Umkhonto we Sizwe: Perbedaan antara revisi

|image=[[FileBerkas:Flag of the African National Congress Flag.svg|200px]]

'''Umkhonto we Sizwe''' (disingkat '''MK''', artinya "'''Tombak Bangsa'''") adalah sayap bersenjata [[Kongres Nasional Afrika]] (ANC) yang didirikan [[Nelson Mandela]] dan berperang melawan pemerintah Afrika Selatan.<ref name=mk>{{cite web|url=http://www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/history/manifesto-mk.html|title=Manifesto of Umkhonto we Sizwe|publisher=[[African National Congress]]|date=16 December 1961|accessdate=2006-12-30|archiveurl=httphttps://web.archive.org/web/20061217090228/http://www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/history/manifesto-mk.html <!-- Bot retrieved archive -->|archivedate=2006-12-17 December 2006}} {{deadlink|datedead-url=May 2013yes}}</ref> MK melancarkan serangan gerilya pertamanya terhadap instalasi-instalasi pemerintah pada tanggal 16 Desember 1961. MK kemudian dicap sebagai organisasi teroris oleh pemerintah Afrika Selatan dan [[Amerika Serikat]] dan dilarang berdiri.{{fact}}

MK menghentikan operasinya pada tanggal 1 Agustus 1990 menjelang akhir [[apartheid]] dan terintegrasi penuh dengan [[Pasukan Pertahanan Nasional Afrika Selatan]] tahun 1994.

Selain pendiri [[Nelson Mandela]],<ref name=mandela>[{{Cite web |url=http://www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/history/rivonia.html{{deadlink |datetitle=May2013 |access-date=2013}}-06-30 Statement|archive-date=2009-02-21 of|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090221095404/http://www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/history/rivonia.html Nelson|dead-url=yes Mandela at Rivonia trial]}}</ref> anggota-anggota MK yang terkenal meliputi:

* [[Michael Pillay]]<ref>{{cite news|last=Laganparsad|first=Monica|title=Recollections|url=http://www.timeslive.co.za/sundaytimes/article294529.ece/Recollections|newspaper=Sunday Times}} {{deadlink|access-date=May 2013-06-30|archive-date=2012-10-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121017061820/http://www.timeslive.co.za/sundaytimes/article294529.ece/Recollections|dead-url=yes}}</ref>

== Dalam budaya masyarakat ==

* Tahun 1984, album ''Spear of a Nation: Umkhonto we Sizwe'' karya musisi [[Prince Far I]] dirilis (pasca kematiannya) sebagai aksi solidaritas terhadap MK.

* Tahun 1987, [[album kompilasi]] hardcore ''Viva Umkhonto!'' dirilis melalui label Konkurrel asal Belanda. Album ini menampilkan [[Scream (band)|Scream]], Challenger Crew, Morzelpronk, Social Unrest, [[The Ex]], Depraved, [[Victims Family]], B.G.K., [[Rhythm Pigs]], Everything Falls Apart, Kafka Prosess, S.C.A.*, dan 76% Uncertain.

* Penulis dan pembuat film Afrika-Amerika kelahiran Zimbabwe [[M.K. Asante, Jr.]] memakai inisial MK sebagai bentuk penghormatan unuk Umkhonto we Sizwe.

* Profesor University of California, Irvine (UCI) [[Frank B. Wilderson III]] menulis tentang pengalamannya bekerja di MK tahun 1990-an dalam memoarnya yang diterbitkan tahun 2008, ''Incognegro''.<ref>{{cite book|last=Wilderson, III|first=Frank B.|title=Incognegro – A Memoir of Exile and Apartheid|year=2008|publisher=South End Press|isbn=978-0-89608-783-5|pages=500|url=http://www.southendpress.org/2007/items/87835|access-date=2013-06-30|archive-date=2013-05-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527075744/http://www.southendpress.org/2007/items/87835|dead-url=yes}}</ref>

* Lagu [[Dave Matthews Band]] "#36" dipersembahkan kepada [[Chris Hani]], kepala staf MK dan pemimpin [[Partai Komunis Afrika Selatan]] yang dibunuh. Liriknya mengandung refrain, "''Hani, Hani, won't you dance with me?''"

== Lihat pula ==

* [[Sejarah Afrika Selatan]]

* [[Sejarah militer Afrika Selatan]]

* [[Perang gerilya]]

* [[Pejuang kebebasan]]

* [[Partisan (militer)|Partisan]]

* [[Paramiliter]]

* [[Hari Rekonsiliasi]]

== Referensi ==

== Bacaan lanjutan ==

* Vladimir Shubin (Institute for African Studies, [[Russian Academy of Sciences]]), "Unsung Heroes: The Soviet Military and the Liberation of Southern Africa", ''Cold War History'', Vol. 7, No. 2, May 2007

* Vladimir Shubin, Moscow and ANC: Three Decades of Co-operation and Beyond

* Rocky Williams, see articles in the Journal of Security Sector Management and others

== Pranala luar ==

* [http://www.anc.org.za/themes.php?t=Umkhonto%20we%20Sizwe Collection of Umkhonto we Sizwe documents] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150220033111/http://anc.org.za/themes.php?t=Umkhonto%20we%20Sizwe |date=2015-02-20 }} – from anc.org, timeline and manifesto.

* The other armies: A brief historical overview of Umkhonto We Sizwe (MK), 1961–1994 – The South African Military History Society (''Military History Journal'', Vol 11 No 5)

* [http://www.ceeol.com/aspx/getdocument.aspx?logid=5&id=B96533F0-E7CE-4CF3-BD4C-409A8EE64951 The Question of Violence in Contemporary African Political Thought] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017030412/http://www.ceeol.com/aspx/getdocument.aspx?logid=5&id=B96533F0-E7CE-4CF3-BD4C-409A8EE64951 |date=2015-10-17 }} – PDF document by Kwasi Wiredu