Wikipedia

Peningkatan keasaman air laut: Perbedaan antara revisi

Jelajahi riwayat secara interaktif
← Revisi sebelumnya
Konten dihapus Konten ditambahkan
VisualTeks wiki
Wagino Bot (bicara | kontrib)
Bot
4.157.822 suntingan
k →Referensi: minor cosmetic change
Mengganti WOA05_GLODAP_del_pH_AYool.png dengan Estimated_change_in_annual_mean_sea_surface_pH_from_1770s-1990s_(GLODAP).png (berkas dipindahkan oleh [[commons:User:Commo
 
(23 revisi perantara oleh 10 pengguna tidak ditampilkan)
Baris 1:
[[FileBerkas:WOA05Estimated GLODAPchange delin annual mean sea surface pH AYoolfrom 1770s-1990s (GLODAP).png|thumbjmpl|rightka|300px|Perkiraan perubahan [[pH]] air laut yang disebabkan oleh [[karbon dioksida]] yang dihasilkan manusia, sejak tahun 1700an1700-an sampai 1990an1990-an. Data dari [[Global Ocean Data Analysis Project]] dan [[World Ocean Atlas]].]]
 
'''Peningkatan keasaman air laut''' adalah peristiwa berkurangnya [[pH]] [[lautan]] yang berada di bumi, yang disebabkan oleh penyerapan [[karbon dioksida]] dari atmosfer (pH berkurang = keasaman meningkat).<ref name=cald03>{{Cite journal |last=Caldeira |first=K. |coauthors=Wickett, M. E. |year=2003 |title=Anthropogenic carbon and ocean pH |url=http://pangea.stanford.edu/research/Oceans/GES205/Caldeira_Science_Anthropogenic%20Carbon%20and%20ocean%20pH.pdf |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=425 |issue=6956 |pages=365–365 |doi=10.1038/425365a |pmid=14508477 |bibcode=2001AGUFMOS11C0385C |ref=harv}}</ref> Diperkirakan 30-40% karbon dioksida yang dilepaskan oleh manusia ke atmosfer larut ke perairan.<ref name=millero95>{{Cite journal |last=Millero|first=Frank J. |year=1995 |title=Thermodynamics of the carbon dioxide system in the oceans |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/001670379400354O | archiveurl = | archivedate = | journal=Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta |volume=59 |issue=4 |pages=661–677 |doi= 10.1016/0016-7037(94)00354-O|pmid= |bibcode= 1995GeCoA..59..661M |ref=harv}}</ref><ref name=Feely04>{{cite journal |last=Feely |first=R. A. |coauthors=''et al.'' |title=Impact of Anthropogenic CO<sub>2</sub> on the CaCO<sub>3</sub> System in the Oceans |journal=Science |volume=305 |year=2004 |month=July |pages=362–366 |url=http://www.sciencemag.org/content/305/5682/362.abstract |bibcode = 2004Sci...305..362F |doi = 10.1126/science.1097329 |pmid=15256664 |issue=5682 |ref=harv}}</ref> Untuk mempertahankan [[kesetimbangan kimia]], beberapasebagian akan bereaksi dengan air membentuk [[asam karbonat]]. BeberapaSebagian dari molekul asam karbonat akan beraksi dengan molekul air membentuk ion [[bikarbonat]] dan ion [[hydroniumhidronium]], sehingga meningkatkan [[keasaman]] laut. Antara tahun 1751 hingga 1994, pH permukaan laut diperkirakan menurun dari 8.25 menjadi 8.14,<ref name=jacob05>{{cite journal | last=Jacobson | first=M. Z. | year=2005 | title=Studying ocean acidification with conservative, stable numerical schemes for nonequilibrium air-ocean exchange and ocean equilibrium chemistry | journal=[[Journal of Geophysical Research]] – Atmospheres | volume=110 | doi=10.1029/2004JD005220 | url=http://www.agu.org/journals/ABS/2005/2004JD005220.shtml | pages=D07302 | bibcode=2005JGRD..11007302J | ref=harv}}</ref> yang merupakan peningkatan konsentrasi ion hydroniumhidronium sebanyak 30% di lautan.<ref name="pmid18536730">{{Cite journal |author=Hall-Spencer, J. M. |coauthors=Rodolfo-Metalpa, R.; Martin, S.; ''et al.'' |title=Volcanic carbon dioxide vents show ecosystem effects of ocean acidification |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=454 |issue=7200 |pages=96–9 |year=2008 |month=July |pmid=18536730 |doi=10.1038/nature07051 |bibcode=2008Natur.454...96H |ref=harv}}</ref><ref name="scor-int">[http://www.scor-int.org/OBO2009/A&O_Report.pdf Report of the Ocean Acidification and Oxygen Working Group, International Council for Science's Scientific Committee on Ocean Research (SCOR) Biological Observatories Workshop]</ref>
 
