyusun konstitusi dan memproklamirkan Republik Texas dengan Gutiérrez sebagai presiden. Kecewa dengan kepemimpinan orang-orang Meksiko, orang-orang Amerika di bawah komando Kemper mengundurkan diri dan kembali ke Amerika Serikat. Republik Texas yang baru lahir ini tidaklah berusia panjang, ketika pasukan Spanyol mengalahkan '''''Republican Army of the North''''' di pertempuran Medina pada [[18 Agustus]] [[1813]]. Namun para pemimpin Republik Texas tidak dihukum oleh pemerintah kolonial Spanyol, untuk menghindari perlawanan rakyat yang lebih luas. 20 tahun kemudian, veteran Pertempuran Medina ini justru menjadi pemimpin-pemimpin Revolusi Texas dan penandatangan Deklarasi Kemerdekaan Texas dari Meksiko. === Kemerdekaan Meksiko === Bersama seluruh Meksiko, Texas melepaskan diri dari Spanyol melalui [[Perjanjian Córdoba]] pada 24 Agustus [[1821]] dan negara baru ini dibentuk berdasarkan ''Plan of Iguala'' yang menetapkan Meksiko sebagai [[monarki konstitusional]] di bawah [[Kaisar]] [[Agustín de Iturbide]]. Selama masa transisi pemerintahan, Stephen F. Austin memimpin sekelompok pemukim Amerika yang disebut ''Old Three Hundred'' berunding dengan Gubernur Spanyol untuk mendapatkan hak menetap di Texas. Ketika kemerdekaan Meksiko diratifikasi oleh Spanyol tak lama kemudian, Austin pergi ke [[Ciudad de México\|Mexico City]] untuk mendapatkan dukungan dari pemerintahan baru Meksiko. Namun, Kekaisaran Meksiko Pertama ini tidak berusia panjang, digantikan pemerintahan republik pada tahun [[1823]]. Pemimpin baru Meksiko, Presiden Anastasio Bustamante, justru menghukum pemukim Amerika di Texas (disebut ''Empresarios'') setelah terjadi beberapa konflik terkait status perbudakan di daerah tersebut. Marah atas campur tangan pemerintah Meksiko, ''Empresarios'' mengadakan ''Convention of 1832'', yang dianggap sebagai langkah formal pertama menuju Revolusi Texas. === Proklamasi Republik Texas === Jelang akhir perang, populasi pemukim-pemukim Amerika di Texas mengungguli orang-orang Meksiko dalam jumlah yang cukup banyak. Setelah berlangsung beberapa kontak senjata antara pemerintah Meksiko dan para pemukim Amerika, pemerintah Meksiko meningkatkan kehadiran militernya di Texas pada tahun 1834 - 1835. Presiden Meksiko, [[Antonio López de Santa Anna]] membatalkan Konstitusi Meksiko 1824 dan mulai memusatkan pemerintahannya secara diktatorial. Pemimpin Texas, Stephen F. Austin mulai memobilisasi pasukan dan Revolusi Texas pun mulai pecah pada [[2 Oktober]] [[1835]] dalam [[Pertempuran Gonzales]]. Pada [[7 November]] [[1835]], pemerintahan sementara Texas pertama dibentuk di San Felipe de Austin untuk menghadapi rezim Santa Anna. Pemerintah ini menyetujui sebuah deklarasi dukungan untuk konstitusi Meksiko 1824, dan mengangkat seorang gubernur dan para pejabat lainnya, ~~namun~~tetapi tidak sampai mendeklarasikan kemerdekaan Texas. Deklarasi kemerdekaan pertama untuk Texas modern, oleh para pemukim Anglo-[[Texas]] dan orang-orang [[Tejanos]] setempat, ditandatangani di [[Goliad, Texas\|Goliad]] pada [[20 Desember]] [[1835]]. [[Konvensi 1836]] diselenggarakan di [[Washington-on-the-Brazos, Texas\|Washington-on-the-Brazos]] dengan '''Richard Ellis''' sebagai pemimpinnya, dan kemerdekaan Texas diproklamirkan pada [[2 Maret]] [[1836]].