Huawei: Perbedaan antara revisi
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{{short description|Perusahaan teknologi asal Tiongkok}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Huawei Technologies Group Co., Ltd.
| logo = Huawei_Standard_logo.svg
| logo_caption = Logo sejak tahun 2018
| image = Huawei 1.JPG
| logo_size = 100px
| image_size = 250px
| image_caption = Kantor pusat di Shenzhen, Guangdong
| native_name = {{lang|zh-cn|华为技术有限公司}}
| romanized_name = Huáwèi jìshù yǒuxiàn gōngsī
| type = [[Perusahaan swasta|Swasta]]
| industry = {{unbulleted list|class=nowrap|[[Elektronik konsumen]]|[[Peralatan telekomunikasi]]|[[Peralatan jaringan]]|[[Semikonduktor]]}}
| ISIN = HK0000HWEI11
| founded = {{start date and age|1987|9|15}}
| founder = [[Ren Zhengfei]]
| hq_location_city = [[Shenzhen]]
| hq_location_country = [[Tiongkok]]
| website = {{URL|https://www.huawei.com}}
| footnotes = <ref name="Huawei 2020 Annual">{{Cite report |title=Huawei Investment & Holding Co., Ltd. 2020 Annual Report |url=https://www-file.huawei.com/minisite/media/annual_report/annual_report_2020_en.pdf |access-date=31 March 2021 |publisher=Huawei Investment & Holding Co.}}</ref>
| area_served = Seluruh dunia (kecuali Amerika Serikat sejak tahun 2019)
| key_people = [[Ren Zhengfei]] ([[Kewirausahaan|pendiri]] & [[CEO]])<br />[[Liang Hua]] ([[Chairman]])<br />[[Meng Wanzhou]] (deputi chairman & [[CFO]])
| products = {{hlist |[[Jaringan pita lebar|jaringan pita lebar tetap]] dan [[Jaringan seluler|seluler]] |[[konsultan]]si dan [[Layanan terkelola]] |teknologi [[multimedia]] |[[ponsel cerdas]] |[[komputer tablet]] |[[dongle]] |[[TV cerdas]] | [[HarmonyOS]] | [[EMUI]] }}
| revenue = {{Increase}} {{CNY|891,368 milyar|link= yes}} (2020)<ref name="Annual Report">{{Cite web |title=Huawei Annual Report 2020 |website=Huawei |url=https://www.huawei.com/en/annual-report/2020 |access-date=31 March 2021}}</ref>
| operating_income = {{Decrease}} {{CNY|72,501 milyar}} (2020)
| net_income = {{Increase}} {{CNY|64,649 milyar}} (2020)
| assets = {{Increase}} {{CNY|876,854 milyar}} (2020)
| equity = {{Increase}} {{CNY|330,408 milyar}} (2020)
| num_employees = 197.000 (2020)<ref name="Annual Report" />
| parent = Huawei Investment & Holding<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zhong |first=Raymond |date=April 25, 2019 |title=Who Owns Huawei? The Company Tried to Explain. It Got Complicated. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/25/technology/who-owns-huawei.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190523005541/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/25/technology/who-owns-huawei.html |archive-date=23 May 2019 |access-date=22 May 2019 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref>
| brands = Huawei, [[Honor (merek)|Honor]] (2013–2020)
| subsid = [[Honor (merek)|Honor]] (2013–2020)<br /> Amartus<br />Caliopa<br />Chinasoft International<br />FutureWei Technologies<br />HexaTier<br />[[HiSilicon]]<br />iSoftStone
}}
{{Infobox Chinese
| pic = Huawei (Chinese characters).svg
| piccap = "Huawei" dalam Hanzi sederhana (atas) dan tradisional (bawah)
| picupright = 0.425
| s = 华为
| t = 華為
| l = "Pencapaian Luar Biasa" atau "Pencapaian Tiongkok"
| p = Huáwéi
| mi = {{IPAc-cmn|AUD|Huawei pronunciation.ogg|h|ua|2|.|wei|2}}
| j = Waa4-wai4
| y = Wàah-wàih
| ci = {{IPAc-yue|w|aa|4|.|w|ai|4}}
| poj = Hôa-uî
| altname = Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd.
