Irving Berlin: Perbedaan antara revisi

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'''Irving Berlin''' ({{lahirmati|[[Rusia]]|11|5|1888|[[New York City]], [[Amerika Serikat]]|22|9|1989}}) adalah seorang [[komponis]] dan penulis lagu [[Amerika Serikat]], salah seorang pengarang lagu yang paling berbakat dan terkenal dalam sejarah. Berlin adalah salah seorang dari segelintir penulis lagu [[Tin Pan Alley]]/[[teater Broadway|Broadway]] yang menulis baik kata-kata maupun musik dari lagu-lagunya. Meskipun ia tidak pernah belajar untuk membaca musik lebih dari tingkat yang paling dasar, ia mengarang lebih dari 3.000 lagu, antara lain adalah ("[[God Bless America]]", "[[White Christmas (song)|White Christmas]]", "[[Alexander's Ragtime Band]]", "[[There's No Business Like Show Business (lagu)|There's No Business Like Show Business]]") meninggalkan tanda yang tidak terhapuskan pada musik dan budaya Amerika. Selain lagu-lagunya itu, ia juga mengarang 17 karya musik untuk film dan 21 karya musik [[teater Broadway|Broadway]].

 

== Biografi ==

=== Masa kecil ===

 

 

Banyak dari lagunya yang pertama, di antaranya "Sadie Salome (Go Home)", "That Mesmerizing Mendelssohn Tune", dan "Oh How That German Could Love", cukup sukses dalam bentuk [[lembaran musik]], sebagai rekaman, di panggung [[vaudeville]], atau sebagai interpolasi ke dalam pertunjukan panggung, namun lagunya "Alexander's Ragtime Band", yang dikarangnya pada [[1911]], yang membuat kariernya menjulang sebagai salah satu bintang paling cemerlang dari Tin Pan Alley. Richard Corliss, dalam [[Time (majalah)|Time]] menulis profil Berlin pada 2001:

<!--<blockquote>''[[Alexander's Ragtime Band]]'' (1911). It was a march, not a rag, and its savviest musicality comprised quotes from a [[bugle call]] and ''[[Swanee River]]''. But the tune, which revived the ragtime fervor that [[Scott Joplin]] had stoked a decade earlier, made Berlin a songwriting star. On its first release, four versions of the tune charted at # 1, # 2, # 3 and # 4. [[Bessie Smith]], in 1927, and [[Louis Armstrong]], in 1937, made the top 20 with their interpretations. In 1938 the song was # 1 again, in a [[duet]] by [[Bing Crosby]] and Connee Boswell; another Crosby duet, this time with [[Al Jolson]], hit the top-20 in 1947. [[Johnny Mercer]] charted a swing version in 1945, and Nellie Lutcher put it on the [[R&B]] charts (# 13) in 1948. Add [[Ray Charles]]' brilliant [[big-band]] take in 1959, and "Alexander" had a dozen hit versions in a bit under a half century.<ref>[http://www.time.com/time/sampler/article/0,8599,189846,00.html That Old Christmas Feeling: Irving America. Richard Corliss remembers Irving Berlin, whose career was more than "White Christmas" and "God Bless America"] TIME Magazine. December 24, 2001</ref></blockquote>

 

After the success of "Alexander," Berlin was rumored to be writing a "[[ragtime]] [[opera]]," but instead he produced his first full-length work for the musical stage, "Watch Your Step" (1914), starring [[Vernon and Irene Castle]], the first [[musical comedy]] to make pervasive use of [[syncopated]] rhythms. A similar show entitled "Stop! Look! Listen!" followed in 1915.

 

[[Berkas:BerlinTime.jpg|thumb|right|On the cover of Time magazine: [[May 28]], [[1934]].]]

 

In 1927, one of Berlin's songs, "Blue Skies," a hit from 1926, was featured in the first [[talkie]] (motion picture with sound), ''[[The Jazz Singer (1927 film)|The Jazz Singer]]'', in which it was sung by Al Jolson.

[[Top Hat]] (1935) was the first of a series of distinctive film musicals pioneered by Berlin that featured popular and attractive performers (such as Bing Crosby, Fred Astaire, Judy Garland, and Ginger Rogers), light romantic plots, and a seemingly endless string of his new and old songs. Others films of this sort included [[On the Avenue]] (1937), [[Holiday Inn]] (1942), [[Blue Skies]] (1946), and [[Easter Parade]] (1948). The film version of [[This Is the Army]] (1943), which featured Berlin himself singing "Oh, How I Hate to Get Up in the Morning," was a success, but film versions of several of his stage musicals, including [[Annie Get Your Gun]] (1950) and [[Call Me Madam]] (1953), were somewhat less successful than his written-for-Hollywood shows.