<blockquote>'''Pengepungan Alamo'''</blockquote><blockquote>Empat hari kemudian, [[Pertempuran Alamo\|Pengepungan Alamo]] selama 13 hari berakhir ketika pasukan-pasukan Meksiko dipimpin langsung oleh Jenderal [[Antonio López de Santa Anna]] mengalahkan sekitar 183 milisi Texas yang mempertahankan Alamo (angka ini diperdebatkan, karena sejumlah orang tampaknya telah dikeluarkan dari daftarnya). Menurut para ahli ada kemungkinan bahwa milisi yang mempertahankan Alamo berasal dari banyak negara bagian AS yang bersama-sama dengan mereka yang keturunan Meksiko berjumlah lebih dari 200 orang. Benteng Alamo berada di luar kota yang saat itu sepi sehingga praktis menjadi pusat kota [[San Antonio, Texas\|San Antonio]]. ''Ingatlah [[Misi Alamo di San Antonio\|Alamo]]!'' menjadi seruan peperangan dari Revolusi Texas Revolution yang paling diingat, tetapi kenyataannya ialah bahwa ini adalah bentuk singkat dari seruan yang sesungguhnya, yaitu "Ingatlah Alamo, Ingatlah [[Goliad]]". Di Goliad, Santa Anna menyuruh Kolonel [[James Fannin]] dan 341 dari orang-orangnya — yang telah menyerah di [[Pertempuran Coleto]] — berbaris sepanjang satu mil dari kota dan kemudian dibantai.<!--The [[Battle of San Jacinto]] was fought on [[April 21]], [[1836]], near the present-day city of [[Houston]]. General Santa Anna commanded a force of 1,600 men, of which more than 600 were killed and the rest captured by Texas General [[Sam Houston]]'s army of 800 Texians, while only nine Texians died. Santa Anna was captured the next day dressed as a poor Mexican peasant. During this battle Sam Houston was wounded in the leg, but would recover. Houston also lost control of his men as anger over the Alamo and Goliad overcame his troops; they showed no mercy for those 18 minutes it took to destroy Santa Anna's army. Houston, however, spared Santa Anna's life, and forced him to sign letters to his two remaining armies instructing them to leave Texas. This decisive battle resulted in Texas's [[independence]] from Mexico. With a population of 30,000 Anglo-American Texians, 5,000 blacks (most of them slaves) and 3,470 Hispanic Tejanos, this was quite an accomplishment even with the approximately 14,200 Native Americans, mostly Comanche, staying out of the war. Today the Battleship ''[[USS Texas (BB-35)\|Texas]]'' is moored near the battle site, alongside the more-than-500 foot tall [[San Jacinto Monument]], built in 1936. Kongres Republik Texas bersidang di Columbia (sekarang West Columbia) pada Oktober [[1836]]. Stephen F. Austin, yang disebut sebagai Bapak Texas, meninggal pada 27 Desember 1836, setelah 2 bulan menjabat sebagai Sekretaris Negara Republik Texas. Lima kota ditetapkan sebagai ibu kota sementara, yaitu [[Washington-on-the-Brazos]], [[Harrisburg, Texas\|Harrisburg]], [[Galveston, Texas\|Galveston]], [[Velasco, Texas\|Velasco]] and [[Columbia, Texas\|Columbia]]), sebelum akhirnya Presiden [[Samuel Houston]] memindahkan ibu kotanya ke [[Houston]] pada [[1837]]. Presiden berikutnya, [[Mirabeau B. Lamar]], memindahkannya ke kota baru, [[Austin, Texas\|Austin]] pada [[1839]]. Texas claimed the [[Rio Grande]] as its southern and western limit, according to the [[Treaties of Velasco]] of May 1836, which were signed by General Santa Anna. When Santa Anna returned to Mexico, the Mexican congress rejected the treaty as invalid and refused to recognize the existence of the Republic of Texas. Mexico insisted that Texas remained its province. Texas tried to gain recognition from Mexico as an independent state, putting the [[Nueces River]] as the territorial limit on the negotiation table, to no avail. The British tried to mediate but the Mexican government refused to accept mediation. In 1845, the United States agreed to uphold Texas's claims upon the Rio Grande if it agreed to join the U.S.; Mexico threatened war if annexation took place. ~~[[Berkas:Wpdms republic of texas.png\|300px\|thumb\|right\|Republic of Texas. The present-day outlines of the U.S. states are superimposed on the boundaries of 1836–1845]]~~ After the Battle of San Jacinto, Sam Houston was elected President of the new republic. The first Congress of the Republic of Texas convened in October 1836 at [[Columbia, Texas\|Columbia]] (now [[West Columbia, Texas\|West Columbia]]). [[Stephen Fuller Austin\|Stephen F. Austin]], known as the "Father