| s2 = 华为技术有限公司
| t2 = {{nowrap|華為技術有限公司}}
| p2 = Huáwéi Jìshù Yǒuxiàn Gōngsī
| j2 = waa4 wai4 gei6 seot6 jau5 haan6 gung1 si1
| order = st
}}
'''Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd.''' ({{IPAc-en|'|hw|ɑː|w|eɪ|}} {{zh|s=华为|p={{Audio|Huawei pronunciation.ogg|Huáwéi|help=no}}|c=|t=}}) adalah sebuah [[perusahaan teknologi]] [[perusahaan multinasional|multinasional]] yang berkantor pusat di [[Shenzhen]], [[Guangdong]], [[Tiongkok]]. Perusahaan ini merancang, mengembangkan, dan menjual [[peralatan telekomunikasi]] dan [[elektronik konsumen]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 21, 2019 |title=A rare look insider Huawei, China's tech giant |url=https://www.cnn.com/interactive/2019/05/business/huawei-cnnphotos/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190522223303/https://www.cnn.com/interactive/2019/05/business/huawei-cnnphotos/index.html |archive-date=22 May 2019 |access-date=22 May 2019 |publisher=CNN}}</ref>
Perusahaan ini didirikan pada tahun 1987 oleh [[Ren Zhengfei]], mantan Deputi Komandan Resimen di [[Tentara Pembebasan Rakyat]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=https://www.huawei.com/uk/about-huawei/executives/board-of-directors/ren-zhengfei |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200319150655/https://www.huawei.com/uk/about-huawei/executives/board-of-directors/ren-zhengfei |archive-date=19 March 2020 |access-date=25 May 2020}}</ref> Awalnya fokus memproduksi [[kendali program tersimpan|switch telepon]], Huawei kemudian berekpansi dengan memproduksi jaringan telekomunikasi, menyediakan [[jasa konsultansi]] dan operasional dan peralatan untuk perusahaan di Tiongkok maupun di luar Tiongkok, serta memproduksi perangkat komunikasi untuk pasar ritel.<ref name="CSIS">{{Cite news |last=Ahrens |first=Nathaniel |date=February 2013 |title=China's Competitiveness Myth, Reality, and Lessons for the United States and Japan. Case Study: Huawei |publisher=Center for Strategic and International Studies |url=http://csis.org/files/publication/130215_competitiveness_Huawei_casestudy_Web.pdf |url-status=live |access-date=3 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150213062809/http://csis.org/files/publication/130215_competitiveness_Huawei_casestudy_Web.pdf |archive-date=13 February 2015 |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="Computerworld">{{Cite web |last=Shukla |first=Anuradha |date=18 April 2011 |title=Huawei maintained steady growth in 2010 |url=http://news.idg.no/cw/art.cfm?id=2A72801F-1A64-67EA-E484130BD34FD158 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110420180647/http://news.idg.no/cw/art.cfm?id=2A72801F-1A64-67EA-E484130BD34FD158 |archive-date=20 April 2011 |access-date=14 June 2011 |website=[[Computerworld]] |publisher=[[IDG Communications]] |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Huawei mempekerjakan lebih dari 194.000 orang {{as of |2019 | December | lc=on}}.<ref name="auto9">{{Cite news |date=1 December 2019 |title=Corporate Introduction – Who Is Huawei? |work=Huawei |url=https://www.huawei.com/en/about-huawei/corporate-information |url-status=live |access-date=6 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200119023531/https://www.huawei.com/en/about-huawei/corporate-information |archive-date=19 January 2020 |df=dmy-all}}</ref>
Huawei menyediakan produk dan jasanya di lebih dari 170 negara.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vance |first=Ashlee |last2=Einhorn |first2=Bruce |date=15 September 2011 |title=At Huawei, Matt Bross Tries to Ease U.S. Security Fears |work=Bloomberg BusinessWeek |url=http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/at-huawei-matt-bross-tries-to-ease-us-security-fears-09152011.html |url-status=live |access-date=28 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110924051143/http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/at-huawei-matt-bross-tries-to-ease-us-security-fears-09152011.html |archive-date=24 September 2011 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Pada tahun 2012, perusahaan ini menyalip [[Ericsson]] sebagai produsen peralatan telekomunikasi terbesar di dunia,<ref name="Economist">{{Cite news |date=3 August 2012 |title=Who's afraid of Huawei? |work=The Economist |url=http://www.economist.com/node/21559922 |url-status=live |access-date=15 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120803025128/http://www.economist.com/node/21559922 |archive-date=3 August 2012 |quote=Huawei has just overtaken Sweden's Ericsson to become the world's largest telecoms-equipment-maker. |df=dmy-all}}</ref> dan menyalip [[Apple Inc.