Wikipedia

Muqatha'ah: Perbedaan antara revisi

Jelajahi riwayat secara interaktif
Konten dihapus Konten ditambahkan
VisualTeks wiki
RusdianaDablang (bicara | kontrib)
6.983 suntingan
←Membuat halaman berisi '{{Quran}} '''Muqattaʿāt''' ({{lang-ar|حروف مقطعات }} ''ḥurūf muqaṭṭaʿāt '' "disjoined letters"atau disconnected letters";<ref>مقطعات is the...'
 
k Mohamadhzanhari memindahkan halaman Muqatta'at ke Muqatha'ah: Sesuai yang terdapat di sumber yang telah terbit di online
 
(32 revisi perantara oleh 14 pengguna tidak ditampilkan)
Baris 1:
{{Quranitalic title}}
{{Quran|teks}}
'''Muqattaʿāt''' ({{lang-ar|حروف مقطعات }} ''ḥurūf muqaṭṭaʿāt '' "disjoined letters"atau disconnected letters";<ref>مقطعات is the plural of a participle from [[:wikt:قطع|قطع]] "to cut, break".</ref> also "mysterious letters") are combinations of between one and five [[Arabic alphabet|Arabic letters]] figuring at the beginning of 29 out of the 114 [[Surahh]]s (chapters) of the [[Quran]] just after the [[basmala]].<ref name=Massey2005>Massey, Keith. "Mysterious Letters." in Jane Dammen McAuliffe (ed.) [[Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān]]. Vol. 3 (205), p. 472 ([http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-the-quran/mysterious-letters-EQCOM_00128 .brillonline.com]).</ref> The letters are also known as ''fawātih'' ({{lang|ar|فواتح}})atau "openers" as they form the opening verse of their respective Surahs .
Di dalam [[Alquran]], '''huruf-huruf ''muqatha'ah''''' ({{lang-ar|الحروف المقطعة|translit=al-ḥurūf al-muqaṭṭaʿah|lit=huruf-huruf yang terpotong-potong}}) adalah huruf-huruf hijaiyah ([[abjad Arab]]) yang terletak di permulaan beberapa [[surah]].{{sfn|Ibnu Katsir|1998|loc=vol. 1, hlm. 68}} Huruf-huruf ini tidak membentuk suatu kata bermakna, melainkan diucapkan dengan nama setiap huruf penyusunnya secara terpotong-potong, seperti {{teks quran|2|1}} ''alif-lām-mīm''. Penggunaan huruf-huruf ini memberikan pesan bahwa Alquran menggunakan [[bahasa Arab]] sebagai bahasa pengantarnya.{{sfn|Anam|2010}}
 
FourEmpat Surahhs areSurah namedyang fordinamakan theirberdasarkan ''muqatta'at'', yaitu [[Surah Ta-Ha|''Ṭāʾ-Hāʾ'']], [[Surah Ya Sin|''Yāʾ-Sīn'']] , [[Sad (Surah) Sad|''sādṢād'']] anddan [[Surah Qaf (Surah)|'' Qāf'']].
 
Tidak ada seorangpun yang mengetahui maksud dari apa arti sebenarnya dari muqatta'at, hanya Allah yang mengetahuinya.
Theatauiginal significance of the letters is unknown. [[Tafsir]] ([[exegesis]]) has interpreted them as abbreviations for either [[names of God in Islam|namesatau qualities of God]]atau for the namesatau content of the respective Surahhs.
 
==Inventory Penyebaran ==
{|class="wikitable"
''Muqatta'at'' occur in Surahs 2&ndash;3, 7, 10&ndash;15, 19&ndash;20, 26&ndash;32, 36, 38, 40&ndash;46, 50 and 68. The letters are written together like a word, but each letter is pronounced separately.
|+ Tabel persebaran huruf-huruf muqatta'at di Alquran
 
