Konflik Mali Utara: Perbedaan antara revisi

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Revisi per 19 Agustus 2016 08.23 sunting Alifurrahman (bicara \| kontrib) 209 suntingan Dibuat dengan menerjemahkan halaman "Northern Mali conflict" Tag: Terjemahan Konten		Revisi terkini sejak 27 November 2023 23.55 sunting balikkan 111.94.84.142 (bicara) Tidak ada ringkasan suntingan Tag: halaman dengan galat kutipan
(45 revisi perantara oleh 10 pengguna tidak ditampilkan)
Baris 1: {{Infobox military conflict\|conflict=Konflik Mali Utara\|partof=<br>[[Pemberontakan di wilayah Maghreb (2002–sampai saat ini)]]\|image=[[Berkas:Northern Mali conflict.svg\|350px]]\|caption=Peta yang menunjukan wilayah terluas yang sempat dikuasai oleh pemberontak pada Januari 2013, sebelum diambil alih oleh militer Mali dan pasukan Prancis.\|date=16 Januari 2012 – 20 Februari 2015<br>({{Age in years, months, weeks and days\|month1=01\|day1=16\|year1=2012\|month2=02\|day2=20\|year2=2015}})\|place=Northern [[Mali]]\|result=Gencatan Senjata Pemberontak Tuareg memukul mundur pasukan Pemerintah Mali dari wilayah Mali Utara pada Januari 2012 <ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.mnlamov.net/actualites/34-actualites/166-la-fin-des-operations-militaires.html\|title=Communiqué N°14-04-04-2012- Fin des Opérations Militaires\|publisher=Mnlamov\|accessdate=12 January 2013\|archive-date=2012-06-16\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120616153736/http://www.mnlamov.net/actualites/34-actualites/166-la-fin-des-operations-militaires.html\|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Presiden Mali [[Amadou Toumani Touré]] diturunkan dari jabatannya melalui kudeta pimpinan [[Amadou Sanogo]] pada tahun 2012<ref name=guardian1>{{cite news\|title=Mali rebels claim to have ousted regime in coup\|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2012/mar/22/mali-rebels-coup\|work=The Guardian\|date=22 March 2012\|location=London\|first=Afua\|last=Hirsch}}</ref> Wilayah Mali Utara dikuasai sepenuhnya oleh pemberontak pada April 2012, Azawad merdeka dideklarasikan oleh [[National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad\|MNLA]]<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2012/04/20124644412359539.html\|title=Tuaregs claim 'independence' from Mali\|date=6 April 2012\|publisher=Al Jazeera\|accessdate=6 April 2012}}</ref> dan didukung oleh [[Ansar Dine]]<ref name=BBC265>{{cite news \|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-18224004 \|title=Mali Tuareg and Islamist rebels "agree on Sharia state \|date=26 May 2012 \|publisher=BBC News \|accessdate=27 May 2012 \|deadurl=yes \|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6CO7JoGGO?url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-18224004 \|archivedate=2012-11-23 }}</ref> Kelompok Muslim ([[Ansar Dine]], [[Al-Qaeda in Islamic Maghreb\|AQIM]]<ref>{{cite news\|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/mali/9365390/Trouble-in-Timbuktu-as-Islamists-extend-control.html\|title=Trouble in Timbuktu as Islamists extend control\|last=Flood\|first=Zoe\|date=29 June 2012\|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]\|quote=Ansar Dine ordered the Tuareg MNLA group to leave the historical city of Timbuktu ... backed by al-Qaeda's north African branch\|accessdate=6 July 2012\|location=London}}</ref> dan [[MOJWA]]) mengambil alih wilayah Mali Utara dari MNLA dan menerapkan hukum syariah di wilayah tersebut. Prancis dan sebagian negara Afrika mengintervensi dan memberikan bantuan kepada pasukan Mali untuk mengambil alih wilayah Mali Utara. Perjanjian damai antara Pemerintah Mali dan pemberontak Tuareg ditandatangani pada 18 Juni 2013<ref name="peace">{{cite news \|title=Mali and Tuareg rebels sign peace deal \|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-22961519 \|publisher=BBC \|date=19 June 2013 \|deadurl=yes \|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150321062328/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-22961519 \|archivedate=2015-03-21 \|access-date=2016-08-19 }}</ref> Perjanjian damai berakhir setelah pasukan Mali menembak pengunjuk rasa tak bersenjata<ref name="aljazeera.com">{{cite news\|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2013/11/mali-tuareg-fighters-end-ceasefire-2013113093234673103.html\|title=Mali's Tuareg fighters end ceasefire\|agency=AlJazeera\|date=30 November 2013\|accessdate=28 December 2013}}</ref><ref