|Apple]] pada tahun 2018 sebagai produsen [[ponsel cerdas]] terbesar kedua di dunia, di bawah [[Samsung Electronics]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gibbs |first=Samuel |date=1 August 2018 |title=Huawei beats Apple to become second-largest smartphone maker |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2018/aug/01/huawei-beats-apple-smartphone-manufacturer-samsung-iphone |url-status=live |access-date=1 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180801143248/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2018/aug/01/huawei-beats-apple-smartphone-manufacturer-samsung-iphone |archive-date=1 August 2018 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Pada tahun 2018, Huawei mencatatkan pendapatan sebesar US$108,5 milyar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Huawei expects 'eventful' 2018 to deliver $108.5bn in revenue |url=https://www.techradar.com/news/huawei-expects-eventful-2018-to-deliver-dollar1085bn-in-revenue |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190129122937/https://www.techradar.com/news/huawei-expects-eventful-2018-to-deliver-dollar1085bn-in-revenue |archive-date=29 January 2019 |access-date=6 January 2020 |website=Reuters |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Pada bulan Juli 2020, Huawei menyalip [[Samsung]] dan [[Apple Inc.|Apple]] sebagai merek ponsel cerdas teratas (dalam hal jumlah ponsel yang terjual) di dunia untuk pertama kalinya.<ref name="Business" /> Hal tersebut terutama disebabkan oleh menurunnya penjualan Samsung pada triwulan kedua tahun 2020, akibat [[pandemi COVID-19]].<ref name="Business">{{Cite web |last=Business |first=Sherisse Pham, CNN |title=Samsung slump makes Huawei the world's biggest smartphone brand for the first time, report says |url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/07/30/tech/huawei-samsung-q2-hnk-intl/index.html |access-date=2020-07-30 |website=CNN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kharpal |first=Arjun |date=2020-07-30 |title=Huawei overtakes Samsung to be No. 1 smartphone player in the world thanks to China as overseas sales drop |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/07/30/huawei-overtakes-samsung-to-be-no-1-smartphone-maker-thanks-to-china.html |access-date=2020-07-30 |website=CNBC |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Huawei Beats Samsung, Apple in Smartphones Shipments in Q2: Canalys |url=https://gadgets.ndtv.com/mobiles/news/huawei-tops-samsung-for-first-time-in-global-smartphone-shipments-in-q2-2020-canalys-2271176 |access-date=2020-07-30 |website=NDTV Gadgets 360 |language=en}}</ref>
Walaupun sukses secara internasional, Huawei mengalami kesulitan di sejumlah pasar, karena adanya dugaan [[Subsidi|dukungan negara]] yang tidak adil, keterkaitan dengan [[Tentara Pembebasan Rakyat]], dan [[Kekhawatiran atas keterlibatan Tiongkok dalam jaringan nirkabel 5G|kekhawatiran keamanan siber]]—terutama dari pemerintah Amerika Serikat—bahwa peralatan infrastuktur buatan Huawei dapat memungkinkan [[pengawasan]] oleh [[Pemerintah Tiongkok]].<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Allen-Ebrahimian |first=Bethany |date=June 24, 2020 |title=Defense Department produces list of Chinese military-linked companies |work=Axios |url=https://www.axios.com/defense-department-chinese-military-linked-companies-856b9315-48d2-4aec-b932-97b8f29a4d40.html |url-status=live |access-date=June 24, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625220923/https://www.axios.com/defense-department-chinese-military-linked-companies-856b9315-48d2-4aec-b932-97b8f29a4d40.html |archive-date=25 June 2020}}</ref> Dengan berkembangnya jaringan nirkabel [[5G]], ada permintaan dari Amerika Serikat dan sekutunya agar tidak mengadakan bisnis apapun dengan Huawei maupun perusahaan telekomunikasi lain asal Tiongkok, seperti [[ZTE]].