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Surah
! ''Muqatta'at''
! Surah
! Akumulasi
|-
|[[Surah Al-Baqarah]]align=center | {{lang| ar|ألم}}<br/>''ʾAlif’Alif Lām Mīm'' ألم
| [[Surah Al-Baqarah|Al-Baqarah]], [[Surah Ali Imran|Ali Imran]], [[Surah Al-Ankabut|al-Ankabut]], [[Surah Ar-Rum|ar-Rum]], [[Surah Luqman|Luqman]], dan [[Surah As-Sajdah|as-Sajdah]]
| 6
|-
|[[Surah Al-Imran]]align=center | {{lang| ar|ألمص}}<br/>''ʾAlif Lām Mīm Ṣād'' ألم
| [[Surah Al-A'raf|Al-A'raf]]
| 7
|-
|[[Surah align=center Al-A'raf ]]| {{lang|ar| ألر}}<br/>''ʾAlif Lām Mīm sādRāʾ'' ألمص
| [[Surah Yunus|Yunus]], [[Surah Hud|Hud]], [[Surah Yusuf|Yusuf]], [[Surah Ibrahim|Ibrahim]], dan [[Surah Al-Hijr|al-Hijr]]
| 12
|-
|[[Surah 10]]align=center ''Yunus ''| {{lang|ar| ألمر}}<br/>''ʾAlif Lām Mīm Rāʾ'' ألر
| [[Surah Ar-Ra’d|Ar-Ra'd]]
| 13
|-
| align=center | {{lang|ar|كهيعص}}<br/>''Kāf Hāʾ Yāʾ ʿAin Ṣād''
|[[Surah 11]] '' Al-Hud '' || ''ʾAlif Lām Rāʾ'' ألر
| [[Surah Maryam|Maryam]]
| 14
|-
| align=center | {{lang|ar|طه}}<br/>''Ṭāʾ Hāʾ''
|[[Surah 12]] '' Yusuf '' || ''ʾAlif Lām Rāʾ'' ألر
| [[Surah Ta Ha|Ta Ha]]
| 15
|-
| align=center | {{lang|ar|طسم}}<br/>''Ṭāʾ Sīn Mīm''
|[[Surah 13]] '' Ar-Raʿd '' || ''ʾAlif Lām Mīm Rāʾ'' ألمر
| [[Surah Asy-Syu'ara'|Asy-Syu'ara']] dan [[Surah Al-Qasas|al-Qasas]]
| 17
|-
| align=center | {{lang|ar|طس}}<br/>''Ṭāʾ Sīn''
|[[Surah Ibrahim]] || ''ʾAlif Lām Rāʾ'' ألر
| [[Surah An-Naml|An-Naml]]
| 18
|-
| align=center | {{lang|ar|يس}}<br/>''Yāʾ Sīn''
|[[Surah Al-Hijr]] || ''ʾAlif Lām Rāʾ'' ألر
| [[Surah Ya Sin|Ya Sin]]
| 19
|-
| align=center | {{lang|ar|ص}}<br/>''Ṣād''
|[[Surah Maryam]] || ''Kāf Hāʾ Yāʾ ʿAin sād'' كهيعص
| [[Surah Sad|Sad]]
| 20
|-
| align=center | {{lang|ar|حم}}<br/>''Ḥā Mīm''
|[[Surah 20]] ''Ṭāʾ-Hāʾ '' || ''Ṭāʾ Hāʾ'' طه
| [[Surah Al-Mu'min|Ghaafir]], [[Surah Fussilat|Fussilat]], [[Surah Az-Zukhruf|az-Zukhruf]], [[Surah Ad-Dukhan|ad-Dukhan]], [[Surah Al-Jasiyah|Jatsiyah]], dan [[Surah Al-Ahqaf|al-Ahqaf]]
| 26
|-
| align=center | {{lang|ar|حم عسق}}<br/>''Ḥā Mīm; ʿAin Sīn Qāf''
|[[Surah 26]] '' Ash-Shua'ra '' (The Poets) || ''Ṭāʾ Sīn Mīm'' طسم
| [[Surah Asy-Syura|Asy-Syura]]
| 27
|-
| align=center | {{lang|ar|ق}}<br/>''Qāf''
|[[Surah 27]] ''An-Naml '' (The Ant) || ''Ṭāʾ Sīn'' طس
| [[Surah Qaf|Qaf]]
|-
| 28
|[[Surah 28]] '' Al-Qasas '' || '' Sīn Mīm'' طسم
|-
|[[Surah 29]] ''Al-Ankabut '' (The Spider) || ''ʾAlif Lām Mīm'' ألم
|-
|[[Surah 30]] '' Ar-Rum'' (The Romans) || ''ʾAlif Lām Mīm'' ألم
|-
|[[Surah 31]] ''Luqmān'' || ''ʾAlif Lām Mīm'' ألم
|-
|[[Surah 32]] ''As-Sajda'' (The Adoration) || ''ʾAlif Lām Mīm'' ألم
|-
|[[Surah 36]] '' Yāʾ-Sīn '' || ''Yāʾ Sīn'' يس
|-
|[[Surah 38]] '' sād'' || ''sād'' ص
|-
|[[Surah 40]] '' Ghafir'' (The Forgiver) || ''Hā Mīm'' حم
|-
|[[Surah 41]] ''Fussilat '' || ''Hā Mīm'' حم
|-
|[[Surah 42]] '' Al-Shūrā'' || ''Hā Mīm; ʿAin Sīn Qāf'' حم عسق
|-
|[[Surah 43]] ''Al-Zukruf'' (The Embellishment) || ''Hā Mīm'' حم
|-
|[[Surah Ad-Dukhan]]|| ''Hā Mīm'' حم
|-
|[[Surah Al-Jatsiyah]] || ''Hā Mīm'' حم
|-
|[[Surah Al-Ahqaf]] || ''Hā Mīm'' حم
|-
|[[Surah Qaf]] || ''Qāf'' ق
|-
|[[Surah Al-Qalam]] || ''Nūn'' ن
|-
| align=center | {{lang|ar|ن}}<br/>''Nūn''
| [[Surah Al-Qalam]]
| 29
|}
 