name="http">{{cite news \|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-25161049 \|title=Tuareg separatist group in Mali 'ends ceasefire' \|agency=BBC \|date=29 November 2013 \|accessdate=28 December 2013 \|work=BBC News \|deadurl=yes \|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202065114/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-25161049 \|archivedate=2013-12-02 }}</ref> Gencatan senjata ditandatangani pada tanggal 20 Februari 2015 antara Pemerintah Mali dan aliansi enam kelompok bersenjata<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-31544438\|title=Mali signs UN ceasefire to end conflict with northern rebels\|work=BBC News}}</ref> Pemimpin Mali menolak pilihan otonomi, tetapi berkemauan untuk memberikan kesempatan pada kekuatan lokal\|combatant1={{flagicon\|Mali}} [[Government of Mali]] [[Military of Mali]] {{flag\|France}}<br>[[Economic Community of West African States\|ECOWAS]] {{Collapsible list \|bullets = yes \|title = full list \|{{flag\|Benin}}<ref name="fr24"/> \|{{flag\|Burkina Faso}}<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/2/9/62330/World/International/MALI-UPDATE--Burkina-Faso,-Nigeria-to-send-troops-.aspx \|title=MALI UPDATE 5: Burkina Faso, Nigeria to send troops to Mali \|publisher=English.ahram.org.eg \|accessdate=13 January 2013}}</ref> \|{{flag\|Cape Verde}}<ref name="en.apa.az"/> \|{{flag\|Gambia}}<ref name="en.apa.az">{{cite web\|url=http://en.apa.az/news_int_l_support_mission_for_mali_to_begin__186169.html\|title=APA – Int'l Support Mission for Mali to begin operations on Friday\|publisher=APA\|date=18 January 2013\|accessdate=28 January 2013\|archive-date=2013-10-04\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004215546/http://en.apa.az/news_int_l_support_mission_for_mali_to_begin__186169.html\|dead-url=yes}}</ref> \|{{flag\|Ghana}}<ref name="Ghana Business News">{{cite web\|title=Ghana agrees to send troops to Mali\|url=http://www.ghanabusinessnews.com/2013/01/14/ghana-agrees-to-send-troops-to-mali/\|publisher=Ghana Business News\|accessdate=18 January 2013\|date=14 January 2013}}</ref> \|{{flag\|Guinea}}<ref name="BBC- In Days">{{cite news\|title=Mali conflict: West African troops to arrive 'in days'\|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-21029916\|publisher=Mali conflict: West African troops to arrive 'in days'\|accessdate=15 January 2013\|date=15 January 2013}}</ref> \|{{flag\|Guinea-Bissau}}<ref name="en.apa.az"/> \|{{flag\|Ivory Coast}}<ref name="BBC- In Days" /> \|{{flag\|Liberia}}<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.news.heritageliberia.net/index.php/inside-heritage/general-news/78-slides/1191-ellen-liberia-will-send-troops-to-mali-for-peace-mission \|title=Ellen: Liberia Will Send Troops to Mali for Peace Mission – Heritage Newspaper Liberia \|publisher=News.heritageliberia.net \|accessdate=28 January 2013 }}{{dead link\|date=May 2016\|bot=medic}}{{cbignore\|bot=medic}}</ref> \|{{flag\|Niger}}<ref>{{cite news \|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/01/12/us-mali-rebels-niger-idUSBRE90B0A520130112 \|title=Niger says sending 500 soldiers to Mali operation \|agency=Reuters \|accessdate=13 January 2013 \|first=John \|last=Irish \|date=12 January 2013 \|archive-date=2015-09-24 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924173150/http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/01/12/us-mali-rebels-niger-idUSBRE90B0A520130112 \|dead-url=yes }}</ref> \|{{flag\|Nigeria}}<ref name="reuters.com"/> \|{{flag\|Sierra Leone}}<ref name="WSJ- Aid Pledged">{{cite news\|title=Aid Pledged to Mali as More Troops Deploy\|url=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424127887323783704578248002130070528.html\|accessdate=18 January 2013\|newspaper=Wall Street Journal\|date=17 January 2013}}</ref> \|{{flag\|Senegal}}<ref name="reuters.com">{{cite news \|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/01/11/us-mali-rebels-partners-idUSBRE90A0UX20130111 \|title=Mali says Nigeria, Senegal, France providing help \|agency=Reuters \|accessdate=13 January 2013 \|first=Bate \|last=Felix \|date=11 January 2013 \|archive-date=2015-09-24 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924173130/http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/01/11/us-mali-rebels-partners-idUSBRE90A0UX20130111 \|dead-url=yes }}</ref> \|{{flag\|Togo}}<ref name="fr24">{{cite news\|url=http://www.france24.com/fr/20130114-mali-djihadistes-semparent-dune-ville-a-400-km-bamako-le-drian \|title=Les djihadistes s'emparent d'une ville à 400 km de Bamako \|accessdate=14 January 2013 \|language=fr}}</ref> }}<!