Peningkatan keasaman air aut diperkirakan memiliki beragam konsekuensi, seperti penurunan laju metabolisme [[cumi-cumi jumbo]] (''Dosidicus gigas''),<ref name=Rosa>{{cite journal |last=Rosa |first=R. |last2=Seibel |first2=B. |title=Synergistic effects of climate-related variables suggest future physiological impairment in a top oceanic predator |journal=P.n.a.s. |volume=105 |year=2008 |month= |pages=20776–20780 |url=http://www.pnas.org/content/105/52/20776.short |bibcode = 2008PNAS..10520776R |doi = 10.1073/pnas.0806886105 |issue=52 |ref=harv |access-date=2013-12-01 |archive-date=2014-12-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141206113108/http://www.pnas.org/content/105/52/20776.short |dead-url=yes }}</ref> penurunan sistem imunitas kerang biru,<ref name=Bibby>{{cite journal |last=Bibby |first=R. |coauthors=''et al.'' |title=Effects of ocean acidification on the immune response of the blue mussel Mytilus edulis |journal=Aquatic Biology |volume=2 |year=2008 |month= |pages=67–74 |url=http://www.int-res.com/abstracts/ab/v2/n1/p67-74/ |doi=10.3354/ab00037 |ref=harv }}</ref> dan [[pemutihan koral]].
 
== Reaksi kimia ==
Reaksi kimia lain juga terjadi sehingga kadar ion karbonat di lautan yang tersedia akan berkurang. Hal ini akan menyulitkan bagi hewan laut yang membutuhkan ion karbonat bagi pertumbuhan hidupnya seperti [[koral]] untuk proses kalsifikasi tubuhnya, dan beberapa jenis [[plankton]]. Struktur yang mengandung ion karbonat pun akan cepat rapuh karena larut oleh asam.<ref name=orr05>{{Cite journal |last=Orr|first=James C.|coauthors=''et al.'' |year=2005 |title=Anthropogenic ocean acidification over the twenty-first century and its impact on calcifying organisms |url=http://www.ipsl.jussieu.fr/~jomce/acidification/paper/Orr_OnlineNature04095.pdf | archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20080625100559/http://www.ipsl.jussieu.fr/~jomce/acidification/paper/Orr_OnlineNature04095.pdf | archivedate = 2008-06-25 | journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=437 |issue=7059 |pages=681–686 |doi=10.1038/nature04095 |pmid=16193043 |bibcode=2005Natur.437..681O |ref=harv}}</ref> Peningkatan keasaman lautan akan memicu gangguan pada [[rantai makanan]] yang ada pada dan terhubung dengan lautan.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/31/science/earth/31ocean.html |title=Rising Acidity Is Threatening Food Web of Oceans, Science Panel Says |author=Cornelia Dean |publisher=New York Times |date=January 30, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author= Robert E. Service |title= Rising Acidity Brings and Ocean Of Trouble |journal=Science|pages= 146–148 |volume= 337 |date= 13 July 2012|bibcode = 2012Sci...337..146S|doi= 10.1126/science.337.6091.146|pmid= 22798578|issue= 6091|ref= harv }}</ref> Sebanyak 105 [[akademi ilmu pengetahuan]] telah mengeluarkan rekomendasi untuk mengurangi emisi karbon dioksida global sebanyak setidaknya 50% dari tingkat emisi tahun 1990.<ref name="iap statement">{{Cite web | author=IAP | title=Interacademy Panel (IAP) Member Academies Statement on Ocean Acidification | date=June 2009 | url=http://www.interacademies.net/10878/13951.aspx | ref=harv | postscript={{inconsistent citations}}}}, Secretariat: TWAS (the Academy of Sciences for the Developing World), Trieste, Italy.</ref>▼
 