== Structural analysisStruktur ==
[[Berkas:Qur'anic initial letters en.PNG|ka|bingkai]]
[[File:Qur'anic initial letters en.PNG|right|frame|A [[Tree structure|tree diagram]] of the Qur'anic initial letters, labelled with the respective numbers of occurrences. To be read right to left.]]
ThereBerikut areada 14 uniquekombinasi combinationsyang unik; theyang mostpaling frequentbanyak areyaitu ''ʾAlif Lām Mīm'' anddan ''Hā Mīm'', occurringdisebutkan sixhingga timesenam eachkali.
Berikut adalah huruf-huruf muqatta'at, yaitu:
Of the 28 letters of the Arabic alphabet, exactly one half appear as muqatta'at, either singlyatau in combinations of two, three, fouratau five letters. The fourteen letters are:
''ʾalif'' أ,
''hā'' هـ,
Baris 92 ⟶ 90:
''qāf'' ق,
''rā'' ر.
<ref>''nun'' ن and ''qaf'' ق have no variant written without dots in modern script; Steward (2012): "the mysterious letters include no letters with dots. There is an apparent exception to this rule, the occurrences of ya in [Surahs 19 and 36 ...]"</ref><ref>Devin J. Steward, "The mysterious letters and other formal features of the Qur'an in light of Greek and Babylonianatauacular texts", in: ''New Perspectives on the Qur'an'' ed. Reynolds, Routledge (2012), 323-348 ([https://books.google.ch/books?id=6dqoAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA341#v=onepage&q&f=false p. 341]).</ref>
The six final letters of the [[Abjadiatauder]] ('' thakhadh ḍaẓagh'') are unused.
The letters represented correspond to those letters written without [[iʿjam|dots]], plus [[yodh|''ya'' ي]].<ref>''nun'' ن and ''qaf'' ق have no variant written without dots in modern script; Steward (2012): "the mysterious letters include no letters with dots. There is an apparent exception to this rule, the occurrences of ya in [Surahs 19 and 36 ...]"</ref>
It is possible that the restricted set of letters was supposed to invoke an archaic variant of the Arabic alphabet (modelled on the [[Hebrew alphabet|Hebrew]]-[[Aramaic alphabet|Aramaic]] [[Northwest Semitic abjad]]).<ref>Devin J. Steward, "The mysterious letters and other formal features of the Qur'an in light of Greek and Babylonianatauacular texts", in: ''New Perspectives on the Qur'an'' ed. Reynolds, Routledge (2012), 323-348 ([https://books.google.ch/books?id=6dqoAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA341#v=onepage&q&f=false p. 341]).</ref>
 