-- Chad, Burundi, Gabon, South Africa, Rwanda, Tanzania and Uganda are combatants since they deploy ground troops, but ARE NOT part of ECOWAS.--> '''Konflik Mali Utara''', '''Perang Saudara''' '''Mali '''atau '''Perang Mali''' adalah konflik bersenjata yang dimulai dari bulan Januari 2012 yang melibatkan antara Mali bagian utara dan selatan. Pada 16 Januari 2012, beberapa kelompok-kelompok pemberontak mulai [[Pemberontakan Tuareg 2012\|berjuang]] melawan pemerintah Mali untuk mendapatkan kemerdekaan atau otonomi lebih besar untuk wilayah bagian utara [[Mali]], sebuah area yang dikenal sebagai [[Azawad]]. Gerakan Nasional untuk Pembebasan Azawad (MNLA), sebuah organisasi yang berjuang untuk memperjuangkan kemerdekaan bagi wilayah Azawad dan membuatnya menjadi tanah air bagi [[Tuareg\|orang-orang Tuareg]], yang telah memegang kontrol wilayah tersebut sejak bulan April 2012. ---- {{flag\|Chad}}<ref name="Courier Mail-Chad">{{cite news\|title=Chad to send 2000 soldiers to Mali\|url=http://www.couriermail.com.au/news/breaking-news/chad-to-send-2000-soldiers-to-mali/story-e6freoo6-1226555842447\|accessdate=18 January 2013\|newspaper=Courier Mail\|date=17 January 2013\|archive-date=2020-06-15\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200615111521/https://www.couriermail.com.au/news/breaking-news/chad-to-send-2000-soldiers-to-mali/news-story/16f0e60d3afa23bb59cc410f98fb2287?nk=ed234dc094691ab6a23f9b1de30d394a-1592219721\|dead-url=yes}}</ref> <br/>{{flag\|Burundi}}<ref name="Africa Review">{{cite news\|title=AU to hold donor conference on Mali intervention\|url=http://www.africareview.com/News/AU-to-hold-donor-conference-on-Mali-intervention/-/979180/1668702/-/u8hj4h/-/index.html\|accessdate=18 January 2013\|newspaper=Africa Review\|date=18 January 2013\|archive-date=2021-04-23\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423112814/http://www.africareview.com/News/AU-to-hold-donor-conference-on-Mali-intervention/-/979180/1668702/-/u8hj4h/-/index.html\|dead-url=yes}}</ref> <br/>{{flag\|Gabon}}<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/trend-lines/12667/global-insider-despite-early-successes-france-s-mali-challenge-is-long-term \|title=WPR Article \| Global Insider: Despite Early Successes, France’s Mali Challenge is Long-Term \|publisher=Worldpoliticsreview.com \|date=8 March 2004 \|accessdate=28 January 2013}}</ref> <br/>{{flag\|South Africa}}<ref name="nzweek1">{{cite news\|url=http://www.nzweek.com/world/five-more-african-countries-pledge-to-send-troops-into-mali-nigerian-minister-45103/ \|title=Five more African countries pledge to send troops into Mali: Nigerian minister \|publisher=NZweek \|accessdate=28 January 2013}}</ref> <br/>{{flag\|Rwanda}}<ref name="nzweek1"/> <br/>{{flag\|Tanzania}}<ref name="nzweek1"/> <br/>{{flag\|Uganda}}<ref>{{cite news \|url=http://tvnz.co.nz/world-news/forces-capture-gao-rebel-stronghold-5327697 \|title=Forces capture Gao rebel stronghold – World News \|publisher=TVNZ \|accessdate=28 January 2013 \|deadurl=yes \|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127175219/http://tvnz.co.nz/world-news/forces-capture-gao-rebel-stronghold-5327697 \|archivedate=2013-01-27 }}</ref> <br/>{{flag\|China}}<ref name="armyrecognition.com">{{cite web\|url=http://www.armyrecognition.com/december_2013_defense_industry_military_news_uk/chinese_army_soldiers_conduct_first_mission_as_peacekeepers_in_mali_1612131.html \|title=Chinese army soldiers conduct first mission as peacekeepers in Mali 1612131 - Army Recognition \|publisher=Armyrecognition.com \|date= \|accessdate=2014-02-11}}</ref> ---- '''''Supported by:'''''<br> <!-- DO NOT list EU countries under the European Union. EU support is different than the support of the particular countries, and they offered their support independently.