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|caption=Lukisan [[Charles de Steuben]] ''Bataille de Poitiers en Octobre 732'' menggambarkan [[Charles Martel]] (berkuda) menghadapi [[Abdurrahman Al-Ghafiqi]] (kanan) dalam Pertempuran Tours.
|date=[[10 Oktober]] [[732]]
|place=dekat [[Tours]], [[
|result=Kemenangan Frank
|combatant1=Bangsa [[Frank]] [[Karolingia]]
|combatant2=[[Bani Umayyah|Kekhalifahan Umayyah]]
|commander1=[[Charles Martel]]
|commander2=[[Abdurrahman Al-Ghafiqi]]{{KIA}}
|strength1=mungkin 20.000-30.000
|strength2=tidak diketahui, namun sumber awal menyebutkan 80.000<ref>The earliest Muslim source for this campaign is the ''[[Futūh Miṣr]]'' of [[Ibn ʻAbd al-Ḥakam]] (c. 803-71) — see Watson, 1993 and Torrey, 1922.</ref> mention a figure of 80,000.
|casualties1=Tidak diketahui; 1,500 dilaporkan
|casualties2=Mungkin 10,000, termasuk Abdurrahman Al-Ghafiqi<ref>Hanson, 2001, p. 141.</ref>
|partof=Penaklukan Umayyah di Iberia}}{{Penaklukan Umayyah di Iberia}}
'''Pertempuran Tours''' ([[10 Oktober]] [[732]])<ref>Oman, 1960, p. 167.</ref> atau '''Pertempuran Poitiers''' atau ({{lang
▲'''Pertempuran Tours''' ([[10 Oktober]] [[732]])<ref>Oman, 1960, p. 167.</ref> atau '''Pertempuran Poitiers''' atau {{lang|ar| معركة بلاط الشهداء (ma‘arakat Balâṭ ash-Shuhadâ’)}} ''Pertempuran Bangsal Syuhada''<ref>Henry Coppée writes, "The same name (see ''ante'') was given to the battle of Toulouse and is applied to many other fields on which the Moslemah were defeated: they were always martyrs for the faith" (Coppée, 1881/2002, p. 13.)</ref> terjadi di dekat [[Tours]], sekitar perbatasan kekuasaan bangsa Frank dan [[Aquitaine]] yang saat itu masih merdeka. Dalam pertempuran ini, Bangsa [[Frank]] dan [[Burgundi|Burgundy]]<ref>Bachrach, 2001, p. 276.</ref><ref>Fouracre, 2002, p. 87 citing the ''[[Vita Eucherii]]'', ed. W. Levison, ''Monumenta Germaniæ Historica, Scriptores Rerum Merovingicarum'' VII, pp. 46–53, ch. 8, pp. 49–50; ''Gesta Episcoporum Autissiodorensium'', extracts ed. G. Waitz, ''Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Scriptores'' XIII, pp. 394–400, ch. 27, p. 394.</ref> pimpinan [[Charles Martel]], penguasa [[Austrasia]] melawan tentara [[Umayyah]] pimpinan [[Abdurrahman Al-Ghafiqi]], [[Wali Al-Andalus|gubernur]] [[Al-Andalus]]. Pertempuran ini berakhir dengan kemenangan bangsa Frank, terbunuhnya Al-Ghafiqi, serta perluasan kekuasaan Martel ke selatan. Rincian dari pertempuran ini, termasuk lokasi persis dan jumlah tentara yang bertarung dalam pertempuran ini tidak dapat benar-benar dipastikan. Yang jelas, bangsa Frank memenangkan pertempuran tanpa menggunakan [[kavaleri]].