=== Akrofoni ===
Certain co-occurrence restrictions are observable in these letters; for instance, ''ʾAlif'' is invariably followed by Lām. The substantial majority of the combinations begin either ''ʾAlif Lām ''atau ''Hā Mīm''.
[[Muhammad Ali]] memberikan pendapatnya mengenai arti dari huruf-huruf berikut:
 
:Alif (ا): merujuk kepada kata Ana (أنا, saya)
In all but 3 of the 29 cases, these letters are almost immediately followed by mention of the Qur'anic revelation itself (the exceptions are Surahs [[Surah 29|29]], [[Surah 30|30]], and [[Surah 68|68]]); and some argue that even these three cases should be included, since mention of the revelation is made later on in the Surah. More specifically, one may note that in 8 cases the following verse begins "These are the signs...", and in another 5 it begins "The Revelation..."; another 3 begin "By the Qur'an...", and another 2 "By the Book..." Additionally, all but 3 of these Surahs are [[Meccan Surah]]s (the exceptions are Surahs [[Surah 2|2]], [[Surah 3|3]], [[Surah 13|13]].)
:Hā (ه): kependekan dari Al-Hādīy (الهادي, pemberi petunjuk)
 
:Ḥā (ح): kependekan dari Al-Ḥamīd (الحميد, Maha Terpuji),
''Lām'' and ''Mīm'' are conjoined and both are written with prolongation mark.
One letter is written in two styles. [Refer 19:01 and 20:01] Letter 20:01 is used only in the beginning and middle of a word and that in 19:01 is not used as such. الم is also the First Ayah of Surah 3, 29, 30, 31 and 32 [total 6].{{clarify|date=February 2016}}
 
 
===Acrophony===
[[Ibn Abbas]] and [[Ibn Mas'ud]], as cited by [[Abu Hayyan Al Gharnati]] in his Bahr Al Muhit,
are said to have favored the view that these letters stand for wordsatau phrases related to God and His Attributes.
[[Muhammad Ali (writer)|Muhammad Ali]] in his 1917 translation of the Qur'an
follows this tradition, giving the following interpretations the letters:
:Alif (ا): an abbreviation for Ana (أنا, I am)
:Hā (ه): as either an abbreviation for Al-Hādīy (الهادي, the Guide)atau an abbreviation for Man (in dialect), and
:Ḥā (ح): an abbreviation for Al-Ḥamīd (الحميد, the Praised),
:Ṭā (ط): as either an abbreviation for the Benignantatau an interjection equivalent to O (in dialect),
:Yā (ي): an interjection equivalent to O.
:Kāf (ك): an abbreviation for Al-Kāfi (كافي, the Sufficient),
:Lām (ل): anmerujuk abbreviationkepada forNama Allāh (الله, usingmenggunakan thehuruf second letterkeduanya),
:Mīm (م): askependekan either an abbreviation fordari Al-'Alīm (العليم, the Knowing, using the ending letter)atau for Al-Majīd (المجيد, the Glorious),
:Nūn (ن): (occurringkemungkinan onlyikan as the name ofnun ([[Surah 68paus]]): a word meaning Inkstand,
:Sīn (س): askependekan either an abbreviation for Manatau an abbreviation fordari As-Samī' (السميع, theMaha HearingMendengar),
:ʿAin (ع): ankependekan abbreviation fordari Al-'Alīm (العليم, theMaha KnowingMengetahui),
:sād (ص): ankependekan abbreviation fordari As-sādiq (الصادق, theMaha TruthfulBenar),
:Qāf (ق): ankependekan abbreviation fordari Al-Qādir (القادر, theMaha AlmightyBerkehendak),
:Rā (ر): andiartikan abbreviation for the Seeingmenjadi melihat (رائي / رأى / رؤيا / يرى / بصير )
 