--> {{Collapsible list \|bullets = yes \|title = full list \|{{flag\|European Union}}<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.euronews.com/2013/01/14/eu-dilemma-over-malian-armed-forces-training/ \|title=EU dilemma over Malian armed forces training \|publisher=Euronews \|date=14 January 2013 \|deadurl=yes \|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130119002546/http://www.euronews.com/2013/01/14/eu-dilemma-over-malian-armed-forces-training \|archivedate=2013-01-19 \|access-date=2016-08-19 }}</ref><ref name="BBC News">{{cite news \|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-21998398 \|title=Mali Crisis: EU troops begin training mission \|publisher=BBC News \|date=2 April 2013 \|deadurl=yes \|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130402191030/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-21998398 \|archivedate=2013-04-02 \|access-date=2016-08-19 }}</ref> \|{{flag\|Angola}}<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201302280891.html \|title=Angola: Country Makes Progress in Implementing Vienna Declaration \|publisher=allAfrica.com \|date=28 February 2013 \|accessdate=6 March 2013}}</ref> \|{{flag\|Australia}}<ref>{{cite web\|last=Metherell\|first=Lexi\|title=Australia Tips 10 million in to Mali Effort\|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-01-30/australia-tips-10-million-in-to-mali-effort/4490554\|publisher=ABC News\|accessdate=7 February 2013}}</ref> \|{{flag\|Belgium}}<ref>{{cite news\|title=Regering keurt steun aan militaire interventie in Mali goed (Belgium sends transport planes, helicopters and military personnel)\|url=http://www.standaard.be/artikel/detail.aspx?artikelid=DMF20130114_085\|newspaper=[[De Standaard]]\|accessdate=18 January 2013\|language=Dutch\|date=15 January 2012}}</ref> \|{{flag\|Bulgaria}} \|{{flag\|Canada}}<ref name="CBC News">{{cite news\|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/story/2013/01/14/pol-mali-canada-logistical-support.html \|title=Canada sending C-17 transport plane to help allies in Mali \|publisher=cbcnews.ca\|date=14 January 2013 \|accessdate=14 January 2013}}</ref><ref name="CBC Newsw">{{cite news\|url=http://news.nationalpost.com/2013/01/28/canadian-special-forces-on-the-ground-in-mali/ \|title=Canadian special forces on the ground in Mali \|work=National Post\|date=28 January 2013 \|accessdate=28 January 2013}}</ref> \|{{flag\|Comoros}}<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.afriquejet.com/20130121318/Mali-Comoros-backs-military-intervention-in-Mali.html \|title=Mali: Comoros backs military intervention in Mali \|publisher=Afriquejet.com \|date=21 January 2013 \|accessdate=28 January 2013 \|deadurl=yes \|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130124054434/http://www.afriquejet.com/20130121318/Mali-Comoros-backs-military-intervention-in-Mali.html \|archivedate=2013-01-24 }}</ref> \|{{flag\|Czech Republic}}<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://aktualne.centrum.cz/domaci/politika/clanek.phtml?id=770689\|title=Czech government approved sending troops to Mali \|publisher=aktuálně.cz \|date=6 February 2013 \|accessdate=6 February 2013}}</ref> \|{{flag\|Denmark}}<ref>{{cite web\|title=Danmark sender transportfly ind i kampene i Mali (Denmark confirms sending transport planes to Mali skirmish)\|url=http://politiken.dk/politik/ECE1867670/danmark-sender-transportfly-ind-i-kampene-i-mali/\|work=Politiken\|accessdate=18 January 2013\|date=14 January 2012\|archive-date=2013-01-16\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116231025/http://politiken.dk/politik/ECE1867670/danmark-sender-transportfly-ind-i-kampene-i-mali/\|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>[http://politiken.dk/politik/ECE1867670/danmark-sender-transportfly-ind-i-kampene-i-mali/ Denmark Confirms Sending Transport Planes to Mali Skirmish] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116231025/http://politiken.dk/politik/ECE1867670/danmark-sender-transportfly-ind-i-kampene-i-mali/ \|date=2013-01-16 }}. ''Politiken'', 2013.</ref> \|{{flag\|Germany}}<ref name="AFP-Germany">{{cite news \|title=Germany pledges two transport planes for Mali \|url=http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gLCZvOIyoF3XB-cZRV3sf3Nw_LYA?docId=CNG.686473089b00d35ee260e32043cd391d.1b1 \|accessdate=18 January 2013 \|agency=Agence France-Presse \|date=16 January 2013 \|deadurl=yes \|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130201200947/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gLCZvOIyoF3XB-cZRV3sf3Nw_LYA?docId=CNG.686473089b00d35ee260e32043cd391d.1b1 \|archivedate=2013-02-01 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2013/jan/29/mali-nations-pledge-military-force Germany pledges third transport plane, 20m dollars for Mali] ''The Guardian'', Tuesday 29 January 