: <big>{{CO2}} (g) + H<sub>2</sub>O (l) {{eqm}} {{CO2}} (aq) + H<sub>2</sub>O (l) {{eqm}} H<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> (aq) {{eqm}} HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup> (aq) + H<sup>+</sup> (aq) {{eqm}} CO<sub>3</sub><sup>2−</sup> (aq) + 2 H<sup>+</sup> (aq)</big>
 
▲[[Reaksi kimia]] lain juga terjadi sehingga kadar ion karbonat di lautan yang tersedia akan berkurang. Hal ini akan menyulitkan bagi hewan laut yang membutuhkan ion karbonat bagi pertumbuhan hidupnya seperti [[koral]] untuk proses kalsifikasi tubuhnya, dan beberapa jenis [[plankton]]. Struktur yang mengandung ion karbonat pun akan cepat rapuh karena larut oleh asam.<ref name=orr05>{{Cite journal |last=Orr |first=James C. |coauthors=''et al.'' |year=2005 |title=Anthropogenic ocean acidification over the twenty-first century and its impact on calcifying organisms |url=http://www.ipsl.jussieu.fr/~jomce/acidification/paper/Orr_OnlineNature04095.pdf | archiveurl = httphttps://web.archive.org/web/20080625100559/http://www.ipsl.jussieu.fr/~jomce/acidification/paper/Orr_OnlineNature04095.pdf | archivedate = 2008-06-25 | journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=437 |issue=7059 |pages=681–686 |doi=10.1038/nature04095 |pmid=16193043 |bibcode=2005Natur.437..681O |ref=harv |access-date=2013-12-01 |dead-url=no }}</ref> Peningkatan keasaman lautan akan memicu gangguan pada [[rantai makanan]] yang ada pada dan terhubung dengan lautan.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/31/science/earth/31ocean.html |title=Rising Acidity Is Threatening Food Web of Oceans, Science Panel Says |author=Cornelia Dean |publisher=New York Times |date=January 30, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author= Robert E. Service |title= Rising Acidity Brings and Ocean Of Trouble |journal=Science|pages= 146–148 |volume= 337 |date= 13 July 2012|bibcode = 2012Sci...337..146S|doi= 10.1126/science.337.6091.146|pmid= 22798578|issue= 6091|ref= harv }}</ref> Sebanyak 105 [[akademi ilmu pengetahuan]] telah mengeluarkan rekomendasi untuk mengurangi emisi karbon dioksida global sebanyak setidaknya 50% dari tingkat emisi tahun 1990.<ref name="iap statement">{{Cite web | author=IAP | title=Interacademy Panel (IAP) Member Academies Statement on Ocean Acidification | date=June 2009 | url=http://www.interacademies.net/10878/13951.aspx | ref=harv | postscript={{inconsistent citations}} | access-date=2013-12-01 | archive-date=2013-08-06 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130806073912/http://www.interacademies.net/10878/13951.aspx | dead-url=yes }}, Secretariat: TWAS (the Academy of Sciences for the Developing World), Trieste, Italy.</ref>
 
Peningkatan keasaman air laut telah terjadi sebelumnya dalam [[sejarah bumi]], seperti peristiwa ''[[Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum]]'' (PETM),<ref name=Zachos2005>{{cite journal | author = Zachos, J.C. | coauthors = Röhl, U.; Schellenberg, S.A.; Sluijs, A.; Hodell, D.A.; Kelly, D.C.; Thomas, E.; Nicolo, M.; Raffi, I.; Lourens, L. J.; McCarren, H.; Kroon, D. | title = Rapid acidification of the ocean during the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum | year = 2005 | journal = Science | volume = 308 | pages = 1611–1615 | doi = 10.1126/science.1109004 | issue = 5728 | pmid = 15947184 | ref = harv }}</ref> yang terjadi setidaknya 56 juta tahun yang lalu dan menyebabkan pelarutan struktur karbonat hewan laut hingga membentuk sedimen di basin lautan di seluruh dunia.
 
