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Revisi per 10 Januari 2016 12.43 sunting Ciput (bicara \| kontrib) 536 suntingan ←Membuat halaman berisi '{{refimprove\|date=July 2009}} '''Koridor Persia''' adalah jalur penyaluran bantuan Amerika Serikat dan Inggris kepada Uni Soviet selama Perang Dunia II...'		Revisi terkini sejak 16 September 2023 12.39 sunting balikkan InternetArchiveBot (bicara \| kontrib) Bot 685.537 suntingan Reformat 1 URL (Wayback Medic 2.5)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) (GreenC bot
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Baris 1: {{refimprove\|date=July 2009}} [[Berkas:Near East Iran - truck convoy of US supplies for USSR - NARA - 195340.jpg\|jmpl\|300px\|ka\|Perempuan Iran menyaksikan konvoi suplai Sekutu yang sedang terhenti di suatu tempat di Koridor Persia]] ~~'''Koridor Persia''' adalah jalur penyaluran bantuan [[Amerika Serikat]] dan [[Inggris]] kepada [[Uni Soviet]] selama [[Perang Dunia II]] yang melalui [[Iran]] dan [[Azerbaijan]].~~ '''Koridor Persia''' adalah jalur penyaluran bantuan logistik [[Amerika Serikat]] dan [[Inggris]] kepada sekutunya, [[Uni Soviet]] selama [[Perang Dunia II]] yang melalui [[Iran]] dan [[Azerbaijan]]. [[Image:Iranian women watch an Allied supply convoy halted somewhere on the Corridor. 1943.gif\|thumbnail\|300px\|right\|Perempuan Iran menyaksikan konvoi suplai Sekutu yang sedang terhenti di suatu tempat di Koridor Persia]] == Istilah == ~~[[Image:Iran map.png\|right\|thumbnail\|200px\|Peta Iran & batas-batas dengan negara-negara bekas Republik Soviet [[Armenia]], [[Turkmenistan]], dan [[Azerbaijan]]]]~~ [[Berkas:Supply train through the Persian Corridor.jpg\|bingkai\|Rangkaian kereta api melintasi Koridor Persia menuju Rusia\|301x301px]]Dokumen-dokumen resmi berbahasa Inggris tentang '''Koridor Persia''' mengacu istilah "[[Persia Raya\|Persia]]" untuk negara "[[Iran]]". Dalam korespondensi pemerintah [[Inggris]], penggunaan istilah "Persia" dipilih oleh [[Perdana Menteri Inggris]] [[Winston Churchill]] untuk menghindari kerancuan dengan nama negara tetangganya [[Iraq]].<ref name="Churchill, Winston 1948">Churchill, Winston, ''The Second World War''</ref> === Pemakzulan Shah Iran === :''See main article [[Invasi Inggris-Soviet ke Iran\|Invasi Inggris-Uni Soviet ke Iran]]'' Setelah invasi [[Jerman Nazi]] ke [[Uni Soviet]] pada Juni [[1941]], Inggris dan Uni Soviet menjadi sekutu dan keduanya mengalihkan perhatiannya ke Iran. Inggris dan Uni Soviet memandang jalur kereta api ''[[:en:Trans-Iranian Railway\|Trans-Iranian Railway]]'' sebagai rute yang menarik untuk mengangkut suplai dari [[Teluk Persia]] ke Uni Soviet. Inggris dan Uni Soviet menggunakan konsesi yang mereka peroleh dari intervensi terdahulu untuk menekan Iran (dan, dalam kasus Inggris, Iraq juga) hingga mengizinkan menggunakan teritori negara-negara tersebut untuk keperluan militer dan logistik. Meningkatnya ketegangan politik dengan Inggris memicu demonstrasi-demonstrasi massa pro-Jerman di [[Tehran]]. Pada Agustus [[1941]], [[Reza Shah]] menolak untuk mengusir seluruh warga Jerman dan menjadi alasan yang jelas bagi pihak [[Blok Sekutu (Perang Dunia II)\|Sekutu]], Inggris dan Uni Soviet menginvasi Iran, menangkap sang raja dan mengasingkannya ke Afrika Selatan, untuk mengambil alih komunikasi dan jalur kereta api Iran yang mereka incar. [[Berkas:Iran map.png\|ka\|jmpl\|200px\|Peta Iran & batas-batas dengan negara-negara bekas Republik Soviet [[Armenia]], [[Turkmenistan]], dan [[Azerbaijan]]]]Pada awal tahun [[1942]], [[Amerika Serikat]], yang saat itu belum terlibat di [[Perang Dunia II]], mengirim pasukannya ke Iran untuk membantu menjaga dan mengoperasikan jalur kereta api tersebut. Inggris dan Uni Soviet membiarkan sistem pemerintahan Reza Shah runtuh, dan membatasi campur tangan pemerintah konstitusional. Mereka menempatkan putra mahkota Reza Shah, [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi]] ke