2013</ref> \|{{flag\|Hungary}}<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.kormany.hu/hu/honvedelmi-miniszterium/hirek/magyarorszag-tiz-kikepzovel-jarul-hozza-a-missziohoz \|title=Magyarország tíz kiképzővel járul hozzá a misszióhoz \|publisher=kormany.hu \|date=14 February 2013 \|language=Hungarian \|deadurl=yes \|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130729220142/http://www.kormany.hu/hu/honvedelmi-miniszterium/hirek/magyarorszag-tiz-kikepzovel-jarul-hozza-a-missziohoz \|archivedate=2013-07-29 \|access-date=2016-08-19 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.politics.hu/20130214/defense-minister-says-hungary-seeking-involvement-in-mali-conflict/\|title=Defense Minister says Hungary seeking involvement in Mali conflict\|publisher=politics.hu\|date=14 February 2013\|access-date=2016-08-19\|archive-date=2014-07-14\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714210310/http://www.politics.hu/20130214/defense-minister-says-hungary-seeking-involvement-in-mali-conflict/\|dead-url=yes}}</ref> \|{{flag\|Ireland}}<ref>{{cite news \|url=http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/frontpage/2013/0214/1224330015385.html \|title=Irish and British join forces in Mali mission \|work=The Irish Times \|date=January 1970 \|accessdate=13 January 2013 \|deadurl=yes \|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130214014751/http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/frontpage/2013/0214/1224330015385.html \|archivedate=2013-02-14 }}</ref> \|{{flag\|Italy}}<ref name="Telegraph-Italy">{{cite news\|title=Mali: Italy to offer France logistical support\|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/mali/9806111/Mali-Italy-to-offer-France-logistical-support.html\|accessdate=18 January 2013\|newspaper=The Telegraph\|date=16 January 2013\|location=London\|first=Nick\|last=Squires}}</ref> \|{{flag\|India}}<ref name=toi1>{{cite news\|title=India pledges $100m for Mali reconstruction\|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-02-05/india/36763465_1_mali-intervention-mali-crisis-tuaregs\|accessdate=6 February 2013\|newspaper=The Times of India\|date=5 February 2013\|archive-date=2013-10-04\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004232557/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-02-05/india/36763465_1_mali-intervention-mali-crisis-tuaregs\|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref name=toi2>{{cite news\|title=India's reaction to Mali conflict differs from Syrian, Libyan crises\|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-02-04/india/36741687_1_mali-army-mali-conflict-mali-crisis\|accessdate=6 February 2013\|newspaper=The Times of India\|date=4 February 2013\|archive-date=2013-05-31\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130531185953/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-02-04/india/36741687_1_mali-army-mali-conflict-mali-crisis\|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref name="31 January 2013">{{cite web\|title=India pledges $1 million to UN-backed mission to Mali\|url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/D6lcrpxXzETzxyUuFJYmlN/India-pledges-1-million-to-UNbacked-mission-to-Mali.html\|publisher=Live Mint\|accessdate=6 February 2013}}</ref><ref name=tet>{{cite news\|title=India pledges USD one million to UN-backed mission to Mali\|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-01-31/news/36658925_1_usd-afisma-malian-army\|accessdate=6 February 2013\|newspaper=The Economic Times\|date=31 January 2013}}</ref><ref name=nti5f>{{cite news\|title=India supports efforts at restoring order in Mali\|url=http://www.newstrackindia.com/newsdetails/2013/02/05/424--India-supports-efforts-at-restoring-order-in-Mali-.html\|accessdate=6 February 2013\|newspaper=Newstrack India\|date=5 February 2013}}</ref> \|{{flag\|Japan}}<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.voanews.com/content/japan-offers-new-aid-to-mali-sahel-region/1592733.html \|title=Japan Offers New Aid to Mali, Sahel Region \|publisher=Voice of America \|date=29 January 2013 \|accessdate=6 March 2013}}</ref> \|{{flag\|Morocco}}<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://twitter.com/search?q=%23afisma \|title=Twitter / Zoeken – #afisma \|publisher=Twitter \|accessdate=6 March 2013}}</ref> \|{{flag\|Namibia}}<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.az.com.na/politik/hilfe-fr-mali-zugesagt.163146.php \|title=Hilfe für Mali zugesagt \|publisher=Az.com.na \|date=31 January 2013 \|accessdate=6 March 2013 \|archive-date=2016-06-08 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160608032006/http://www.az.com.na/politik/hilfe-fr-mali-zugesagt.163146.php \|dead-url=yes }}</ref> \|{{flag\|Netherlands}}<ref>{{cite news \|title=Nederlands transport voor Franse missie Mali \|url=http://www.blikopnieuws.nl/bericht/155005/Nederlands_transport_voor_Franse_missie_Mali.html \|accessdate=19 January 2013 \|publisher=Nieuws.nl \|date=17 January 2013 \|deadurl=yes \|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130119060048/http://www.blikopnieuws.nl/bericht/155005/Nederlands_transport_voor_Franse_missie_Mali.html \|archivedate=2013-01-19 }}</ref> \|{{flag\|Romania}}<ref name="Yahoo! România">{{cite web \|url=http://ro.stiri.yahoo.com/militari-rom%C3%A2ni-trimi%C8%99i-%C3%AEn-misiunea-din-mali-063002488.html \|title=Militari români, trimiși în misiunea din Mali \|publisher=[[Yahoo!\|Yahoo! România]] \|date=6 February 2013 \|language=Romanian \|deadurl=yes \|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130211014700/http://ro.stiri.yahoo.com/militari-rom%C3%A2ni-trimi%C8%99i-%C3%AEn-misiunea-din-mali-063002488.html \|archivedate=2013-02-11 \|access-date=2016-08-19 }}</ref> \|{{flag\|Spain}}<ref>[http://www.cuartopoder.es/laespumadeldia/2013/01/13/espana-promete-ayuda-militar-y-apoyo-logistico-a-mali-en-la-guerra-contra-ansar-dine/ España confirma que intervendrá en Malí]. Cuartopoder, 2013.</ref><ref>[http://www.abc.es/espana/20130114/rc-espana-ofrece-avion-transporte-201301141451.html Spain provides a transport plane.] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130118174648/http://www.abc.es/espana/20130114/rc-espana-ofrece-avion-transporte-201301141451.html \|date=2013-01-18 }}. ABC, 2013.</ref> \|{{flag\|United Arab Emirates}}<ref name="rappler">{{cite web\|url=http://www.rappler.com/world/20238-mali-aid-offers-pour-in-army-chief-sets-sights-on-timbuktu \|title=Mali aid offers pour in; Army chief sets sights on Timbuktu \|publisher=Rappler.com \|accessdate=28 January 2013}}</ref> \|{{flag\|United Kingdom}}<ref>{{cite news\|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-20999533 \|title=UK troops to assist Mali operation to halt rebel advance \|publisher=BBC \|date=14 February 2013 \|accessdate=14 January 2013}}</ref> \|{{flag\|United States}}<ref>{{cite web\|title=US provide French air transport in Mali\|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2013/01/201311813241652988.html\|work=US to provide French air transport in Mali\|publisher=Al Jazeera\|accessdate=19 January 2013}}</ref> \|{{flag\|Turkey}} }} ---- '''''Non-state combatants:''''' * [[Ganda Iso]]<br/>([[Songhai people\|Songhai]] secular militia) * {{flagicon image\|Flag of the Arab Movement of Azawad.svg}} [[National Liberation Front of Azawad]]<br/>(FLNA)<ref name="FLNA">{{cite web\|author=Par Europe1.fr avec AFP \|url=http://www.europe1.fr/International/Mali-nouveau-groupe-arme-cree-dans-le-Nord-1027345/ \|title=Mali: nouveau groupe armé créé dans le Nord \|publisher=Europe1.fr \|accessdate=9 April 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Citation \|title=New north Mali Arab force seeks to "defend" Timbuktu \|first1=Bate \|last1=Felix \|first2=Adama \|last2=Diarra \|agency=Reuters \|date=10 April 2012 \|url=http://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFJOE83901120120410 \|accessdate=2016-08-19 \|archive-date=2012-07-25 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120725194722/http://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFJOE83901120120410 \|dead-url=yes }}</ref>\|combatant2=* {{flagicon image\|MNLA flag.svg}} [[National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad]]<br/>(MNLA)<br/> * Islamic Movement of Azawad<br/>(MIA)<ref name="El País">{{cite web\|url=http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2013/01/30/actualidad/1359531971_708206.html\|title=El Ejército francés se detiene ante Kidal, el feudo de la minoría tuareg de Malí\|author=Ediciones El País\|work=EL PAÍS\|accessdate=17 December 2014}}</ref>\|combatant3={{flagicon image\|AQMI_Flag.svg}} [[Islamism\|Islamists]] * [[Al-Mourabitoun (jihadist group)\|Al-Mourabitoun]] * [[Ansar al-Sharia (Mali)\|Ansar al-Sharia]] * [[Ansar Dine]]<ref>{{cite news\|title=Gunfire breaks out as Tuareg rebels enter northern Mali city \|url=http://www.montrealgazette.com/news/Gunfire+breaks+Tuareg+rebels+enter+northern+Mali+city/6391463/story.html \|publisher=montrealgazette.com \|date=31 March 2012 \|accessdate=1 April 2012 }}{{dead link\|date=May 2016\|bot=medic}}{{cbignore\|bot=medic}}</ref> * [[Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb\|AQIM]] * [[Boko Haram]]<ref name="bokomali">{{cite news\|title=Traore readies to take over in Mali\|url=http://www.news24.com/Africa/News/Traore-readies-to-take-over-in-Mali-20120411\|publisher=news24.com\|date=12 April 2012\|accessdate=12 April 2012\|archive-date=2018-07-17\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180717071253/https://www.news24.com/Africa/News/Traore-readies-to-take-over-in-Mali-20120411\|dead-url=yes}}</ref> * [[Macina Liberation Front]]<ref name="reuters">{{cite web\|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/08/19/us-mali-violence-idUSKCN0QO19320150819#2K2trL5OYpi7dI0s.97\|title=Mali's Islamist conflict spreads as new militant group emerges\|work=Reuters\|accessdate=17 November 2015\|archive-date=2015-11-18\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151118151633/http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/08/19/us-mali-violence-idUSKCN0QO19320150819#2K2trL5OYpi7dI0s.97\|dead-url=yes}}</ref> * [[Movement for Oneness and Jihad in West Africa\|MOJWA]]<ref name="mojwa">{{cite news\|title=Tuareg-jihadists alliance: Qaeda conquers more than half of Mali\|url=http://www.middle-east-online.com/english/?id=51578\|publisher=middle-east-online.com\|date=4 April 2012\|accessdate=6 April 2012\|archive-date=2013-07-22\|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6IIzCv6HI?url=http://www.middle-east-online.com/english/?id=51578\|dead-url=yes}}</ref><br><small>(active until 2013, merged with fighters loyal to Belmokhtar to form Al-Mourabitoun)</small><ref name="ReferenceC">{{cite news\|title=Islamist group claims responsibility for Mali attack that killed 5\|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/03/07/us-mali-attacks-group-idUSKBN0M30SN20150307\|publisher=reuters.com\|date=7 March 2015\|accessdate=7 March 2015\|archive-date=2015-09-24\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924214111/http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/03/07/us-mali-attacks-group-idUSKBN0M30SN20150307\|dead-url=yes}}</ref>\|commander1={{flagicon\|Mali}} [[Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta]]<small> (since September 2013)</small><br/>{{flagicon\|Mali}} [[Dioncounda Traoré]]<small> (since April 2012)</small><br/>{{flagicon\|Mali}} [[Amadou Sanogo]] <small>(since March 2012)</small><br/>{{flagicon\|Mali}} [[Amadou Toumani Touré]] <small>(until March 2012)</small><br/>{{flagicon\|Mali}} [[Sadio Gassama]] <small> (until March)</small><br/>{{flagicon\|Mali}} [[El Haji Ag Gamou]] <small> (until March)</small><br/>{{flagicon\|France}} [[François Hollande]]<br/>{{flagicon\|France}} [[Édouard Guillaud]]<br/>{{flagicon\|France}} Colonel [[Thierry Burkhard]]<br/>{{flagicon\|France}} [[Brigade General]] [[Gregory de Saint-Quentin]]<br/> {{flagicon\|Nigeria}} [[Shehu Usman Abdulkadir]]<br/>{{flagicon\|Niger}} [[Yaye Garba]]<br/>{{flagicon\|Chad}} [[Mahamat Déby Itno]]<br/> {{flagicon\|Chad}} [[Abdel Aziz Hassane Adam]] {{KIA}}<br/> {{flagicon\|Chad}} [[Omar Bikomb]] {{Collapsible list \|bullets = yes \|title = full list \|{{flagicon\|Senegal}} [[Macky Sall]] \|{{flagicon\|Nigeria}} [[Goodluck Jonathan]] \|{{flagicon\|Ivory Coast}} [[Alassane Ouattara]] \|{{flagicon\|Niger}} [[Mahamadou Issoufou]] \|{{flagicon\|Liberia}} [[Ellen Johnson Sirleaf]] \|{{flagicon\|Cape Verde}} [[Jorge Carlos Fonseca]] \|{{flagicon\|Guinea}} [[Alpha Condé]] \|{{flagicon\|Burkina Faso}} [[Michel Kafando]] \|{{flagicon\|Togo}} [[Faure Gnassingbé]] \|{{flagicon\|Gambia}} [[Yahya Jammeh]] \|{{flagicon\|Sierra Leone}} [[Ernest Bai Koroma]] \|{{flagicon\|Benin}} [[Yayi Boni]] \|{{flagicon\|Ghana}} [[John Dramani Mahama]] \|{{flagicon\|Guinea-Bissau}} [[José Mário Vaz]] \|{{flagicon\|Burundi}} [[Pierre Nkurunziza]] \|{{flagicon\|Chad}} [[Idriss Déby]] \|{{flagicon\|Gabon}} [[Ali Bongo Ondimba]] \|{{flagicon\|South Africa}} [[Jacob Zuma]] \|{{flagicon\|Rwanda}} [[Paul Kagame]] \|{{flagicon\|Tanzania}} [[Jakaya Kikwete]] \|{{flagicon\|Uganda}} [[Yoweri Museveni]] \|{{flagicon\|China}} [[Xi Jinping]] }} ---- {{flagicon image\|Flag of the Arab Movement of Azawad.svg}} [[Mohamed Lamine Ould Sidatt]] (NLFA)<br/>{{flagicon image\|Flag of the Arab Movement of Azawad.svg}} [[Housseine