== Lihat pula ==
{{Portal|Lingkungan}}
* [[Pompa biologis]]
Baris 17 ⟶ 21:
* [[Dampak lingkungan dari industri batu bara]]
 
== Referensi ==
{{Reflist|colwidth=35em}}
<!-- Note:
Baris 25 ⟶ 29:
* 'citation' works better than 'cite xxx'.
-->
* {{Cite journal
| ref=CITEREFClarkeothers2007
| author=Clarke, L., ''et al.''
Baris 34 ⟶ 38:
| url=http://www.climatescience.gov/Library/sap/sap2-1/finalreport/default.htm
| postscript={{inconsistent citations}}
*{{Cite | journal=▼
}}▼
| access-date=2013-12-01
▲*{{Cite journal
| archive-date=2013-06-30
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130630034207/http://www.climatescience.gov/Library/sap/sap2-1/finalreport/default.htm
| dead-url=yes
▲ }}
* {{Cite journal▼
| title=An updated review of developments in climate science research since IPCC AR4. A report by the AVOID consortium
| ref=CITEREFGoodothers2010
Baris 44 ⟶ 53:
| location=London, UK
| postscript={{inconsistent citations}}
| journal=
}}. [http://www.theccc.org.uk/publication/the-fourth-carbon-budget-reducing-emissions-through-the-2020s-2/ Report website.]▼
| access-date=2013-12-01
▲*{{Cite journal
| archive-date=2018-09-24
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180924092022/http://archive.theccc.org.uk/aws2/4th%20Budget/fourthbudget_supporting_research_reviewofclimatescience_developements_since_IPPC_AR4.pdf
| dead-url=yes
▲ }}. [http://www.theccc.org.uk/publication/the-fourth-carbon-budget-reducing-emissions-through-the-2020s-2/ Report website.]
* {{Cite bookjournal▼
| title=Geoengineering the climate: science, governance and uncertainty
| author=UK Royal Society
Baris 56 ⟶ 70:
| postscript={{inconsistent citations}}
}}, RS Policy document 10/09. [http://royalsociety.org/policy/publications/2009/geoengineering-climate/ Report website.]
* {{Cite journal
| title=The Emissions Gap Report: Are the Copenhagen Accord pledges sufficient to limit global warming to 2°C or 1.5°C? A preliminary assessment
| date=November 2010
Baris 66 ⟶ 80:
| ref=harv
| postscript={{inconsistent citations}}
| journal=
}}▼
| access-date=2013-12-01
▲*{{Cite book
| archive-date=2011-01-24
| archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20110124023417/http://www.unep.org/publications/ebooks/emissionsgapreport/
| dead-url=yes
▲ }}
* {{Cite book
|year=2011
|title=America's Climate Choices. A report by the Committee on America's Climate Choices, US National Research Council (US NRC)
Baris 78 ⟶ 97:
|postscript={{inconsistent citations}}
}}
* {{Cite book
|year=2006
|title=Special Report: The Future Oceans – Warming Up, Rising High, Turning Sour
Baris 88 ⟶ 107:
|ref=harv
|postscript={{inconsistent citations}}
|access-date=2013-12-01
}}. ▼
|archive-date=2013-09-19
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130919174046/http://www.wbgu.de/fileadmin/templates/dateien/veroeffentlichungen/sondergutachten/sn2006/wbgu_sn2006_en.pdf
|dead-url=yes
▲}}.
* [http://www.wbgu.de/en/special-reports/sr-2006-the-future-oceans/ Report website.]
 