===Surah contentArti dalam pendapat ===
[[Fakhr al-Din al-Razi]], berpendapat bahwasannya Allah memberi petunjuk kepada manusia melalui ayat-ayatnya.
[[Fakhr al-Din al-Razi]], a classical commentator of the Qur'an, has noted some twenty opinions regarding these letters, and mentions multiple opinions that these letters present the names of the Surahhs as appointed by God.
InIa addition,mengartikannya hedalam mentionsbahasa that Arabs would name things after such lettersArab, (for examplecontohnya, 'eye'mata assebagai 'ع', cloudsawan assebagai 'غ', anddan whalepaus assebagai 'ن'). {{bdo|ltr|<ref>{{cite journal|coauthors=Javed Ahmed Ghamidi, Shehzad Saleem|date=July 2003|title=Al-Baqarah (1-7)|journal=Renaissance|author=Michael R. Rose; Casandra L. Rauser; Laurence D. Mueller}}</ref>}}<ref>Amatul Rahman Omar and Abdul Mannan Omar, [http://tafsirs.com/introduction/ "Derivation of Vocabulary from its Root Alphabets"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160322024416/http://tafsirs.com/introduction/ |date=2016-03-22 }}, ''Exegesis of the Holy Qur'an - Commentary and Reflections'', 2015</ref>
[[Amin Ahsan Islahi]]{{year needed|date=February 2016}} supported al-Razi's opinion, arguing that since these letters are names for Surahhs, they are proper nouns.
[[Hamiduddin Farahi]] similarly attaches symbolic meanings to the letters, e.g. Nun (ن) symbolizing "fish" identifying the Surah dedicated to [[Jonah]],atau Ta (ط) representing "serpent" introducing Surahs that mention the story of Prophet [[Moses]] and serpents.<ref>{{cite book|author=Islahi, Amin Ahsan|title=Taddabur-i-Quran|publisher=Faraan Foundation| year=2004| pages=82–85}}</ref>
 
[[Amin Ahsan Islahi]] mendukung pendapat al-Razi, yang membenarkan hal-hal yang di pandapatkannya
Ahsan ur Rehman (2013) claims that there are phonological, syntactic and semantic links between the prefixed letters and the text of the chapters.<ref>[http://www.iiu.edu.pk/wp-content/uploads/downloads/academics/short_cv/fll/eng-male/ahsan-ur-rehman.pdf Ahsan ur Rehman], "Morpho Phonemic Patterns in the Prefixed Chapters of the Qur'an: A Stylistic Approach" (2013) [http://lasjan.page.tl/Muqattaat.htm lasjan.page.tl]
 
[[Hamiduddin Farahi]] menyimbolkan Nun (ن) sebagai "ikan", sebagai pertanda awal dari kisah perjalanan [[Nabi Yunus]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Islahi, Amin Ahsan|title=Taddabur-i-Quran|publisher=Faraan Foundation| year=2004| pages=82–85}}</ref><ref>[http://www.iiu.edu.pk/wp-content/uploads/downloads/academics/short_cv/fll/eng-male/ahsan-ur-rehman.pdf Ahsan ur Rehman] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626143638/http://www.iiu.edu.pk/wp-content/uploads/downloads/academics/short_cv/fll/eng-male/ahsan-ur-rehman.pdf |date=2015-06-26 }}, "Morpho Phonemic Patterns in the Prefixed Chapters of the Qur'an: A Stylistic Approach" (2013) [http://lasjan.page.tl/Muqattaat.htm lasjan.page.tl]
[http://lasjan.page.tl/Quranic-stylistics.htm A stylistic study of the consonant Șād (ﺹ) in three Qur’anic chapters:Șād (38), Maryam (19) and Al A‘rāf (7)] (2013)</ref>
 
== Referensi ==
===Scribal intrusionatau corruption===
'''Catatan kaki'''
Massey (1996) proposed new evidence for an older theory that the "Mystery Letters" were the initialsatau monograms of the scribes whoatauiginally transcribed the Surahs.<ref>{{cite book|author=Massey, Keith |title="A New Investigation into the "Mystery Letters" of the Qur'an" in ''''Arabica'''', Vol. 43 No. 3| year=1996| pages=497–501}}</ref>
{{reflist|2}}
 
'''Daftar pustaka'''
The Hebrew Theory<ref>{{Cite web|title = Muqatta'at|url = https://www.academia.edu/18497638/Muqattaat|website = www.academia.edu|accessdate = 2015-11-17}}</ref> assumes that the letters represent an import from [[Biblical Hebrew]].
{{refbegin}}
Specifically, the combination ''Alif-Lam'' would correspond to Hebrew [[El (god)|El]] "god".
* {{cite book |ref={{harvid|Al-Baidhawi|1418 H}} |last=Al-Baidhawi |first=Abdullah bin Umar bin Muhammad asy-Syirazi |title=Anwār al-Tanzīl Wa’asrār al-Ta’wīl |language=Arab |publisher=Dar Ihyaut Turats al-'Arabi |location=Beirut |year=1418 H |url=https://www.waqfeya.net/book.php?bid=10388}}
Abbreviations from Aramaicatau Greek have also been suggested.
* {{cite news |ref=harv |last=Anam |first=A. Khoirul |date=2010-01-10 |title=Memahami Al-Qur'an dalam Perspektif Sosiolinguistik |website=NU Online |df=dmy |url=https://www.nu.or.id/pustaka/memahami-al-qur039an-dalam-perspektif-sosiolinguistik-AMphP}}
 