<ref name=":6">{{Cite news |last=McCabe |first=David |date=2020-06-30 |title=F.C.C. Designates Huawei and ZTE as National Security Threats |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/30/technology/fcc-huawei-zte-national-security.html |url-status=live |access-date=2020-07-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200702160918/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/30/technology/fcc-huawei-zte-national-security.html |archive-date=2 July 2020 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Huawei kemudian berpendapat bahwa produknya "tidak memiliki risiko keamanan siber lebih besar" daripada produk perusahaan lain, dan tidak ada bukti mengenai klaim spionase dari Amerika Serikat.<ref>{{Cite web |last=McCaskill |first=Steve |date=2019-02-28 |title=Huawei: US has no evidence for security claims |url=https://www.techradar.com/news/huawei-us-has-no-evidence-for-security-claims |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190301162815/https://www.techradar.com/news/huawei-us-has-no-evidence-for-security-claims |archive-date=1 March 2019 |access-date=2019-03-13 |website=TechRadar |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Namun pertanyaan mengenai kepemilikan dan kendali Huawei, serta kekhawatiran mengenai seberapa besar dukungan negara kepada Huawei pun tetap muncul.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |last=Yap |first=Chuin-Wei |date=December 25, 2019 |title=State Support Helped Fuel Huawei's Global Rise |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/state-support-helped-fuel-huaweis-global-rise-11577280736 |url-status=live |access-date=December 25, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191225174935/https://www.wsj.com/articles/state-support-helped-fuel-huaweis-global-rise-11577280736 |archive-date=25 December 2019}}</ref> Huawei juga dituduh membantu pengawasan dan detensi massal [[suku Uyghur]] di [[kamp pendidikan ulang Xinjiang]], yang akhirnya menyebabkan sanksi dari [[Departemen Luar Negeri Amerika Serikat]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Wheeler |first=Caroline |date=December 22, 2019 |title=Chinese tech giant Huawei 'helps to persecute Uighurs' |url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/chinese-tech-giant-huawei-helps-to-persecute-uighurs-7dfcb56nw |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200511163329/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/chinese-tech-giant-huawei-helps-to-persecute-uighurs-7dfcb56nw |archive-date=11 May 2020 |access-date=25 May 2020 |website=The Times}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=VanderKlippe |first=Nathan |date=November 29, 2019 |title=Huawei providing surveillance tech to China's Xinjiang authorities, report finds |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/world/article-huawei-providing-surveillance-tech-to-chinas-xinjiang-authorities/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191202033810/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/world/article-huawei-providing-surveillance-tech-to-chinas-xinjiang-authorities/ |archive-date=2 December 2019 |access-date=25 May 2020 |website=The Globe and Mail}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Kelly |first=Laura |last2=Mills Rodrigo |first2=Chris |date=July 15, 2020 |title=US announces sanctions on Huawei, citing human rights abuses |work=The Hill |url=https://thehill.com/policy/technology/507443-us-announces-sanctions-on-huawei-citing-human-rights-abuses |access-date=July 15, 2020}}</ref> Huawei menguji [[kecerdasan buatan]] pengenalan wajah yang dapat mengenali ciri fisik khas dari sejumlah etnis untuk mengingatkan instansi pemerintah mengenai orang dari etnis tertentu.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Harwell |first=Drew |last2=Dou |first2=Eva |date=December 8, 2020 |title=Huawei tested AI software that could recognize Uighur minorities and alert police, report says |work=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2020/12/08/huawei-tested-ai-software-that-could-recognize-uighur-minorities-alert-police-report-says |access-date=December 19, 2020}}</ref>