Kemenangan Frank dalam pertempuran ini merupakan awal berdirinya [[Kekaisaran Karolingian]] dan dominasi bangsa Frank atas [[Eropa]], dan menurut sebagian sejarawan, kemenangan ini telah menyelamatkan keberadaan [[Agama Kristen]] dari upaya penaklukan [[umat]] [[Islam di Eropa]]. "Pendirian kekuasaan Frank di Eropa barat menentukan takdir benua tersebut, dan Pertempuran Tours memastikan kekuasaan tersebut."<ref>Davis, 1999, p. 106.</ref>
== Latar belakang ==
[[
Pertempuran Tours berlangsung 21 tahun setelah penjajahan dinasti [[Kekhalifahan Umayyah|Umayyah]] di Eropa, yang dimulai dengan menginvasi kerajaan Kristen [[Visigoth
Kebanyakan sejarawan memperkirakan kedua balatentara bertempur di pertemuan sungai [[:en:Clain|Clain]] dan [[Vienne]] antra Tours dan Poitiers. Jumlah pasukan kedua pihak tidak diketahui. ''[[:en:
Beberapa sejarawan modern, dengan memperkirakan kemampuan bangsa itu dan Martel sendiri, percaya bahwa jumlah pasukan Muslim melebihi pasukan Frank. Berdasarkan sumber Muslim dari
Jumlah korban juga tidak diketahui, tetapi para penulis kemudian mengklaim Charles Martel kehilangan 1.500 orang, sementara pasukan Umayyah menderita kerugian besar dengan kehilangan 375.000 orang.
Baris 36 ⟶ 35:
== Referensi dan bahan bacaan ==
<div class="references-small">
* [http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/732tours.html Arabs, Franks, and the Battle of Tours, 732: Three Accounts] from the [[Internet Medieval Sourcebook]]
* Bachrach, Bernard S (2001). ''Early Carolingian Warfare: Prelude to Empire''. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 0-8122-3533-9
* Barbero, Alessandro (2004). ''Charlemagne: Father of a Continent''. University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-23943-1
* Bede, Giles, John Allen, Stevens, John, Gurvey, Anna and Petrie, Henry (1847). ''The Venerable Bede's Ecclesiastical History of England''. H. G. Bohn.
* Bennett, Bradsbury, Devries, Dickie and Jestice, ''Fighting Techniques of the Medieval World''
* Coppée, Henry (1881/2002). ''History of the Conquest of Spain by the Arab Moors, With a Sketch of the Civilization Which They Achieved, and Imparted to Europe''. Vol II. Gorgias Press. ISBN 1-931956-94-4
* Cowley, Robert and Parker, Geoffrey (Eds.). (2001). ''The Reader's Companion to Military History''. Houghton Mifflin Books. ISBN 0-618-12742-9
* Creasy, Edward Shepherd (1851/2001). ''Decisive Battles of the World''. Simon Publicatons. ISBN 1-931541-81-7
* Davis, Paul K. (1999) "100 Decisive Battles From Ancient Times to the Present" ISBN 0-19-514366-3
* Eggenberger, David (1985). ''An Encyclopedia of Battles: Accounts of Over 1,560 Battles from 1479 B.C. to the Present''. Courier Dover Publications. ISBN 0-486-24913-1
* Fouracre, Paul (2000). ''The Age of Charles Martel''. Pearson Education. ISBN 0-582-06476-7
* Gibbon, Edward [http://print.google.com/print?id=xqfhvfOhW3EC&dq=+Decline+and+Fall+of+the+Roman+Empire+and+the+battle+of+tours,&oi=print&pg=PA392&sig=Jv43d1TFi_CI9fHPKIbtsHHsmy0&prev=http://www.google.com/search%3Fhl%3Den%26lr%3D%26q%3D%2BDecline%2Band%2BFall%2Bof%2Bthe%2BRoman%2BEmpire%2Band%2Bthe%2Bbattle%2Bof%2Btours%252C%26btnG%3DSearch The Battle of Tours]{{Pranala mati|date=Maret 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ''[[Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire]]''
* Grant, Michael ''History of Rome''
* Grunebaum, Gustave von (2005). ''Classical Islam: A History, 600 A.D. to 1258 A.D.'' Aldine Transaction. ISBN 0-202-30767-0