* {{cite book |ref={{harvid|As-Suyuthi|1426 H}} |last=As-Suyuthi |first=Abdurrahman bin Abi Bakr |year=1426 H |title=Al-Itqān fī ‘Ulūm al-Qur’ān |language=Arab |publisher=Majma' al-Malik Fahd |location=Madinah |url=https://waqfeya.com/book.php?bid=1693}}
Bellamy (1973) proposed that the letters are the remnants of abbreviations for the [[Basmala|Bismillah]].<ref>Bellamy, James A. (1973) The Mysterious Letters of the Koran: Old Abbreviations of the Basmalah. ''Journal of the Americanatauiental Society'' 93 (3), 267-285. [http://www.jstor.org/stable/599460]</ref> Bellamy's suggestion was ciriticized as improbable by [[Alford T. Welch]] (1978).<ref>A. Welch, "al-Ḳurʾān" in: ''[[Encyclopedia of Islam]]'' 2nd ed. (1978).</ref>
* {{cite book |ref=harv |last=Ibnu Katsir |first=Abul Fida' Isma'il |year=1998 |title=Tafsīr al-Qur’ān al-‘Aẓīm |language=Arab |location=Beirut, Lebanon |publisher=Darul Kutub al-Alamiyyah}}
 
{{refend}}
[[Christoph Luxenberg]] in ''[[The Syro-Aramaic Reading of the Koran]]'' (2000)
proposed that substantial portions of the text of the Qur'an were directly taken from Syriac liturgy. His explanation of the disjoined letters is that they are remnants of indications for the liturgical recitation for the Syriac hymns that ended up being copied into the Arabic text.<ref>{{cite book|author=Luxenberg, Christoph|title=The Syro-Aramaic Reading of the Koran: A Contribution to the Decoding of the Language of the Koran 1st Edition| year = 2009}}</ref>
 
===Numerology===
There have been attempts to give [[numerology|numerological]] interpretations. Loth (1888) suggested a connection to [[Gematria|Jewish models]].<ref>Otto Loth, "Tabaris Korankommentar" ZDMG 35 (1888), 603f.</ref> [[Rashad Khalifa]] (1974) claimed to have discovered a mathematical code in the Qur'an based on these initials and the [[19 (number)|number 19]]. According to his claims, these initials occur throughout their respective chapters in multiples of nineteen.<ref>Rashad Khalifa, ''[http://www.masjidtucson.org/publications/books/vp/contents.html Quran: Visual Presentation of the Miracle]'', Islamic Productions International, 1982. ISBN 0-934894-30-2</ref> which is mentioned in Surah 74:30<ref>{{Cite quran|74|30|s=ns}}</ref>
The [[Báb]] uses Muqatta'at in his [[Selections from the Writings of the Báb#Qayy.C3.BAmu.27l-Asm.C3.A1.27|Qayyúmu'l-Asmá']].<ref>{{cite web | title = Reading Reading Itself: The Bab's `Surah of the Bees,' A Commentary on Qur'an 12:93 from the Surah of Joseph| last = Lawson| first = Todd | accessdate=2007-03-19 | url=http://www.h-net.msu.edu/~bahai/bhpapers/vol1/nahl2.htm#Preface}}</ref><ref name="BEP">See the following source for more about Bábí letter symbolism: {{cite encyclopedia |last= Editors |encyclopedia= Bahá’í Encyclopedia Project |title= Letters of the Living (Hurúf-i-Hayy) |year= 2009 |publisher= National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá’ís of the United States |location= Evanston, IL |url= http://www.bahai-encyclopedia-project.org/index.php?view=article&catid=38%3Ahistory&id=65%3Aletters-of-the-living&option=com_content&Itemid=74}}</ref> He writes in an early commentary and in his ''[[Báb#M.C3.A1h-K.C3.BA.2C late summer 1847 .E2.80.93 May 1848|Dalá'il-i-Sab'ih]]'' (Seven Proofs) about a [[hadith]] from [[Muhammad al-Baqir]] (the fifth [[Imamah (Shi'a doctrine)|Shia Imam]]) where it is stated that the first seven sets of Muqatta'at (Surah 2 through 13) have a [[Abjad numerals|numerical value]] of 1267, from which the year AD 1844 (the year of the Báb's declaration) can be derived.<ref>Lambden, Stephen N. ''[http://www.hurqalya.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/03-Biblical-islam-BBst/1844.HTM A note upon the messianic year 1260 / 1844 and the Bābī-Bahā'ī interpretation of the isolated letters of the Qur'an]''.</ref><ref name="saiedi109">{{cite book | title = Gate of the Heart: Understanding the Writings of the Báb | first = Nader | last = Saiedi | publisher = Wilfrid Laurier University Press | location = Waterloo, ON | pages = 109–110| isbn = 978-1-55458-035-4 | year = 2008 | url = http://books.google.com/?id=XTfoaK15t64C}}</ref>
 