of Texas", died [[December 27]], [[1836]], after serving two months as [[Secretary of State]] for the new Republic. In 1836, five sites served as temporary capitals of Texas starting with [[Velasco, Texas\|Velasco]] (now [[Freeport, Texas\|Freeport]]) and also including Washington-on-the-Brazos, [[Harrisburg, Texas\|Harrisburg]], [[Galveston, Texas\|Galveston]], and what was then Columbia, before Sam Houston moved the capital to [[Houston]] in 1837. In 1839, the capital was moved to the new town of [[Austin, Texas\|Austin]]. Internal politics of the Republic were based on the conflict between two factions. The nationalist faction, led by [[Mirabeau B. Lamar]] advocated the continued independence of Texas, the expulsion of the [[Native American (US)\|Native Americans]], and the expansion of Texas to the [[Pacific Ocean]]. Their opponents, led by Sam Houston, advocated the annexation of Texas to the United States and peaceful coexistence with Native Americans. The first flag of the republic was the [[Flag of Texas#The Burnet Flag\|Burnet Flag]] (which was inspired by the [[Bonnie Blue Flag]]), followed shortly thereafter by official adoption of the [[Flag of Texas\|Lone Star Flag]]. ~~The Republic received diplomatic recognition from the [[United States]], [[France]], the [[United Kingdom]], the [[Netherlands]], and the Republic of [[Yucatán]].~~ ~~==Historical context==~~ Texas was not the only Mexican state to secede from [[Mexico]] and declare independence. The Mexican states of [[Coahuila]], [[Nuevo Leon]], and [[Tamaulipas]] would also withdraw themselves from Mexico and would form their own short-lived federal republic called the [[Republic of the Rio Grande]] with Laredo as the capital, which is in the present day [[State of Texas]]. The Mexican state of [[Yucatán]] also seceded and formed the Republic of Yucatán. Several other states also went into open rebellion including [[San Luis Potosí]], [[Querétaro]], [[Durango]], [[Guanajuato]], [[Michoacán]], [[Jalisco]] and [[Zacatecas]]. Texas, however, was the only seceding Mexican state to retain its independence. All the Mexican states that revolted, including Texas, were upset with off-and-on President [[Antonio López de Santa Anna]] over abolishing the [[Mexican Constitution of 1824]], dissolving the Mexican Congress and changing the structure of the Mexican government from a federal one to a centralized one. In fact, Yucatán, in its declaration of independence, expressed its desire to reaccede to the Mexican Union if federalism was reestablished. ~~See [[Texas Revolution]] for a more detailed account on what lead to the formation of the Republic of Texas.~~ ~~==Statehood==~~ On [[February 28]], [[1845]], the [[Congress of the United States\|U.S. Congress]] passed a bill that would authorize the [[United States]] to [[Texas Annexation\|annex the Republic of Texas]]. On [[March 1]] [[President of the United States\|U.S. President]] [[John Tyler]] signed the bill. The legislation set the date for annexation for [[December 29]] of the same year. On [[October 13]] of the same year, a majority of voters in the Republic approved a proposed constitution that specifically endorsed slavery and the slave trade. This constitution was later accepted by the U.S. Congress, making [[Texas]] a [[U.S. state]] on the same day annexation took effect, [[December 29]] [[1845]] (therefore bypassing a territorial phase)<ref>[http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/texan04.htm The Avalon Project at Yale Law School: Texas - From Independence to Annexation]</ref>. One of the primary motivations for annexation was that the Texas government had incurred huge debts which the United States agreed to assume upon annexation. In 1852, in return for this assumption of debt, a large portion of