== Bahan bacaan terkait ==
 
* Antarctic Climate and Ecosystems Cooperative Research Centre (ACE CRC) (2008). [httphttps://web.archive.org/web/20080722034317/http://www.acecrc.org.au/uploaded/117/797619_20pa02_acidification_0805.pdf Position analysis: CO<sub>2</sub> emissions and climate change: Ocean impacts and adaptation issues.] ISSN: 1835–7911. Hobart, Tasmania.
* {{Cite journal|last=Cicerone|first=R.|coauthors=J. Orr, P. Brewer ''et al.''|year=2004|title=The Ocean in a High {{chem|CO|2}} World|url=http://www.ipsl.jussieu.fr/~jomce/pubs/Cicerone_etal_2004_EOS.pdf|journal=[[Eos (journal)|Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union]]|publisher=[[American Geophysical Union]]|volume=85|issue=37|pages=351–353|doi=10.1029/2004EO370007|bibcode=2004EOSTr..85R.351C|ref=harv|access-date=2013-12-01|archive-date=2007-03-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070305235225/http://www.ipsl.jussieu.fr/~jomce/pubs/Cicerone_etal_2004_EOS.pdf|dead-url=yes}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Doney|first=S. C. |year=2006|title=The Dangers of Ocean Acidification|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_scientific-american_2006-03_294_3/page/58|journal=[[Scientific American]] |issn=0036-8733|volume=294|issue=3|pages=58–65 |doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0306-58|pmid=16502612|ref=harv}}, ([http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?chanID=sa006&colID=1&articleID=00057536-E87F-13F5-A75F83414B7FFE9F Article preview only]).
* {{Cite journal|last=Feely|first=R. A.|coauthors=Sabine, Christopher L.; Lee, Kitack; Berelson, Will; Kleypas, Joanie; Fabry, Victoria J.; Millero, Frank J.|year=2004|title=Impact of Anthropogenic {{chem|CO|2}} on the {{chem|CaCO|3}} System in the Oceans|url=http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/sci;305/5682/362|journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=305|issue=5682|pages=362–366|doi=10.1126/science.1097329|pmid=15256664|bibcode = 2004Sci...305..362F|ref=harv }}
* {{Cite journal | last1=Harrould-Kolieb | first1=E. | last2=Savitz | first2=J. | year=2008 | url=http://na.oceana.org/en/news-media/publications/reports/acid-test-can-we-save-our-oceans-from-co2 | title=Acid Test: Can We Save Our Oceans From CO<sub>2</sub>? | journal=Oceana | ref=harv | access-date=2013-12-01 | archive-date=2011-10-09 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111009114644/http://na.oceana.org/en/news-media/publications/reports/acid-test-can-we-save-our-oceans-from-co2 | dead-url=yes }}
* {{Cite news|last=[[Caspar Henderson|Henderson]]|first=Caspar|title=Ocean acidification: the other CO<sub>2</sub> problem|url=http://environment.newscientist.com/article/mg19125631.200|publisher=[[NewScientist]].com news service|date=2006-08-05}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Jacobson|first=M. Z.|coauthors=|year=2005|title=Studying ocean acidification with conservative, stable numerical schemes for nonequilibrium air-ocean exchange and ocean equilibrium chemistry|url=|journal=[[Journal of Geophysical Research]] – Atmospheres|volume=110|issue=|pages=D07302|doi=10.1029/2004JD005220|bibcode=2005JGRD..11007302J|ref=harv}}
* {{cite journal|last=Kim|first=Rakhyun E.|title=Is a New Multilateral Environmental Agreement on Ocean Acidification Necessary?|journal=Review of European Community & International Environmental Law|year=2012|volume=21|issue=3|pages=243–258|doi=10.1111/reel.12000.x|url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/store/10.1111/reel.12000.x/asset/reel12000.pdf?v=1&t=hje8up3l&s=acfe7a98dabdf9fd728223ed0266031e9c9b1d83|ref=harv}}
* Kleypas, J. A., R. A. Feely, V. J. Fabry, C. Langdon, C. L. Sabine, and L. L. Robbins. (2006). [http://www.ucar.edu/communications/Final_acidification.pdf Impacts of Ocean Acidification on Coral Reefs and Other Marine Calcifiers: A Guide for Further Research] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720101953/http://www.ucar.edu/communications/Final_acidification.pdf |date=2011-07-20 }}, report of a workshop held 18–20 April 2005, St. Petersburg, FL, sponsored by [[National Science Foundation]], NOAA and the U.S. Geological SurveySurvei, 88pp.
* {{Cite news| last=[[Elizabeth Kolbert|Kolbert]] | first=E. | title=The Darkening Sea: Carbon emissions and the ocean | publisher=[[The New Yorker]] | date=2006-11-20 | url=http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2006/11/20/061120fa_fact_kolbert }}
* Riebesell, U., V. J. Fabry, L. Hansson and J.-P. Gattuso (Eds.). (2010). [http://www.epoca-project.eu/index.php/Home/Guide-to-OA-Research/ Guide to best practices for ocean acidification research and data reporting], 260 p.&nbsp;Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.
* {{Cite journal|last=Sabine|first=C. L.|coauthors=Feely, Richard A.; Gruber, Nicolas; Key, Robert M.; Lee, Kitack; Bullister, John L. ''et al.''|year=2004|title=The Oceanic Sink for Anthropogenic {{chem|CO|2}}
Baris 108 ⟶ 131:
* {{Cite journal|last=Stone|first=R. |year=2007|title=A World Without Corals?|url=http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/316/5825/678|journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=316|issue=5825|pages=678–681|doi=10.1126/science.316.5825.678|pmid=17478692|ref=harv}}
 