atas tahta Iran. Shah yang baru bertahta segera menandatangani perjanjian kerjasama soon logistik non-militer dengan Inggris dan Uni Soviet, dengan imbalan pengakuan atas kemerdekaan negerinya, dan juga janji untuk menarik pasukan mereka dari Iran 6 bulan setelah perang berakhir. Pada bulan September [[1943]], Shah bertindak lebih jauh lagi dengan menyatakan perang terhadap Jerman. Ia menandatangani Deklarasi Perserikatan Bangsa-bangsa<ref>[[:en:Declaration by United Nations\|Deklarasi Perserikatan Bangsa-bangsa]]</ref> yang memberikan negerinya kursi di [[Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa\|Perserikatan Bangsa-bangsa]] yang asli. Dua bulan kemudian, ia menjadi tuan rumah [[Konferensi Teheran]] antara [[Winston Churchill]], [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt\|Franklin D. Roosevelt]], dan [[Josef Stalin]]. ~~==Istilah==~~ [[Berkas:Tehran Conference, 1943.jpg\|kiri\|jmpl\|[[Konferensi Teheran\|Konferensi Tehran]] [[1943]]: [[Josef Stalin]], [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt\|Franklin Roosevelt]], dan [[Winston Churchill]]]] Dokumen-dokumen resmi berbahasa Inggris tentang Koridor Persia mengacu istilah "Persia" dengan negara "[[Iran]]". Dalam korespondensi pemerintah [[Inggris]], penggunaan istilah "Persia" dipilih oleh Perdana Menteri Inggris [[Winston Churchill]] untuk menghindari kerancuang dengan negara tetangganya [[Iraq]].<ref name="Churchill, Winston 1948">Churchill, Winston, ''The Second World War''</ref> Keberadaan banyak prajurit asing di Iran memacu perubahan sosial dan menaikkan sentimen nasional di dalam negerinya. Pada tahun [[1946]], Hossein Gol-e-Golab<ref>[[:en:Hossein Gol-e-Golab\|Hossein Gol-e-Golab]]</ref> menulis lagu nasionalis ''Ey Iran'';<ref>[[:en:Ey Iran\|''Ey Iran'']]</ref> yang konon terinspirasi oleh insiden yang disaksikan Golab selama perang di mana tentara Amerika memukuli seorang pedagang sayuran dalam sebuah keributan di pasar. ===~~Pemakzulan~~ ~~Shah~~Pasukan Anders ~~Iran~~=== Sementara itu, pemimpin Uni Soviet [[Joseph Stalin]], di bawah tekanan Inggris dan [[Pemerintahan Polandia dalam pengasingan\|pemerintahan Polandia di pengasingan]], mulai membebaskan beberapa tawanan perang [[Polandia]] yang ditangkap pada tahun [[1939]], dan juga warga Polandia kemudian dideportasi dari wilayah pendudukan Uni Soviet ke republik-republik Soviet, dengan tujuan untuk membentuk tentara Polandia yang bertempur di pihak [[Blok Sekutu (Perang Dunia II)\|Sekutu]]. Jenderal [[Władysław Anders]] dibebaskan dari penjara [[Lubyanka (Metro Moskwa)\|Lubyanka]], dan ia mulai menyusun pasukannya. Namun, friksi dengan Uni Soviet yang berkelanjutan dan penolakan mereka untuk memasok pasukan Polandia dengan peralatan perang dan makanan yang mencukupi, dan desakan Uni Soviet untuk menempatkan unit-unit pasukan Polandia yang belum siap tempur di front, menyebabkan penarikan mundur pasukan Anders, bersama dengan pengungsi sipil Polandia dalam jumlah yang besar, ke Iran. Pasukan ini kemudian menjadi basis dari apa yang nanti disebut sebagai [[Korps II (Polandia)\|Korps II Polandia]] yang bertempur dengan membanggakan dalam [[Daftar pertempuran pada Perang Dunia I\|Kampanye Italia]] tetapi sebagian pengungsi sipil menetap permanen di Iran. Sebagian pengungsi Polandia yang menetap di Iran saat ini diabadikan dalam film independen karya Jagna Wright dan Aneta Naszynska, ''A Forgotten Odyssey'' (2002).