Di tengah [[Perang dagang Amerika Serikat–Tiongkok|perang dagang antara Tiongkok dan Amerika Serikat]], Huawei dibatasi dalam berbisnis dengan perusahaan asal Amerika Serikat karena adanya dugaan pelanggaran terhadap [[Sanksi Amerika Serikat kepada Iran|sanksi Amerika Serikat]] kepada [[Iran]]. Pada tanggal 29 Juni 2019, Presiden Amerika Serikat [[Donald Trump]] mencapai kesepakatan untuk melanjutkan diskusi perdagangan dengan Tiongkok dan mengumumkan bahwa ia akan melonggarkan sanksi kepada Huawei. Huawei pun mengurangi 600 pekerja di pusat risetnya di Santa Clara pada bulan Juni 2019, dan pada bulan Desember 2019, Ren Zhengfei menyatakan bahwa Huawei akan memindahkan pusat risetnya ke [[Kanada]], karena pembatasan akan menghalangi mereka untuk berinteraksi dengan pegawainya di Amerika Serikat.<ref>{{Cite news |date=December 3, 2019 |title=Huawei moving US research center to Canada |work=Associated Press |url=https://apnews.com/29d6e00bbdc440feafd4c206ba27ef3a |access-date=July 11, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=McLeod |first=James |date=December 9, 2019 |title='Who's going to make the first move?': Canada not alone in the Huawei dilemma |language=en-CA |work=Financial Post |url=https://financialpost.com/telecom/whos-going-to-make-the-first-move-canada-not-alone-in-the-huawei-dilemma |access-date=2020-07-11}}</ref> Pada tanggal 17 November 2020, Huawei setuju untuk menjual merek [[Honor (merek)|Honor]] ke Shenzen Zhixin New Information Technology untuk "memastikan kelangsungan hidupnya", setelah adanya sanksi dari Amerika Serikat.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lawler |first=Richard |date=November 17, 2020 |title=Huawei sells Honor phone brand to 'ensure' its survival |url=https://www.engadget.com/huawei-honor-sold-024435704.html |access-date=November 17, 2020 |website=[[Engadget]]}}</ref>
==Nama==
Menurut pendiri Huawei, Ren Zhengfei, nama ''Huawei'' berasal dari slogan yang ia lihat di dinding, yakni ''Zhonghua youwei'' yang berarti "Tiongkok telah berjanji" (中华有为, ''Zhōnghuá yǒuwéi''), saat ia mendirikan perusahaan ini dan sedang memikirkan nama yang bagus.<ref>{{Cite web |title=任正非:华为名源自中华有为 我们要教外国人怎么念_科技频道_凤凰网 |url=http://tech.ifeng.com/telecom/detail_2013_12/01/31700411_0.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190603043947/http://tech.ifeng.com/telecom/detail_2013_12/01/31700411_0.shtml |archive-date=3 June 2019 |access-date=2019-06-03 |website=tech.ifeng.com}}</ref> ''Zhonghua'' atau ''Hua'' berarti Tiongkok,<ref>{{Cite web |title=中华 |url=https://www.mdbg.net/chinese/dictionary?page=worddict&wdrst=0&wdqb=%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E |website=MDBG}}</ref> sementara ''youwei'' berarti "berjanji/menunjukkan janji".<ref>{{Cite web |title=有为 |url=https://www.mdbg.net/chinese/dictionary?page=worddict&wdrst=0&wdqb=%E6%9C%89%E4%B8%BA |website=MDBG}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=有为 yǒuwéi |url=https://dict.naver.com/linedict/zhendict/#/cnen/entry/79b42bfb7d974a7999f9ae7a5430cd4e |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190928234939/https://dict.naver.com/linedict/zhendict/#/cnen/entry/79b42bfb7d974a7999f9ae7a5430cd4e |archive-date=28 September 2019 |access-date=17 September 2019 |website=LINE Dict}}</ref> ''Huawei'' juga diterjemahkan sebagai "pencapaian luar biasa" atau "Tiongkok mampu".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vaswani |first=Karishma |date=6 March 2019 |title=Huawei: The story of a controversial company |work=BBC |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/resources/idt-sh/Huawei |url-status=live |access-date=28 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200128051303/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/resources/idt-sh/Huawei |archive-date=28 January 2020}}</ref> Dalam [[pinyin]], nama perusahaan ini ''Huáwéi'',<ref>{{Cite web |title=华为 |url=https://www.mdbg.net/chinese/dictionary?page=worddict&wdrst=0&wdqb=%E5%8D%8E%E4%B8%BA |website=MDBG}}</ref> dan dilafalkan sebagai {{IPAc-cmn|h|ua|2|wei|1}} dalam [[Bahasa Mandarin]]. Dalam [[Bahasa Kanton]], nama perusahaan ini diterjemahkan dengan [[Jyutping]] sebagai ''Waa<sup>4</sup>-wai<sup>4</sup>'' dan dilafalkan sebagai {{IPAc-yue|w|aa|4|w|ai|4}}.
== Referensi ==
{{Reflist}}
== Pranala luar ==
*{{Commons category inline}}
{{Library resources box}}
* {{Official website|https://www.huawei.com/}}
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{{Huawei|phones=yes|tablets=yes|laptops=yes|wearables=yes|cpu=yes|os=yes|services=yes|people=yes|other=yes|below=yes}}
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