== Pranala luar ==
* [http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=threatening-ocean-life How Acidification Threatens Oceans from the Inside Out] [[Scientific American]] August 9, 2010 by Marah J. Hardt and [[Carl Safina]]
* [http://royalsociety.org/displaypagedoc.asp?id=13539 Ocean acidification due to increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide], report by the [[Royal Society]] (UK)
* [http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/wg1/ar4-wg1-chapter5.pdf AR4 WG1 Chapter 5: Oceanic Climate Change and Sea Level] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170513164252/http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/wg1/ar4-wg1-chapter5.pdf |date=2017-05-13 }}, [[Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change|IPCC]]
* [http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/yos/resource/01state_of_science.pdf State of the Science FACT SHEET: Ocean acidification] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715113115/http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/yos/resource/01state_of_science.pdf |date=2011-07-15 }}, [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|NOAA]]
* [http://cdiac.ornl.gov/ Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110814011957/http://cdiac.ornl.gov/ |date=2011-08-14 }} (CDIAC), the primary data analysis center of the [[United States Department of Energy|U.S. Department of Energy]] (located at [[Oak Ridge National Laboratory]])
* [http://coastal.er.usgs.gov/ocean-acidification/ Ocean acidification introduction] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722104724/http://coastal.er.usgs.gov/ocean-acidification/ |date=2011-07-22 }}, [[United States Geological Survey|USGS]]
* [http://csiro.au/multimedia/Climate-change-threat-to-Southern-Ocean.html Climate change threatening the Southern Ocean] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091231054943/http://www.csiro.au/multimedia/Climate-change-threat-to-Southern-Ocean.html |date=2009-12-31 }}, report by [[Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation|CSIRO]]
* [http://www.ocean-acidification.net/ The Ocean in a High {{chem|CO|2}} World], an international science symposium series
* [http://www.realclimate.org/index.php?p=169 The Acid Ocean&nbsp;– the Other Problem with {{chem|CO|2}} Emission], [[David Archer (scientist)]], a [[RealClimate]] discussion
* [http://oceanacidification.wordpress.com/ Regularly updated "blog" of ocean acidification publications and news], [http://www.obs-vlfr.fr/~gattuso/ Jean-Pierre Gattuso]
* [http://www.pacificscience.org/tfoceanacidification.html Task Force on Ocean Acidification in the Pacific] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070607093450/http://www.pacificscience.org/tfoceanacidification.html |date=2007-06-07 }}, including recent presentations on ocean acidification, [[Pacific Science Association]]
* [http://www.thew2o.net/events/oceans/oa.php ''Ocean Acidification''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724103219/http://www.thew2o.net/events/oceans/oa.php |date=2011-07-24 }}, a multimedia, interactive site from [http://www.thew2o.net The World Ocean Observatory]
* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kQMZfCKuFIQ Acidic Oceans: Why should we care? Perspectives in ocean science], Andrew Dickson, [[Scripps Institution of Oceanography]]
* [http://site.videoproject.com/coralreefs/ Climate Change: Coral Reefs on the Edge] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100614033126/http://site.videoproject.com/coralreefs/ |date=2010-06-14 }} A video presentation by Prof. [[Ove Hoegh-Guldberg (biologist)|Ove Hoegh-Guldberg]] on impact of ocean acidification on coral reefs
* [http://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/01/science/new-studies-of-permian-extinction-shed-light-on-the-great-dying.html Life in the Sea Found Its Fate in a Paroxysm of Extinction] April 30, 2012