<ref name=jagna1>[http://www.guardian.co.uk/news/2007/aug/29/guardianobituaries.filmnews Obituary], Jagna Wright, The Guardian (UK), 2007 Aug</ref> ~~:''See main article [[Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran]]''~~ ~~[[File:Reza Shah Pahlavi.jpg\|thumbnail\|150px\|left\|[[Reza Shah Pahlavi]]]]~~ Following Germany's [[Operation Barbarossa\|invasion of the USSR]] in June 1941, Britain and the Soviet Union became allies. Both turned their attention to Iran. Britain and the USSR saw the newly opened [[Trans-Iranian Railway]] as an attractive route to transport supplies from the Persian Gulf to the Soviet region. Britain and the USSR used concessions extracted in previous interventions to pressure Iran (and, in Britain's case, Iraq) into allowing the use of their territory for military and logistical purposes. Increased tensions with Britain especially led to pro-German rallies in Tehran. In August 1941, because [[Reza Shah]] refused to expel all German nationals and come down clearly on the Allied side, Britain and the USSR invaded Iran, arrested the monarch and sent him into exile to [[South Africa]], taking control of Iran's communications and the coveted railway. ~~[[File:WWII.gif\|thumb\|upright\|Alliances during the Second World War & The invasion of neutral Iran, 1939-1945.]]~~ ~~[[File:رضا شاه در ژوهانسبورگ.gif\|thumb\|upright\|Reza Shah in exile.]]~~ ~~[[File:Shah with FDR.jpeg\|thumb\|son of [[Reza Shah]] meeting with FDR at the [[Tehran Conference]], 1943]]~~ In 1942 the United States, by then an ally of Britain and the USSR in World War II, sent a military force to Iran to help maintain and operate sections of the railway. The British and Soviet authorities allowed Reza Shah's system of government to collapse, and they limited the constitutional government interfaces. They put Reza Shah's son, [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi]] onto the Iranian/Persian throne. == Upaya-upaya Pemasokan == The new Shah soon signed an agreement pledging full non-military logistical cooperation with the British and Soviets, in exchange for full recognition of his country's independence, and also a promise to withdraw from Iran within six months of the war's conclusion. In September 1943, the Shah went further, and he declared war on Germany. He signed the [[Declaration by the United Nations]] entitling his country to a seat in the original [[United Nations]]. Two months later, he hosted the [[Tehran Conference]] between Churchill, Roosevelt, and Stalin. [[Berkas:Colonel Don Shingler, Commander of the United States Army Motor Transport Division in Iran and Iraq who directs convoys carrying supplies through the Persian corridor for Russia. Somewhere in Iran8d29632v.jpg\|kiri\|jmpl\|207x207px\|Colonel Don Shingler, Komandan Divisi Angkutan Bermotor AD AS di Iran & Iraq yang bertanggung jawab membuka Koridor Persia dengan konvoi truk.]][[Blok Sekutu (Perang Dunia II)\|Sekutu]] mengirimkan segala macam [[wiktionary:materiel\|peralatan perang]] kepada Uni Soviet, mulai dari truk [[Studebaker\|Studebaker US6]] hingga pesawat pembom [[Consolidated B-24 Liberator]]. Sebagian besar pasokan di koridor ini didatangkan dengan kapal dari pelabuhan-pelabuhan di [[Teluk Persia]], dan kemudian diangkut melalui jalur kereta api atau konvoi truk ke utara. Sebagian barang-barang diangkut ke kapal penyeberangan melintasi [[Laut Kaspia]], dan sebagian lagi dilanjutkkan dengan truk.[[Berkas:Somewhere in the Persian corridor. A United States Army truck convoy carrying supplies for the aid of Russia. An Iranian native moving his livestock from the mountain road as a United States truck passes.jpeg\|jmpl\|Konvoi Truk [[Angkatan Darat Amerika Serikat\|AD AS]] membawa bantuan untuk [[Rusia]] di Koridor Persia. c. 1943]]Pasukan [[Angkatan Darat Amerika Serikat]] di koridor ini sebenarnya berada di bawah ''Iran-Iraq Service Command'' - kemudian diganti nama dengan ''Persian Gulf Service Command ('''PGSC''')''. Pasukan ini merupakan penerus dari ''United States Military Iranian Mission'', yang ditempatkan untuk menyalurkan pasokan ''Lend-Lease'' sebelum Amerika Serikat resmi terlibat dalam Perang Dunia II. Misi ini awalnya dipimpin oleh '''Kolonel Don G. Shingler''', yang pada akhir 1942 digantikan oleh [[Brigadir Jenderal (Amerika Serikat)\|Brigadir Jenderal]] '''Donald H. Connolly'''. Kedua misi, ''Iran-Iraq Service Command'' dan PGSC merupakan bagian dari ''U.S. Army Forces in the Middle East'' (U'''SAFIME''').