===Mystical===
{{further|Hurufism}}
[[Sufism]] has a tradition of attributing mystical significance to the letters.
The details differ between schools of Sufism; Sufi tradition generally regards the letters as an extension to the [[Names of God in Islam|ninety-nine names of God]], with some authors offering specific "hidden" meanings for the individual letters.<ref>An example is given by Siddiq Osman Noormuhammad of the [[Naqshbandi]]atauder in '' Salawaat by Sufi Mashaaikh'' Nairobi (2004).</ref>
 
In 1857-58, [[Bahá'u'lláh]], founder of the [[Bahá'í Faith]], wrote his ''Commentary on the Isolated Letters'' (''Tafsír-i-Hurúfát-i-Muqatta'ih'', also known as ''Lawh-i-Áyiy-i-Núr'', ''Tablet of the Light Verse'').<ref name="marshall">{{cite web | title = What on earth is a disconnected letter? - Baha'u'llah's commentary on the disconnected letters| last = Marshall| first = Alison| accessdate=2007-03-19 | url=http://bahai-library.com/marshall_disconnected_letters}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Tafsír-al-Hurúfát al-Muqatta'át (Commentary on the Isolated Letters)atau Lawh-i Áyah-yi Núr (Tablet of the Light Verse) of Mírzá Husayn 'Alí Núrí Bahá'-Alláh (1817-1892)| last = Lambden | first = Stephen N. | accessdate=2007-03-19 | url=http://www.hurqalya.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/BAHA'-ALLAH/L-hurufat.htm}}</ref> In it, he describes how God created the letters. A black teardrop fell down from the Primordial Pen on the "[[Predestination in Islam|Perspicuous, Snow-white Tablet]]", by which the [[Arabic diacritics|Point]] was created. The Point then turned into an [[Aleph#Arabic|Alif]] (vertical stroke), which was again transformed, after which the Muqatta'at appeared. These letters were then differentiated, separated and then again gathered and linked together, appearing as the "names and attributes" of creation. Bahá'u'lláh gives various interpretations of the letters "''alif, lam, mim''", mostly relating to Allah, trusteeship (''wilayah'') and the prophethood (''nubuwwah'') of Muhammad. He emphasizes the central role of the ''alif'' in all the worlds of God.<ref name="marshall" />
 
==Referensi==
{{reflist|2}}
 
== Pranala luar ==
* [http://thedisconnectedletters.wordpress.com/ A comprehensive exposition of the theories surrounding the Muqatta'at]
* [http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/articles/59737615/consonant-sad-saad-three-quranic-chapters-sad-mary-al-ara-f The consonant şād in three Qur'anic chapters: Sād, Mary and al-A'rāf]
 
{{DEFAULTSORT:Muqatta'at}}
[[CategoryKategori:Al-Qur'anBahasa Arab]]
[[CategoryKategori:Bahasa ArabAyat]]
[[Category:Ayat]]
Diperoleh dari "https://wiki-indonesia.club/wiki/Muqatha%27ah"