Texas-claimed territory, now parts of [[Colorado]], [[Kansas]], [[Oklahoma]], [[New Mexico]], and [[Wyoming]], was ceded to the Federal government. The annexation resolution has been the topic of some incorrect historical beliefs—chiefly, that the resolution granted Texas the explicit right to secede from the Union. This was a right argued by some to be implicitly held by ''all'' states at the time, up until the conclusion of the [[American Civil War\|Civil War]]. However, no such right was explicitly enumerated in the resolution. The resolution did include two unique provisions: first, it gave the new state of Texas the right to divide itself into as many as five states with approval of its legislature <ref>[http://www.tsl.state.tx.us/ref/abouttx/annexation/march1845.html Joint Resolution for Annexing Texas to the United States]</ref>. Second, Texas did not have to surrender its public lands to the federal government. While Texas did cede all territory outside of its current area to the federal government in 1850, it did not cede any public lands within its current boundaries. This means that generally, the only lands owned by the federal government within Texas have actually been purchased by the government. This also means that the state government has control over oil reserves which were later used to fund the state public university system. In addition, the state's control over offshore oil reserves in Texas runs out to 3 leagues (approximately ten miles) rather than three miles as with other states <ref>[http://www.eia.doe.gov/pub/oil_gas/natural_gas/feature_articles/2005/offshore/offshore.pdf Overview of U.S. Legislation and Regulations Affecting Offshore Natural Gas and Oil Activity]</ref>.--></blockquote>Kongres Republik Texas bersidang di Columbia (sekarang West Columbia) pada Oktober [[1836]]. Stephen F. Austin, yang disebut sebagai Bapak Texas, meninggal pada 27 Desember 1836, setelah 2 bulan menjabat sebagai Sekretaris Negara Republik Texas. Lima kota ditetapkan sebagai ibukota sementara, yaitu [[Washington-on-the-Brazos]], [[Harrisburg, Texas\|Harrisburg]], [[Galveston, Texas\|Galveston]], [[Velasco, Texas\|Velasco]] and [[Columbia, Texas\|Columbia]]), sebelum akhirnya Presiden [[Samuel Houston]] memindahkan ibukotanya ke [[Houston]] pada [[1837]]. Presiden berikutnya, [[Mirabeau B. Lamar]], memindahkannya ke kota baru, [[Austin, Texas\|Austin]] pada [[1839]]. ==== Konflik Bersenjata ==== Selain dengan Meksiko, Republik Texas juga menghadapi konflik bersenjata dengan pribumi suku [[Suku Indian\|Indian]] [[Comanche]], yang melakukan serangkaian penyerangan terhadap ~~pemukiman~~permukiman-~~pemukiman~~permukiman orang-orang Amerika, menangkap dan memperkosa tawanan perempuan, menyiksa sampai mati dan bahkan menjual tawanannya sebagai budak.<ref name="Empire of the Summer Moon: Quanah Parker and the Rise and Fall of the Comanches">This had also been their policy toward neighboring tribes before the arrival of the settlers. {{cite book\|last=Gwinnett\|first=S.C.\|title=Empire of the Summer Moon: Quanah Parker and the Rise and Fall of the Comanches, the Most Powerful Indian Tribe in American History\|isbn=1-4165-9106-0}}</ref> Pada akhir [[1830-an]], Sam Houston merundingkan perdamaian dengan Comanche. Namun, ketika Lamar menggantikan Houston pada [[1838]], ia membatalkan perdamaian yang dibuat oleh Houston. Lamar mengirimkan pasukannya menginvasi [[Comancheria]]. Sebagai balasan, suku Comanche melakukan beberapa serangan ke Texas. Setelah perundingan damai pada 1840 berakhir dengan pembunuhan 34 orang pemimpin Comanche di [[San Antonio]], suku Comanches melancarkan serangan besar-besaran yang dikenal sebagai [[Great Raid of 1840]]. Di bawah pimpinan Potsanaquahip ([[Buffalo Hump]]), 500 - 700 prajurit berkuda Comanche menyapu lembah Sungai Guadalupe, membunuh dan merampok sepanjang jalan menuju pantai Teluk Meksiko, ~~dimana~~di mana mereka menjarah kota-kota [[Victoria, Texas\|Victoria]] dan [[Linnville, Texas\|Linnville]]. Houston menjadi presiden kembali pada [[1841]], kedua belah pihak telah lelah berperang dan akhirnya perdamaian pun tercapai.