<ref>''[[:en:U.S. Army Forces in the Middle East\|U.S. Army Forces in the Middle East]]'' [[:en:U.S. Army Forces in the Middle East\|('''USAFIME''')]]</ref> PGSC selanjutnya disebut sebagai ''Persian Gulf Command''. === Statistik === The presence of so many foreign troops in Iran accelerated social change and it roused nationalist sentiment in the country. In 1946, [[Hossein Gol-e-Golab]] published the nationalist song ''[[Ey Iran]]''; it was reportedly inspired by an incident during the war in which Golab witnessed an American [[G.I. (military)\|GI]] beating up a native Iranian [[greengrocer]] in a marketplace dispute. [[Berkas:Somewhere in Iran. An American engine transporting allied aid for Russia, stopping at a station rimmed by mountains.jpeg\|jmpl\|Kereta api yang mengangkut bantuan Sekutu untuk Rusia sedang berhenti di sebuah stasiun. Pasokan diangkut lewat darat, kereta api dan Koridor Persia. ca. 1943]] [[Berkas:American and British soldier trainmen standing about at a station on the route for supplies to Russia. An American engine is seen at the head of the train at left, somewhere in Iran.jpeg\|jmpl\|Tentara Amerika Serikat dan Inggris sedang bersiap di stasun kereta untuk mengangkut bantuan ke Rusia (1943)]] Upaya pasokan Sekutu sangat luar biasa. Amerika Serikat saja mengirimkan lebih dari 16.3 juta ton ke Uni Soviet selama perang, melalui 3 rute, termasuk Konvoi Arktika<ref>[[:en:Arctic convoys of World War II\|Konvoi Arktika]]</ref> ke pelabuhan-pelabuhan [[Murmansk]] dan [[Arkhangelsk]]. Kapal-kapal Uni Soviet mengangkut pasokan dari pantai barat Amerika Serikat dan [[Kanada]] ke [[Vladivostok]] di [[Timur Jauh Rusia]], selagi Uni Soviet masih belum berperang dengan [[Jepang]] pada saat itu (sampai Agustus [[1945]]). Koridor Persia merupakan rute untuk pengangkutan 4,159,117 ton (4,225,858 [[metrik ton]]) cargo. Akan tetapi, bukan hanya Amerika yang berperan di Koridor Persia - melainkan juga anggota Sekutu lainnya seperti [[Britania Raya\|Inggris]], [[Kanada]], [[Afrika Selatan]], [[Australia]], dan sejumlah negara, koloni, dan protektorat dari negara-negara Sekutu tersebut. Secara total, sekitar 7,900,000 ton (8,000,000 metrik ton) kargo yang diangkut dengan kapal dari sumber-sumber Sekutu yang dibongkar muat di Koridor ini, sebagian besar menuju [[Rusia]] - sebagian lagi untuk pasukan Inggris di bawah Middle East Command,<ref>''[[:en:Middle East Command\|Middle East Command]]''</ref> atau untuk perekonomian Iran, yang menjamin pasokan untuk puluhan ribu pasukan asing dan pengungsi Polandia. Juga, pasokan untuk pengembangan fasilitas transportasi dan logistik baru di Persia dan Uni Soviet. Angka tersebut belum termasuk pengiriman pesawat tempur via Koridor Persia. [[Berkas:An assembly plant for American fighter warplanes destined for Russia, somewhere in Iran.jpeg\|jmpl\|Pabrik perakitan pesawat tempur AS untuk dikirimkan ke Rusia, di suatu tempat di Iran. ca.1943]] ===~~Anders'~~ ~~army~~Rute-rute pasokan === [[Berkas:PersianGulfCommand.jpg\|jmpl\|Peta Kamp-kamp, Pos-pos dan Stasiun-stasiun ''Persian Gulf Command'' ('''PGC''')]] Meanwhile, Soviet leader [[Joseph Stalin]], under pressure from the British and the [[Polish Government-in-Exile]], began releasing some surviving Polish prisoners-of-war captured in 1939, and also Polish citizens subsequently deported by the occupying Soviets to the Soviet republics, with the aim of forming a Polish army to fight on the Allied side. General [[Władysław Anders]] was released from the [[Lubyanka (KGB)\|Lubyanka]] Prison, and he began assembling his troops. However, continued friction with the Soviets and their refusal to adequately supply the Polish troops with war equipment and food, as well as the Soviets' insistence on dispersing unprepared Polish units along the front, led to the eventual evacuation of Anders's troops, along with a sizable contingent of Polish civilians, to Iran. These troops formed the basis of what later became [[2nd Polish Corps]] which went on to serve with distinction in the [[Italian Campaign (World War II)\|Italian campaign]] but some civilians settled permanently in Iran. Some Polish refugees who continue living in Iran today were featured in the 2002 independent film by Jagna Wright and Aneta Naszynska, ''[[A Forgotten Odyssey]]''. More information is also available through the [[Kresy-Siberia Group]].