* [[Victor Davis Hanson|Hanson, Victor Davis]]. ''Carnage and Culture: Landmark Battles in the Rise of Western Power''. Anchor Books, 2001. Published in the UK as ''Why the West has Won''. Faber and Faber, 2001. ISBN 0-571-21640-4
* Hitti, Philip Khuri (2002). ''History of Syria Including Lebanon and Palestine''. Gorgias Press LLC. ISBN 1-931956-61-8
* Hooker, Richard [http://www.wsu.edu:8080/~dee/ISLAM/UMAY.HTM "Civil War and the Umayyads"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070205102618/http://www.wsu.edu:8080/~dee/ISLAM/UMAY.HTM |date=2007-02-05 }}
* Lewis, Bernard (1994). ''Islam and the West''. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-509061-6
* Martin, Robert W. [http://militaryhistory.about.com/b/a/118230.htm "The Battle of Tours is still felt today"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051018154547/http://militaryhistory.about.com/b/a/118230.htm |date=2005-10-18 }}, from [[about.com]]
* Mastnak, Tomaž (2002). ''Crusading Peace: Christendom, the Muslim World, and Western Political Order''. University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-22635-6
* Oman, Charles W. (1960). ''Art of War in the Middle Ages A. D. 378-1515''. Cornell University Press. ISBN 0-8014-9062-6
* Poke, [http://www.standin.se/fifteen07a.htm The Battle of Tours], from the book ''Fifteen Decisive Battles of the World From Marathon to Waterloo by Sir Edward Creasy, MA''
* Reagan, Geoffrey, ''The Guinness Book of Decisive Battles'', Canopy Books, NY (1992) ISBN 1-55859-431-0
* Riche, Paul (1993). ''The Carolingians: A Family Who Forged Europe''. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 0-8122-1342-4
* Roberts, J.M. (2003) ''The New History of the World'' Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-521927-9
* Santosuosso, Anthony (2004). ''Barbarians, Marauders, and Infidels''. Westview Press. ISBN 0-8133-9153-9
* Schoenfeld, Edward J. (2001). Battle of Poitiers. In Robert Cowley and Geoffrey Parker (Eds.). (2001). ''The Reader's Companion to Military History'' (p. 366). Houghton Mifflin Books. ISBN 0-618-12742-9
* Torrey, Charles Cutler (1922). ''The History of the Conquest of Egypt, North Africa and Spain: Known as the Futūh Miṣr of Ibn ʻAbd al-Ḥakam''. Yale University Press.
* [http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/History/Tours.html The Battle of Tours 732] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070222114403/http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/History/Tours.html |date=2007-02-22 }}, from the "[[Jewish Virtual Library]]" website: A division of the American-Israeli Cooperative.
* [http://www.lbdb.com/TMDisplayBattle.cfm?BID=250 Tours, Poiters] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020128121614/http://www.lbdb.com/TMDisplayBattle.cfm?BID=250 |date=2002-01-28 }}, from "Leaders and Battles Database" online.
* Watson, William E., [http://www.deremilitari.org/resources/articles/watson2.htm "The Battle of Tours-Poitiers Revisited"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080921205841/http://www.deremilitari.org/resources/articles/watson2.htm |date=2008-09-21 }}, ''Providence: Studies in Western Civilization'', 2 (1993)
* Wolf, Kenneth Baxter (2000). ''Conquerors and Chroniclers of Early Medieval Spain''. Liverpool University Press. ISBN 0-85323-554-6
</div>
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[[Kategori:Pertempuran]]
[[Kategori:Sejarah Gereja]]
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[[Kategori:Sejarah Islam]]
[[Kategori:Sejarah Kristen]]
[[Kategori:Al-Andalus]]
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