<ref> {{Harvnb\|Hämäläinen\|2008\|pp=215–217}}.</ref> Meskipun Texas sudah merdeka, ~~namun~~tetapi Meksiko tetap menolak mengakuinya.<ref>Jack W. Gunn, "MEXICAN INVASIONS OF 1842," Handbook of Texas Online [http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/qem02], accessed May 24, 2011. Published by the Texas State Historical Association.</ref> Pada [[4 Maret]] [[1842]], 500 tentara Meksiko dipimpin [[Ráfael Vásquez]], menginvasi Texas untuk pertama kalinya sejak revolusi. Mereka segera bergerak menuju Rio Grande setelah menduduki [[San Antonio]] secara singkat. Sekitar 1,400 pasukan Meksiko dipimpin Jenderal [[Adrián Woll]] seorang tentara bayaranlamelsncarkan serangan kedua dan merebut San Antonio pada 11 September [[1842]]. Milisi Texas militia melancarkan serangan balasa dalam Pertempuran Salado Creek (1842), sedangkan secara simultan, 1,5 mil dari situ, pasukan Meksiko dan suku Indian [[Cherokee]] membantai 25 milisi sukarelawan Texas yang menyerah setelah kontak senjata .<ref>Thomas W. Cutrer, "SALADO CREEK, BATTLE OF," Handbook of Texas Online <http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/qfs01>, accessed May 24, 2011. Published by the Texas State Historical Association.</ref><ref>[http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/qfd01 "Dawson Massacre". ''Handbook of Texas Online''.] Retrieved Sep.24, 2006.</ref> Malam itu juga, pasukan Meksiko mundur dari San Antonio dan kembali ke Meksiko. === Bergabung dengan Amerika Serikat === Baris 165 ⟶ 142: {{Main\|Aneksasi Texas}} Pada [[28 Februari]] [[1845]], [[Kongres Amerika Serikat\|US Congress]] ~~passed~~mengesahkan aUndang-Undang ~~bill~~yang ~~that~~akan ~~would authorize the~~mengizinkan [[~~United~~Amerika ~~States~~Serikat]] tountuk ~~annex~~menganeksasi ~~the Republic of~~Republik Texas. ~~On March~~Pada [[1, Maret]] [[~~President~~1845]], ofPresiden ~~the United States\|US President]]~~AS [[John Tyler]] ~~signed the bill~~menandatanganinya. ~~The legislation set~~Undang-undang ~~the~~tersebut ~~date~~menetapkan ~~for~~tanggal ~~annexation~~untuk ~~for~~aneksasi ~~December~~adalah 29 ofDesember ~~the~~tahun ~~same~~yang ~~year~~sama. ~~Faced~~Menghadapi ~~with~~rencana ~~imminent~~aneksasi ~~American~~Amerika ~~annexation~~ke ofTexas ~~Texas~~yang sudah mendekat, [[Charles Elliot]] ~~and~~dan Alphonse de Saligny, ~~the~~Duta ~~British~~[[Inggris]] ~~and~~dan ~~French~~[[Prancis]] ~~ministers to~~untuk Texas, ~~were~~diutus ~~dispatched to~~ke [[Mexico City]] byoleh ~~their~~pemerintahnya ~~governments~~masing-masing. ~~Meeting~~Menemui ~~with~~menteri ~~Mexico's~~luar ~~foreign~~negeri ~~secretary~~Meksiko, mereka menandatangani they signed a "Diplomatic Act" indi ~~which~~mana ~~Mexico~~Meksiko ~~offered~~ditawari tountuk ~~recognize~~mengakui ~~an independent~~kedaulatan Texas ~~with~~dengan ~~boundaries~~batas-batas ~~that~~yang ~~would~~ditetapkan bebersama ~~determined~~dengan ~~with~~mediasi ~~French~~Prancis ~~and~~dan ~~British mediation~~Inggris. Presiden Texas ~~President~~ [[Anson Jones]] ~~forwarded~~meneruskan ~~both~~kedua ~~offers~~proposal toke apemungutan ~~specially~~suara ~~elected~~khusus ~~convention meeting at~~di Austin, ~~and~~dan ~~the~~proposal ~~American~~Amerika ~~proposal~~Serikat ~~was~~diterima ~~accepted~~dengan ~~with~~hanya ~~only~~1 ~~one~~suara ~~dissenting~~yang ~~vote~~menolak. ~~The~~Proposal ~~Mexican~~Meksiko ~~proposal~~tidak ~~was~~pernah ~~never~~diusulkan ~~put~~untuk topemungutan ~~a vote~~suara. ~~Following~~Berdasarkan ~~the~~dekret ~~previous~~Presiden ~~decree~~Jones ~~of President Jones~~sebelumnya, ~~the~~dilakukan ~~proposal~~pemungutan ~~was~~suara ~~then~~untuk ~~put to a~~proposal ~~vote~~tersebut ~~throughout~~ke ~~the~~seluruh ~~republic~~negeri. [[~~File~~Berkas:Texas Statehood 1945 Issue-3c.jpg\|~~thumb~~jmpl\|~~left~~kiri\|185px\|<center>Perangko Peringatan 100 Tahun</center><center>Texas bergabung ke AS</center>]] [[~~Image~~Berkas:Texas proposed boundaries.svg\|~~thumb~~jmpl\|~~right~~ka\|Proposal perbatasan utara dan barat Texas dalam debat 1850]] ~~On October~~Pada [[13, Oktober]] [[1845]], asebagian ~~large~~besar ~~majority~~pemilih ofdi ~~voters~~Texas inmenyetujui ~~the~~proposal ~~republic~~Amerika ~~approved~~Serikat ~~both~~dan ~~the~~draft ~~American~~konstitusi ~~offer~~yang ~~and~~secara ~~the~~spesifik ~~proposed~~mengizinkan ~~constitution~~perbudakan ~~that~~dan ~~specifically~~emigran ~~endorsed~~diperkenankan ~~[[slavery]]~~membawa ~~and~~budak ~~emigrants bringing slaves to~~ke Texas.<ref>[{{Cite web \|url=http://tarlton.law.utexas.edu/constitutions/texas1845/a8 \|title=Constitution of Texas (1845)] \|access-date=2015-12-29 \|archive-date=2014-01-16 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116142228/http://tarlton.law.utexas.edu/constitutions/texas1845/a8 \|dead-url=yes }}</ref> ~~This~~Konstitusi ~~constitution~~ini ~~was~~kemudian ~~later~~diterima ~~accepted by the~~oleh US Congress, ~~making~~membuat Texas asebagai USnegara ~~state~~bagian onAmerika ~~the~~Serikat ~~same~~pada ~~day~~hari ~~annexation~~yang ~~took~~sama ~~effect,~~dengan ~~December~~pelaksanaan 29aneksasi, 29 December 1845 (''therefore bypassing a [[territory of the United States\|territorial]] phase'').<ref>[{{Cite web \|url=http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/texan04.htm \|title=The Avalon Project at Yale Law School: Texas – From Independence to Annexation] \|access-date=2007-03-24 \|archive-date=2006-12-05 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061205031127/http://yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/texan04.htm \|dead-url=yes }}</ref> ~~One~~Salah ofsatu ~~the~~motivasi ~~motivations~~aneksasi ~~for~~adalah ~~annexation~~hutang ~~was~~yang ~~the~~besar ~~huge~~yang ~~debts~~harus ~~which~~ditanggung ~~the~~oleh ~~Republic~~pemerintah ofRepublik Texas ~~government had incurred~~. AsSebagai ~~part~~bagian ~~of the~~dari [[Compromise of 1850]], indengan ~~return for~~imbalan $10,000,000 indalam ~~Federal~~dana obligasi ~~bonds~~Federal, Texas ~~dropped~~melepaskan ~~claims~~klaim toatas ~~territory~~teritori ~~which~~yang ~~included~~sekarang ~~parts~~termasuk ofwilayah ~~present-day~~negara bagian [[Colorado]], [[Kansas]], [[Oklahoma]], [[New Mexico]], ~~and~~dan [[Wyoming]]. The resolution did include two unique provisions: First, it said up to four additional states could be created from Texas' territory with the consent of the State of Texas (and that new states north of the [[Missouri Compromise Line]] would be [[Slave and free states\|free states]]). Though the resolution did not make exceptions to the constitution,<ref>[http://www.tsl.state.tx.us/ref/abouttx/annexation/march1845.html Joint Resolution for Annexing Texas to the United States]</ref> the U.S. Constitution neither requires Congressional consent to the creation of new states to be ''ex post'' to applications nor to expire. To show the strength of the latter caveat, [[Twenty-seventh Amendment to the United States Constitution\|the 27th Amendment]] was submitted in the 18th century, yet was not ratified until the 1990s; thus, congressional consent via the resolution to new states would not expire, or require renewal. Second, Texas did not have to surrender its public lands to the federal government. While Texas did cede all territory outside of its current area to the federal government in 1850, it did not cede any public lands within its current boundaries. Consequently, the lands in Texas owned by the federal government are those which were subsequently purchased by it. This also means the state government has control over [[oil reserves]] which were later used to fund the state's public university system through the [[Permanent University Fund]].