<ref name=jagna1>[http://www.guardian.co.uk/news/2007/aug/29/guardianobituaries.filmnews Obituary], Jagna Wright, The Guardian (UK), 2007 Aug</ref> Pasokan datang dari [[Kanada]] dan [[Amerika Serikat]], yang dibongkar muat di pelabuhan-pelabuhan Teluk PErsia di Iran dan Iraq. Ketika pasukan [[Blok Poros]]Oberhasil disapu bersih dari [[Laut Tengah]] pada [[1943]] - dengan perebutan [[Tunisia]], [[Sisilia]], dan [[Italia Selatan]] - konvoi barang dapat melalui Laut Tengah, [[Terusan Suez]], dan [[Laut Merah]] untuk pengiriman ke Uni Soviet. Pelabuhan-pelabuhan utama di Koridor untuk pasokan masuk ke Iran adalah: ~~==Supply efforts==~~ [[File:Somewhere in the Persian corridor. A United States Army truck convoy carrying supplies for the aid of Russia. An Iranian native moving his livestock from the mountain road as a United States truck passes.jpeg\|thumb\|A United States Army truck convoy carrying supplies for the aid of Russia somewhere along the Persian Corridor. c. 1943]] [[File:Somewhere in Iran. An American engine transporting allied aid for Russia, stopping at a station rimmed by mountains.jpeg\|thumb\|An American engine transporting allied aid for Russia, stopping at a station. Supplies moved by road, rail and air through the Persian Corridor. c. 1943]] [[File:An assembly plant for American fighter warplanes destined for Russia, somewhere in Iran.jpeg\|thumb\|An assembly plant for American fighter warplanes destined for Russia, somewhere in Iran. c.1943]] [[File:American and British soldier trainmen standing about at a station on the route for supplies to Russia. An American engine is seen at the head of the train at left, somewhere in Iran.jpeg\|thumb\|American and British soldier trainmen standing at a station on the route for supplies to Russia. An American engine is seen at the head of the train at left. c. 1943]] di '''Iran''', The Allies delivered all manner of [[wikt:materiel\|materiel]] to the Soviets, from [[Studebaker US6]] trucks to American [[B-24]] bombers. Most supplies in the corridor arrived by ship at [[Persian Gulf]] ports, and then were carried north by [[railway]] or in truck convoys. Some goods were reloaded onto ships to cross the [[Caspian Sea]], and others continued by truck. * [[Bushehr]] * Bandar Shahpur ''(sekarang Bandar Imam Khomeini)''; dan di '''Iraq''', * [[Basra]] * [[Umm Qashr]]. Rute darat utama dari pelabuhan-pelabuhan tersebut menuju ke [[Tehran]], dan selanjutnya * Tehran — [[Askhabad]] atau * Tehran — [[Baku]] atau, alternatifnya * [[Basra]] — [[Qazvin]] atau * Dzhulfa — [[Beslan]]. Pelabuhan utama untuk keluar Iran (melalui [[Laut Kaspia]]) adal di Nowshahr. Kapal ferry mengangkut pasokan dari pelabuhan ini ke [[Baku]] atau [[Makhachkala]]. ==== Lokasi-lokasi lainnya ==== The United States Army forces in the corridor were originally under the Iran-Iraq Service Command - later renamed the Persian Gulf Service Command (PGSC). This was the successor to the original United States Military Iranian Mission, which had been put in place to deliver Lend-Lease supplies before the United States had entered the World War. The mission was originally commanded by Colonel [[Don G. Shingler]], who was then replaced late in 1942 by Brigadier General [[Donald H. Connolly]]. Both the Iran-Iraq Service Command and the PGSC were subordinate to the [[U.S. Army Forces in the Middle East\|U.S. Army