Tonggeret: Perbedaan antara revisi
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{{Taxobox
| name = Tonggeret
| image =
| image_width = 250px
| image_caption = Tonggeret tahunan ''Tibicen linnei''
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| phylum = [[Arthropoda]]
| classis = [[Serangga]]
| ordo = [[
| subordo = [[Auchenorrhyncha]]
| infraordo = [[Cicadomorpha]]
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[[Cicadettinae]]
}}
'''Tonggeret''', '''garengpung''' atau '''kinjeng tangis''' adalah sebutan untuk segala jenis [[serangga]] anggota
Serangga ini mempunyai sepasang [[mata faset]] yang letaknya terpisah jauh di kepalanya dan biasanya juga memiliki sayap yang tembus pandang. Bentuknya kadang-kadang seperti lalat yang besar, meskipun ada tonggeret yang berukuran kecil. Tonggeret hidup di daerah beriklim sedang hingga tropis dan sangat mudah dikenali di antara serangga lainnya, terutama karena tubuhnya yang besar dan akustik luar biasa yang dihasilkan dari alat penghasil suara di bawah sayapnya.
Banyak tonggeret memiliki daur hidup yang dipengaruhi musim. Di Indonesia, suara tonggeret garengpung yang nyaring akan muncul di akhir [[musim penghujan]], saat serangga ini mencapai tahap dewasa, keluar dari bawah permukaan tanah untuk melakukan ritual [[musim kawin]]. Uir-uir dewasa baru keluar dari tanah di awal musim penghujan. Seusai kawin, betina meletakkan telur di tanah dan serangga ini mati. Tonggeret kadang-kadang dikira [[belalang]] atau [[lalat]] besar, meskipun mereka tidak mempunyai pertalian keluarga yang dekat. Tonggeret lebih mempunyai hubungan dekat secara [[taksonomi]] dengan [[wereng]] dan [[kutu loncat]].
Beberapa jenis Tonggeret memiliki fase metamorfosa yang menakjubkan (biasanya yg berwarna hijau metalik terang dan yang berwarna merah), karena selama 17 tahun ia hidup dalam fase larva, sebelum akhirnya dalam 3 sampai 7 hari menjadi serangga dewasa dan segera memasuki fase repoduksi. Beberapa minggu setelah perkawinan Tonggeret akan mati.
== Nama di Indonesia ==
Selain tonggeret, nama lain juga dikenal, biasanya dikaitkan dengan pola suara yang dihasilkan. [[Orang Sunda]] menyebutnya ''tonggeret'', ''cengreret'' atau ''turaes'', [[orang Jawa]] menyebutnya ''cenggeret'', ''garengpung'', ''kinjeng tangis'' atau ''uir-uir'', [[orang Makassar]] menyebutnya ''nyenyeng'', [[Kota Manado|orang Manado]] menyebutnya ''rie-rie;'' tergantung suara yang dikeluarkan. Orang Bali Utara menyebutnya ''sinayu'' dan ''ores'', sedangkan orang Bali Selatan menyebutnya ''sawen ai'', karena biasa berbunyi saat pagi sampai siang, atau lebih umum dikenal dengan nama ''sambureret''. Orang di daerah Kalimantan menyebutnya dengan sebutan ''Kriang''. Di daerah Pagaralam dan Muara Enim tonggeret dikenal dengan sebutan ''sesiar/sesial.''
== Taksonomi ==
Di dunia ada sekitar 3.000 [[spesies]] tonggeret, meskipun banyak yang belum dideskripsikan. Tonggeret dikelompokkan dalam dua familia: '''[[Tettigarctidae]]''' (''di bahas di tempat lain'') dan '''Cicadidae'''. Ada dua spesies Tettigarctidae yang telah punah, satu di [[Australia]] selatan, dan yang lainnya di [[Tasmania]]. Familia Cicadidae dibagi lebih jauh ke dalam subfamilia Tettigadinae, Cicadinae dan Cicadettinae. Mereka terdapat di semua benua kecuali [[
[[Berkas:Snodgrass Magicicada septendecim.jpg|
<!--The largest cicadas are in the [[genus|genera]] ''[[Pomponia (cicada)|Pomponia]]'' and ''[[Tacua]]''. There are some 200 species in 38 genera in [[Australia]], about 450 species in [[Africa]], about 100 in the [[Palearctic|Palaearctic]] and exactly one species in [[England]], the [[New Forest]] Cicada (''[[Melampsalta montana]]''), which is widely distributed throughout Europe. There are about 150 species in [[South Africa]].
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Adult cicadas, sometimes called [[Imago|imagines]], are usually between 2 and 5 [[centimetre|cm]] (1 to 2 [[inch]]es) long, although there are some tropical species that reach 15 cm (6 in), e.g. ''[[Pomponia imperatoria]]'' from [[Malaysia]]. Cicadas have prominent eyes set wide apart on the sides of the head, short [[antenna (biology)|antenna]]e protruding between or in front of the eyes, and membranous front wings. Desert cicadas are also one of the few insects known to cool themselves by sweating, while many other cicadas can raise their body temperatures voluntarily to around 40°C, even when the air temperature is only 18°C.
Male cicadas (and only males) have loud noisemakers called "[[tymbal]]s" on the sides of the [[abdomen|abdominal]] base. Their "singing" is not [[stridulation]] as in many other familiar sound-producing insects like [[cricket (insect)|crickets]] (where two structures are rubbed against one another): the tymbals are regions of the [[exoskeleton]] that are modified to form a complex membrane with thin, membranous portions and thickened "ribs". They rapidly vibrate these membranes with strong muscles, and enlarged chambers derived from the [[tracheae]] make their body serve as a [[resonance]] chamber, greatly amplifying the sound. Some cicadas produce sounds louder than 106 [[dB (SPL)]], among the loudest of all insect-produced sounds. (This amazing sound has frequently inspired [[haiku]] poets in [[Japan]] to write about them.) They modulate their noise by wiggling their abdomens toward and away from the tree that they are on.
Only males produce the cicadas' distinctive sound. Both sexes, however, have [[tympanum|tympana]], which are membranous structures used to detect sounds; thus, the cicadas' equivalent of [[ear]]s.
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However, one phenomenon that sometimes happens to the 13/17 year cicadas is that during the time that they are buried, the area above them becomes paved over with asphalt and/or concrete as part of urban growth and development during the timespan. Unfortunately, when this happens the cicadas are usually trapped and die when they try to emerge above ground.
Most of this time, the animals spend underground as [[nymph (biology)|nymph]]s at depths ranging from about 30 cm (1 [[Foot (unit of length)|ft]]) up to 2.5 [[metre|m]] (about 8½ ft). The nymphs feed on root juices and have strong front legs for digging.
In the final nymphal [[instar]], they construct an exit tunnel to the surface and emerge. On a nearby plant, they [[ecdysis|moult]] one last time and emerge as an adult. When they moult, they shed their skins, and the abandonded skins can often be found left on trees, still clinging to the bark.-->
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== Lihat pula ==
* [[Lebah pembunuh tonggeret]], pemangsa tonggeret.
* [[Magicicada]], tonggeret periodik, atau "belalang tujuh belas tahunan".
== Pranala luar ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{commons-inline}}
* {{wikispecies-inline}}
{{refend}}
* [http://www.cicadas-pictures.com Cicadas pictures] shares facts and pictures regarding cicadas and their behavior, life cycle, and feeding habits.
{{Taxonbar|from=Q130778}}
[[Kategori:Serangga]]
[[Kategori:Hemiptera]]
[[Kategori:Cicadidae]]
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