[[Holiday Inn]] introduced "[[White Christmas (song)|White Christmas]]," one of the most-recorded songs in history. First sung in the film by [[Bing Crosby]], it sold over 30 million copies when released as a record. The song was re-used as the title theme of the 1954 musical film, ''White Christmas'', which starred Crosby, [[Danny Kaye]], [[Rosemary Clooney]], and [[Vera-Ellen]]. Crosby's single of "White Christmas" was recognized as the [[List of best selling singles|best-selling single]] in any music category for more than 50 years until 1997, when [[Elton John]]'s tribute to [[Diana, Princess of Wales]], "[[Candle In the Wind]]," overtook it in a matter of months. However, Crosby's recording of "White Christmas" has sold additional millions of copies as part of numerous compilation albums, including his best-selling album ''Merry Christmas'', which was first released as an [[Vinyl record|LP]] in 1949.

[[Berkas:Music_album_record_white_christmas.jpg|250px|right|White Christmas, 1995 re-release CD album cover]].

His friend and fellow songwriter [[Jule Styne]] said of him, "It's easy to be clever. But the really clever thing is to be simple."<ref>[http://www.washtimes.com/commentary/20040610-091743-3433r.htm Media met its match] by Mark Steyn (Washington Times)</ref> Asked to define Berlin's place in American music, Jerome Kern said he had none: "Irving Berlin ''is'' American music."

 

[[Berkas:Dorothy Goetz Berlin grave.jpg |thumb|Dorothy Goetz's grave ([[Forest Lawn Cemetery, Buffalo]], NY)]]

 

 

His second wife was [[Ellin Mackay]], a devout Irish-American Catholic and heiress to the [[Comstock Lode]] mining fortune, as well as an avant-garde writer who had been published in ''[[The New Yorker]]''. They were married in 1926, against the wishes of both his family, who objected to religious intermarriage, and her father, [[Clarence Mackay]], a prominent Roman Catholic layman, who disinherited her.<ref>[http://www.nydailynews.com/city_life/big_town/v-bigtown_archive/story/209553p-180590c.html NY Daily News archives]</ref>

 

The couple had three daughters—[[Mary Ellin Barrett]], Linda Emmett, and Elizabeth Peters —and a son, Irving Berlin, Jr., who died as an infant on Christmas Day.

Berlin's patriotism was real, and deep. Too old for military service when his country entered World War II in [[1941]], he devoted his time and energy to writing new patriotic songs, such as "Any Bonds Today?", donating the proceeds from [[This Is the Army]] to the army itself, and entertaining the troops with a road company of that show, in which he was a member of the cast. After performances in the United States, the show played in London in 1943, at a time when the city was still under air attack from Germany. After a tour of the British Isles, the show went on to North Africa and then Italy, playing in Rome only weeks after that city was liberated. Next came the Middle East and the Pacific, where performances often took place in close proximity to battle zones. In recognition of this important and courageous contribution to troop morale, at war's end Berlin was awarded the Medal of Merit by President Truman.

 

 

Irving Berlin died of a [[heart attack]] in [[New York City]] at the [[Centenarians|age of 101]] and was interred in the [[Woodlawn Cemetery, Bronx|Woodlawn Cemetery]] in [[The Bronx]], [[New York]]. He had been predeceased by his wife, Ellin.

 

{{toomuchtrivia}}

*Berlin was the only person to ever find his own name on the winners' envelope at the [[Academy Awards|Oscars]], winning the award for best music in an original song for the song "[[White Christmas (song)|White Christmas]]" in the film ''[[Holiday Inn (film)|Holiday Inn]]'' in 1942. [[Bing Crosby]]'s single of that song sold more than 30 million copies. Berlin was nominated for six others during his career.

*In spite of his musical career, Berlin never learned how to read music beyond a rudimentary level. He reportedly was unable to compose in any key other than [[F-sharp major]] (or, presumably, [[D-sharp minor]], since he also wrote songs in minor keys) and owned a [[Transposing piano|special piano]] that mechanically transposed keys while an assistant wrote out the music scores.

*Was once invited to lunch and was asked inappropriate questions by Winston Churchill, who confused him with political philosopher [[Isaiah Berlin]] ([http://berlin.wolf.ox.ac.uk/tribute/2berlins.htm 'Desert Island Discs', Radio 4, 19 April 1992])

*in 1945, while he was in Leyte, Philippines entertaining the American liberation troops, he composed the "Heaven Watch the Philippines" song.

* Became the oldest songwriter to have a hit in Billboard's Top 100 with [[Taco Ockerse]]'s cover of "Puttin' on the Ritz" recorded in 1982.

* Christmas and Easter can hardly be celebrated without Berlin's songs, a fact [[Tom Lehrer]] had in mind when, explaining why he had written "I'm Spending Hannukah in Santa Monica," he quipped that America's Jewish songwriters were too busy writing tunes for Christian holidays.-->

 

== Rujukan ==

 

 

== Catatan kaki ==

* {{imdb name|id=0000927|name=Irving Berlin}}

* [http://www.irvingberlin.com/ Irving Berlin Music Company]

 

{{Great American Songbook}}

 

 

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