<ref>[http://www2.tsl.state.tx.us/exhibits/annexation/part5/question8.html Texas Annexation : Questions and Answers] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131121134647/https://www.tsl.state.tx.us/exhibits/annexation/part5/question8.html \|date=2013-11-21 }}, Texas State Library & Archives Commission.</ref> In addition, the state's control over offshore oil reserves in Texas runs out to 3 [[nautical league]]s (9 nautical miles, 10.357 statute miles, 16.668 km) rather than three nautical miles (3.45 statute miles, 5.56 km) as with other states.<ref>[http://www.eia.doe.gov/pub/oil_gas/natural_gas/feature_articles/2005/offshore/offshore.pdf Overview of US Legislation and Regulations Affecting Offshore Natural Gas and Oil Activity]</ref><ref>http://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/363/1/</ref> == Presiden dan Wakil Presiden == Baris 232 ⟶ 209: == Tokoh-tokoh penting republik ini == [[Berkas:Stephen_f_austin.jpg\|~~thumb~~jmpl\|~~right~~ka\|[[Stephen F. Austin]], dikenal sebagai "Bapak Texas"]] {\| \| \| Baris 263 ⟶ 240: <div class="references-small"> * [http://www.sonofthesouth.net/texas/ Sumber-sumber historis Republik Texas] * {{Handbook of Texas\|id=~~RR/mzr2~~mzr02\|name=Republic of Texas}} * [http://utopia.utexas.edu/texas/history.html Universitas Texas/sejarah] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070810051028/http://utopia.utexas.edu/texas/history.html \|date=2007-08-10 }} * [http://www.texas.gov/category.jsp?categoryId=1.4 Situs negara bagian Texas/sejarah] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071031015424/http://www.texas.gov/category.jsp?categoryId=1.4 \|date=2007-10-31 }} * [http://texashistory.unt.edu/permalink/meta-pth-2389 ''Texas: the Rise, Progress, and Prospects of the Republic of Texas, Vol. 1''], terbit 1841, host [http://texashistory.unt.edu/ Portal Sejarah Texas] * [http://texashistory.unt.edu/permalink/meta-pth-2392 ''Texas: the Rise, Progress, and Prospects of the Republic of Texas, Vol. 2''], terbit 1841, host [http://texashistory.unt.edu/ Portal Sejarah Texas] * [http://texashistory.unt.edu/widgets/pager.php?object_id=meta-pth-5872&recno=1095&path=/data/UNT/GLT/meta-pth-5872.tkl Laws of the Republic, 1836-1838] dari [http://texashistory.unt.edu/permalink/meta-pth-5872 Gammel's Laws of Texas, Vol. I.] dengan host [http://texashistory.unt.edu/ Portal Sejarah Texas]. * [http://texashistory.unt.edu/widgets/pager.php?object_id=meta-pth-6726&recno=5&path=/data/UNT/GLT/meta-pth-6726.tkl Laws of the Republic, 1838-1845] dari [http://texashistory.unt.edu/permalink/meta-pth-6726 Gammel's Laws of Texas, Vol. II.] hosted by the [http://texashistory.unt.edu/ Portal Sejarah Texas]. * [http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/texan04.htm The Avalon Project at Yale Law School: Texas - From Independence to Annexation] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061205031127/http://yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/texan04.htm \|date=2006-12-05 }} </div> Baris 284 ⟶ 261: == Pranala luar == * [http://www.texasbob.com/texdoc7.html The Texas Declaration Of Independence] ''TexasBob.com.'' {{Texas}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Texas, Republik}} [[Kategori:Bekas entitas politik di Amerika Utara]] [[Kategori:Bekas republik\|T]]