Forces in the Middle East (USAFIME)]]. PGSC was eventually renamed simply the [[Persian Gulf Command]]. Pelabuhan-pelabuhan dan titik-titik transit penting yang lebih kecil di sepanjang rute ini termasuk: ===~~Statistics~~== di Azerbaijan ===== * [[Lankaran]]; The Allied supply efforts were enormous. The Americans alone delivered over 16.3 million [[tonne]]s to the Soviets during the war, via three routes, including [[Arctic convoys of World War II]] to the ports of [[Murmansk]] and [[Archangelsk]]. Also, Soviet shipping carried supplies from the west coast of the United States and Canada to [[Vladivostok]] in the Far East, since the Soviet Union was not at war with [[Japan]] at that time (until August 1945). The Persian Corridor was the route for 4,159,117 long tons (4,225,858 metric tonnes) of this cargo. However, this was not the only American contribution via the Persian Corridor - not to mention the contributions of other Allies like Great Britain, [[Canada]], South Africa, [[Australia]], and numerous other nations, colonies, and protectorates of the Allied nations. All told, about 7,900,000 long tons (8,000,000 metric tonnes) of shipborne cargo from Allied sources were unloaded in the Corridor, most of it bound for Russia - but some of it for British forces under the [[Middle East Command]], or for the Iranian economy, which was sustaining the influx of tens of thousands of foreign troops and Polish refugees. Also, supplies were needed for the development of new transportation and logistics facilities in Persia and in the Soviet Union. The tonnage figure does not include transfers of warplanes via Persia. ===~~Supply~~== ~~routes~~di Armenia ===== * [[Yerevan]]; ~~[[Image:PersianGulfCommand.jpg\|thumb\|Persian Gulf Command, Camps - Posts - Stations]]~~ Supplies came from as far away as [[Canada]] and the [[United States]], and those were unloaded in Persian Gulf ports in Iran and [[Iraq]]. Once the Axis powers were cleared from the [[Mediterranean Sea]] in 1943 - with the Allied capture of [[Tunisia]], [[Sicily]], and southern [[Italy]] - cargo convoys were able to pass through the Mediterranean, the [[Suez Canal]], and the [[Red Sea]] to Iran for shipment to the [[USSR]]. ===== di Georgia ===== ~~The main ports in the Corridor for supplies inbound to Iran were:~~ * [[Tbilisi]]; ~~in '''Iran''',~~ [[Bushehr]] [[Bandar Imam\|Bandar Shahpur]] ''(now Bandar Imam Khomeini)''; and ~~in '''Iraq''',~~ [[Basra]] [[Umm Qasr]]. ~~The main overland routes were from the ports to [[Tehran]], and then~~ Tehran — [[Askhabad]] or Tehran — [[Baku]] ~~or, alternatively,~~ [[Basra]] — [[Kazvin]] or [[Dzhulfa]] — [[Beslan]]. ~~The main port for outbound supplies (via the [[Caspian Sea]]) was [[Nowshahr]]. Ships ferried supplies from this port to [[Baku]] or [[Makhachkala]].~~ ====~~Other~~= ~~locations~~di Ossetia Utara-Alania ===== * [[Beslan]]; ~~Important smaller ports and transit points on the routes included:~~ =====in ~~Azerbaijan~~di Iran ===== '''Pelabuhan-pelabuhan''' [[Lenkoran]]; [[Bandar Anzali]] * [[Bandar Abbas]] * [[Chabahar]] * [[Noshahr]] * [[Bandar Torkaman\|Bandar-e Shah]] (sekarang ''Bandar Torkoman'') * [[Amir Abad port]] * [[Khoramshahr]] * [[Bushehr]] * [[Assalouyeh]] * [[Mahshahr]] * [[BIK port]] * [[Fereydunkenar]] [http://www.frport.com] '''Kota-kota''' ~~=====in Armenia=====~~ {\| [[Yerevan]]; ~~=====in Georgia=====~~ [[Tbilisi]]; ~~=====in North Ossetia-Alania=====~~ [[Beslan]]; ~~=====in Iran=====~~ ~~[[Image:Supply train through the Persian Corridor.jpg\|frame\|right\|An Allied supply train en route bearing supplies for the Red Army]]~~ ~~'''Ports'''~~ [[Bandar Anzali]] [[Bandar Abbas]] [[Chabahar]] [[Noshahr]] [[Bandar Torkaman\|Bandar-e Shah]] (now ''Bandar Torkoman'') [[Amir Abad port]] [[Khoramshahr]] [[Bushehr]] [[Assalouyeh]] [[Mahshahr]] [[BIK port]] [[Fereydunkenar]] [http://www.frport.com] {\| ~~'''Cities'''~~ \| [[ Andimeshk]] * [[Tehran]] * [[Tabriz]] * [[Hamadan]] * [[~~Isfahan (city)\|~~Isfahan]] [[ Karaj]] [[ Khorramabad]] [[ Kashan]] [[ Malayer]] [[ Mashad]] \| Mianeh [[Mianeh]]{{disambiguation needed\|date=May 2014}} [[Sari, Iran]] ~~[[Semnan~~ ~~(city)\|~~Semnan]] [[ Shahroud]] * [[Shiraz, Iran\|Shiraz]] * [[Tabriz]] * [[Qom]] * [[~~Zanjan (city)\|~~Zanjan]] * [[Zahedan]] \|} =====in di Turkmenistan ===== '''~~Ports~~Pelabuhan''' * [[~~Turkmenbashi, Turkmenistan~~Türkmenbaşy\|Krasnovodsk]] '''~~Cities~~Kota-kota''' * [[Ashgabat]] [[ Kizyl Arvat]] [[ Kizyl Atrek]] === ~~Personnel~~Personil === [[~~File~~Berkas:American and British railroad crews who are taking supplies for Russia. Somewhere in Iran.jpeg\|~~thumb~~jmpl\|~~American~~Awak ~~and~~kereta ~~British~~api ~~railroad~~AS ~~crews~~dan ~~operated~~Inggris ~~trains~~mengoperasikan ~~and~~kereta-kereta ~~trucks~~api toyang ~~bring~~membawa ~~supplies~~pasokan toke ~~Russia~~Rusia. c.(1943)]] ~~Cargo~~Kargo ~~was~~terutama ~~principally~~ditangani ~~handled~~oleh byunit-unit ~~special~~transportasi ~~British~~khusus ~~and~~Inggris ~~American~~dan ~~transportation~~AS ~~units~~dari ~~from~~cabang-cabang ~~the~~pendukung ~~nations'~~tempur ~~respective~~masing-masing ~~combat service support branches~~negara, ~~such as the~~seperti [[:en:Royal Logistic Corps\|Royal Army Service Corps]] ~~and the~~dan [[United States Army]] [[:en:Quartermaster Corps\|Quartermaster Corps]]. Banyak ~~Many~~pula ~~Allied~~pekerja-pekerja ~~[[civilian]]~~sipil dari negara-negara ~~workers~~Sekutu, ~~such~~seperti asburuh ~~[[stevedore]]s~~dan ~~and~~insinyur-insinyur ~~[[railway~~kereta ~~engineer]]s,~~api ~~were~~yang ~~also~~dipekerjakan ~~employed~~di onKoridor ~~the corridor~~Persia. Banyak ~~Many~~teknisi-teknis ~~skilled~~terlatih, ~~[[engineer]]s~~akuntan, ~~[[accountant]]s~~dan ~~and~~profesional ~~other~~lainnya ~~professionals~~yang ~~who~~menjadi ~~volunteered~~sukarelawan oratau ~~were~~mendaftarkan ~~drafted~~diri ~~into~~ke ~~the~~angkatan ~~armed~~darat ~~services~~sebagai ~~were made [[warrant officers]]~~bintara tountuk ~~help~~membantu ~~oversee~~mengawasi ~~the~~operasi ~~complex~~yang ~~supply~~rumit ~~operations~~ini. InSebagai ~~addition~~tambahan tountuk ~~providing~~menyediakan ~~logistical~~pasokan ~~support~~logistik tokepada ~~the~~warga ~~Iranians~~Iran, ~~the~~Sekutu ~~Allies~~juga ~~offered~~menawarkan ~~other~~bantuan-bantuan ~~services as well~~lainnya. ~~The~~AS ~~Americans~~khususnya, inyang ~~particular~~dipandang ~~were~~netral ~~viewed~~karena astidak ~~more~~punya ~~neutral~~sejarah ~~since~~kolonial ~~they~~di ~~had~~Iran, noseperti ~~colonial~~halnya ~~past~~Inggris indan ~~the~~Rusia. ~~country~~AS asmemberikan ~~did~~ketenaga ~~the~~ahlian ~~British~~khusus ~~and~~untuk ~~Russians.~~pemerintah ~~The~~Shah ~~Americans~~[[Mohammad ~~contributed~~Reza ~~special~~Pahlavi]]. ~~expertise~~Kolonel toNorman ~~the young~~Schwarzkopf, ~~Shah's government~~Sr. ~~Colonel~~ <ref>[[:en:Norman Schwarzkopf, Sr.\|Norman Schwarzkopf, Sr.]]</ref>, ~~who~~yang atketika ~~the~~pecah ~~outbreak~~perang ofmerupakan ~~the war was serving as~~seorang superintendent ofdi ~~the [[~~New Jersey State Police]] ~~was~~pada ~~in August~~Agustus [[1942]] ~~put in charge~~ditugaskan ofmelatih ~~training the [[~~Imperial Iranian Gendarmerie]]. (~~Coincidentally~~Secara kebetulan, ~~his~~putranya, ~~son~~Norman Schwarzkopf, Jr.<ref>[[:en:Norman Schwarzkopf, Jr.\|Norman Schwarzkopf, Jr.]],</ref> ~~would~~membuat ~~make~~sejarah ~~his~~juga ~~own~~di ~~mark~~Timur onTengah ~~the~~50 ~~[[Middle~~tahun ~~East]]~~kemudian ~~almost~~ketika ~~fifty~~memimpin ~~years~~Operasi ~~later~~[[Operasi ~~during~~Desert ~~the~~Storm\|Desert ~~Persian~~Storm]] selama [[~~Gulf~~Perang Teluk I\|Perang ~~War~~Teluk]].) === ~~Equipment~~Peralatan === ToUntuk ~~help~~membantu ~~operate~~pengoperasian ~~trains~~kereta onapi ~~the~~di ~~demanding~~rute [[Trans-Iranian Railway]] ~~route~~yang berbahaya, ~~the~~AS USmemasok ~~supplied~~sejumlah ~~large~~besar ~~numbers~~lokomotif ofdiesel ALCO ~~diesel locomotives~~, ~~which~~yang ~~were~~lebih ~~more~~baik ~~suitable~~ketimbang ~~than~~lokomotif ~~steam locomotives~~uap. ~~About~~Sekitar 3000 ~~pieces of rolling stock of~~gerbong ~~various~~dari ~~types~~berbagai ~~were~~tipe ~~also~~juga ~~supplied~~dipasok.