* [http://i2i.loven.gu.se/AcidOcean/AcidOcean.htm Ocean acidification virtual lab] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131007234411/http://i2i.loven.gu.se/AcidOcean/AcidOcean.htm |date=2013-10-07 }}
* [http://dels.nas.edu/Materials/Booklets/Ocean-Acidification/ Ocean Acidification: Starting with the Science] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203035836/http://dels.nas.edu/Materials/Booklets/Ocean-Acidification/ |date=2013-12-03 }}, a booklet from the Division on Earth & Life Studies of the [[United States National Research Council]] (released April 2011)
* [http://oceanacidification.nas.edu/ Ocean Acidification] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130224071842/http://oceanacidification.nas.edu/ |date=2013-02-24 }}, a [[United States National Academy of Sciences]]/ National Research Council website that includes downloadable figures and interviews with ocean scientists
* [http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=ancient-ocean-acidification-intimates-long-recovery-from-climate-change Ancient Ocean Acidification Intimates Long Recovery from Climate Change], July 22, 2010
* [http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1200/is_4_181/ai_n58571638/ Acidification alters fish behavior: higher carbon dioxide in oceans may affect brain chemistry] February 25, 2012 [[Science News]]
* [http://www.imber.info/index.php/Science/Working-Groups/SOLAS-IMBER-Carbon/Subgroup-3/ Coordination of international research efforts and synthesis activities in ocean acidification.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131010132252/http://www.imber.info/index.php/Science/Working-Groups/SOLAS-IMBER-Carbon/Subgroup-3 |date=2013-10-10 }} IMBER/SOLAS
* [http://www.imber.info/index.php/Science/Working-Groups/SOLAS-IMBER-Carbon/Subgroup-3 Understanding Ocean Acidification -- Educational Site from Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary -- Education Team] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131010132252/http://www.imber.info/index.php/Science/Working-Groups/SOLAS-IMBER-Carbon/Subgroup-3 |date=2013-10-10 }}
* [http://ocean.si.edu/ocean-videos/dr-francisco-chavez-ocean-acidification ''Dr. Francisco Chavez on Ocean Acidification'' – Smithsonian Ocean Portal]
* [http://epoca-project.eu/ European Project of Ocean Acidification] (EPOCA), a 4-year-long [[European Union|EU]] initiative to investigate ocean acidification (initiated June 2008)
* [http://bioacid.ifm-geomar.de/index.htm Biological Impacts of Ocean Acidification] (BIOACID), a [[Germany|German]] initiative funded by [[Federal Ministry of Education and Research (Germany)|BMBF]]
* [http://www.oceanacidification.org.uk/ Ocean Acidification Research Programme] (UKOARP), a 5-year-long [[United Kingdom|UK]] initiative funded by [[Natural Environment Research Council|NERC]], [[Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs|Defra]] and [[Department of Energy and Climate Change|DECC]]
* [http://www.ozean-der-zukunft.de/english/research-areas/greenhouse-oceans/ocean-acidification/facts/ Research Program on Ocean Acidification] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719072116/http://www.ozean-der-zukunft.de/english/research-areas/greenhouse-oceans/ocean-acidification/facts/ |date=2011-07-19 }} at the Cluster of Excellence "Future Ocean", [[Kiel]]
* [http://www.sfos.uaf.edu/oarc/ Ocean Acidification Research Center] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719000914/http://www.sfos.uaf.edu/oarc/ |date=2011-07-19 }} at [[University of Alaska Fairbanks]]
* [http://purl.fdlp.gov/GPO/gpo35773 Effects of Climate Change and Ocean Acidification on Living Marine Organisms: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Oceans, Atmosphere, Fisheries, and Coast Guard of the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, United States Senate, One Hundred Tenth Congress, First Session, May 10, 2007]