<ref>{{cite news \|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article106044674 \|title=THEY HELPED- RUSSIA TO VICTORY. \|newspaper=[[The Port Macquarie News and Hastings River Advocate \|The Port Macquarie News and Hastings River Advocate (NSW : 1882 - 1950)]] \|location=NSW \|date=28 April 1945 \|accessdate=25 May 2013 \|page=4 \|publisher=National Library of Australia}}</ref> ==~~See~~ ~~also~~Lihat Juga == {{~~WWIIHistory~~Perang Dunia II}} * [[Sejarah Iran]] ~~{{WWIITheatre}}~~ * [[Daftar pertempuran pada Perang Dunia I\|Teater Laut Tengah dan Timur Tengah]] [[History of Iran]] [[Military history of the Soviet Union\|Sejarah Militer Uni Soviet]] [[Mediterranean and Middle East Theatre]] [[Polish contribution to World War II\|Kontribusi Polandia dalam Perang Dunia II]] [[Military history of the Soviet Union]] [[Invasi Inggris-Soviet ke Iran]] [[Polish contribution to World War II]] [[Anglo-~~Soviet~~Russian ~~invasion~~Treaty of ~~Iran~~1907\|Pakta Inggris-Rusia 1907]] * [[Royal Road]] [[Anglo-Russian Treaty of 1907]] [[Operasi Cedar\|Operation Cedar]] [[Royal Road]] [[Operation cedar]] ==~~Notes~~ Catatan == <references /> == Pranala luar == ~~==External links==~~ {{commons category\|Persian Corridor}} * {{cite book \| first=Robert W.\|last=Coakley\| chapterurl= http://www.history.army.mil/books/70-7_09.htm\|title=Command Decisions\|url=http://www.history.army.mil/books/70-7_0.htm \| publisher= [[United States Army Center of Military History]] \| location=Washington\| year=2000 \|origyear=1960\| id=CMH Pub 72-7\| chapter=Chapter 9: The Persian Corridor as a Route for Aid to the USSR\| editor=Greenfield, Kent Roberts\|access-date=2016-01-10\|archive-date=2007-12-30\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071230145455/http://www.history.army.mil/books/70-7_0.htm\|dead-url=yes}} * {{cite book\| first=T.H. Vail\| last=Motter\| url=http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/persian/index.htm \| title= The Persian Corridor and Aid To Russia\| publisher= [[United States Army Center of Military History]]\| location=Washington\| year=2000\| origyear=1952\| id=CMH Pub 8-1\|access-date=2016-01-10\|archive-date=2010-05-05\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100505141525/http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/persian/index.htm\|dead-url=yes}} * [http://www.o5m6.de/main.html Trucks Lend Leased to Russia] {{Webarchive\|url=https://archive.today/20130106061612/http://www.o5m6.de/main.html \|date=2013-01-06 }}'' amateur history page with detailed maps and statistics'' * [http://www.instc.org The North-South Iranian Corridor today] * [http://www.aforgottenodyssey.com/links.html ''A Forgotten Odyssey'' website] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050415082109/http://www.aforgottenodyssey.com/links.html \|date=2005-04-15 }} [[~~Category~~Kategori:Economic aid during World War II]] [[~~Category~~Kategori:Politics of World War II]] [[~~Category~~Kategori:1940s in Iran]] [[~~Category~~Kategori:20th-century military history of the United States]] [[~~Category~~Kategori:Middle East theatre of World War II]] [[~~Category~~Kategori:Transport in Iran]] [[~~Category~~Kategori:Iran–Soviet Union relations]] [[~~Category~~Kategori:Iran–United States relations]] [[~~Category~~Kategori:Soviet Union–United States relations]] [[~~Category~~Kategori:History of Azerbaijan]] [[~~Category~~Kategori:Military logistics of World War II]] [[~~Category~~Kategori:Foreign trade of the Soviet Union]]