* [http://purl.fdlp.gov/GPO/gpo7764 The Environmental and Economic Impacts of Ocean Acidification: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Oceans, Atmosphere, Fisheries, and Coast Guard of the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, United States Senate, One Hundred Eleventh Congress, Second Session, April 22, 2010]
Baris 146 ⟶ 169:
* [http://abcnews.go.com/video/playerIndex?id=6248578 "Ocean Acidification & Climate"], by Clayton Sandell [[ABC News]]
* [http://www.huffingtonpost.com/philippe-cousteau/a-world-without-whales_b_254717.html A World Without Whales?] by [[Philippe Cousteau]], ''[[The Huffington Post]]''
* [http://www.oceana.org/climate/solutions/oceana/acidtest/ Acid Test: Can we save our oceans from {{chemWebarchive|COurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090925215720/http://oceana.org/climate/solutions/oceana/acidtest |2date=2009-09-25 }}?], [[Oceana (non-profit group)|Oceana]]
* [http://www.stanford.edu/group/microdocs/acidocean.html The Acid Ocean] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604094904/http://www.stanford.edu/group/microdocs/acidocean.html |date=2011-06-04 }}, [[Stanford University]]
* Sea Change (Parts [http://apps.seattletimes.com/reports/sea-change/2013/sep/11/pacific-ocean-perilous-turn-overview/ One], [http://apps.seattletimes.com/reports/sea-change/2013/sep/11/alaska-crab-industry/ Two], and [http://apps.seattletimes.com/reports/sea-change/2013/sep/11/oysters-hit-hard/ Three]), ''[[The Seattle Times]]''
* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=55D8TGRsl4k&feature=related ''The Other {{chem|CO|2}} Problem''], an EPOCA-commissioned educational animation created by students from [[Ridgeway School, Plympton|Ridgeway School]], [[Plymouth]]
* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5cqCvcX7buo ''Acid Test: The Global Challenge of Ocean Acidification''], by [[Natural Resources Defense Council]]
* [http://aseachange.net/ ''A Sea Change: Imagine a world without fish''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080609073108/http://www.aseachange.net/ |date=2008-06-09 }}, an award-winning documentary and related [[blog]] about ocean acidification
* [http://www.greenpeace.org/new-zealand/en/Multimedia/Videos/Ocean-Acidification-in-a-nutshell/ ''Ocean Acidification in a Nutshell''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110114213319/http://www.greenpeace.org/new-zealand/en/Multimedia/Videos/Ocean-Acidification-in-a-nutshell/ |date=2011-01-14 }}, by [[Greenpeace Aotearoa New Zealand]]
* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m-1fcNnJzaY&feature=youtu.be Ocean Acidification: An Ecosystem Facing Dissolution] by GEOMAR I Helmholtz-Centre for Ocean Research Kiel
* [http://cdiac.ornl.gov/oceans/co2rprt.html CO2SYS] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111014235319/http://cdiac.ornl.gov/oceans/co2rprt.html |date=2011-10-14 }}, a stand-alone [[executable]] (also available in a [http://www.ecy.wa.gov/programs/eap/models.html version for Microsoft Excel/VBA])
* [http://cran.at.r-project.org/src/contrib/Descriptions/seacarb.html seacarb] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080821112247/http://cran.at.r-project.org/src/contrib/Descriptions/seacarb.html |date=2008-08-21 }}, a [[R (programming language)|R package]] for [[Microsoft Windows|Windows]], [[Mac OS X]] and [[Linux]] (also available [http://www.obs-vlfr.fr/~gattuso/seacarb.php here]{{Pranala mati|date=Maret 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }})
* [http://www.soest.hawaii.edu/oceanography/faculty/zeebe_files/CO2_System_in_Seawater/csys.html CSYS], a [[MATLAB|Matlab script]]
 
[[Kategori:Ekologi perairan]]
[[Kategori:Oseanografi biologis]]▼
[[Kategori:Karbon]]
[[Kategori:Oseanografi kimiawi]]
[[Kategori:Perikanan]]
[[Kategori:Geokimia]]
[[Kategori:Oceanografi]]
[[Kategori:Efek pemanasan global]]
▲[[Kategori:Oseanografi biologisbiologi]]
 
 
{{Lingkungan-stub}}
Diperoleh dari "https://wiki-indonesia.club/wiki/Peningkatan_keasaman_air_laut"