Khoulam]] (NLFA)<ref name="FLNA"/>\|commander2={{flagicon\|Azawad}} [[Mahmoud Ag Aghaly]]<br/>{{flagicon\|Azawad}} [[Bilal Ag Acherif]]<br/>{{flagicon\|Azawad}} [[Moussa Ag Acharatoumane]]<br/>{{flagicon\|Azawad}} [[Ag Mohamed Najem]]<ref>{{cite web\|author=MISNA\|url=http://www.eurasiareview.com/20012012-mali-fighting-in-north-the-new-touareg-war/\|title=Mali: Fighting In North; The New Touareg War\|publisher=Eurasia Review\|date=20 January 2012\|accessdate=7 March 2012}}</ref><br>Algabass Ag Intalla (MIA)<ref name="El País"/>\|commander3={{flagicon image\|AQMI_Flag.svg}} [[Mokhtar Belmokhtar]]{{KIA}}<br> {{flagicon image\|AQMI_Flag.svg}} [[Abdelhamid Abou Zeid]]{{KIA}}<ref name="bbc.com">{{cite news\|title=France confirms death of Islamist commander Abou Zeid\|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-21912281\|publisher=bbc.com\|date=23 March 2013\|accessdate=23 March 2013}}</ref><ref name="lemonde.fr">{{cite news\|title=L'Elysée et l'armée française ne confirment pas la mort d'Abou Zeid\|url=http://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2013/02/28/un-chef-d-aqmi-a-ete-tue-par-l-armee-francaise-au-mali_1840892_3212.html\|publisher=lemonde.fr\|date=28 February 2013\|accessdate=1 March 2013}}</ref><br> {{flagicon image\|AQMI_Flag.svg}} [[Abdelmalek Droukdel]]<ref>{{cite news\|title=Facts: Islamist groups present in northern Mali\|url=http://www.modernghana.com/news/439360/1/facts-islamist-groups-present-in-northern-mali.html\|publisher=modernghana.com\|date=13 January 2013\|accessdate=13 January 2013}}</ref><br> {{flagicon image\|AQMI_Flag.svg}} [[Abou Haq Younousse]]{{KIA}}<br> {{flagicon image\|AQMI_Flag.svg}} [[Ahmed al-Tilemsi]]{{KIA}}<ref name="ReferenceC"/><br> {{flagicon image\|AQMI_Flag.svg}} [[Iyad Ag Ghaly]]<ref>{{cite news\|title=Mali's isolated Junta seeks help to stop Tuareg juggernaut\|url=http://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/2012/03/31/malis-isolated-junta-seeks-help-stop-tuareg-juggernaut\|publisher=sbs.com.au\|date=31 March 2012\|accessdate=26 August 2013}}</ref><br> {{flagicon image\|AQMI_Flag.svg}} [[Omar Ould Hamaha]]{{KIA}}<ref>{{cite news\|title=French air strikes kill wanted Islamist militant 'Red Beard' in Mali\|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/03/14/us-mali-islamists-idUSBREA2D13Z20140314\|publisher=reuters.com\|date=14 March 2014\|accessdate=14 March 2014\|archive-date=2015-10-01\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151001094329/http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/03/14/us-mali-islamists-idUSBREA2D13Z20140314\|dead-url=yes}}</ref>\|strength1={{flagicon\|Mali}} 6,000–<br>7,000<ref>{{cite news\|last=Laurence\|first=Norman\|title=Europe's Response to Mali Threat\|url=http://blogs.wsj.com/brussels/2012/10/31/europes-response-to-mali-threat/\|publisher=Wall Street Journal Blogs\|accessdate=20 January 2013\|date=31 October 2012}}</ref><br><sub>(pre-war: ~12,150)</sub><ref>{{cite news\|last=Sylla \|first=Coumba \|title=Mali's bruised army plays second fiddle in offensive \|url=http://za.news.yahoo.com/malis-bruised-army-plays-second-fiddle-offensive-165006560.html \|accessdate=20 January 2013 \|agency=Agence France-Presse \|date=17 January 2013 }}{{dead link\|date=May 2016\|bot=medic}}{{cbignore\|bot=medic}}</ref><br> {{flagicon\|France}} 3,000 <ref>{{cite news\|title=Two French journalists abducted, killed in Mali\|url=http://www.nation.com.pk/international/03-Nov-2013/two-french-journalists-abducted-killed-in-mali\|accessdate=15 December 2013\|newspaper=[[The Nation (Pakistan)]]\|date=3 November 2013}}</ref> <br/>{{flagicon\|Chad}} 2,000<ref name="Courier Mail-Chad"/> <br/>{{flagicon\|Nigeria}} 1,200<ref name="fr24"/><ref name="nigeriaboost">{{cite news\|title=Mali army retakes key towns from rebels\|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2013/01/2013118122039129487.html\|accessdate=18 January 2013\|publisher=Al Jazeera\|date=18 January 2013}}</ref> <br/>{{flagicon\|Togo}} 733<ref name="rappler"/> <br/>{{flagicon\|Sierra Leone}} 650<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://graphic.com.gh/Inside-Africa/mali-conflict-donor-conference-raises-455m.html \|title=Mali conflict: Donor conference raises $455m \| Inside Africa \|publisher=Graphic.com.gh \|date=29 January 2013 \|accessdate=6 March 2013 \|deadurl=yes \|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130201003740/http://graphic.com.gh/Inside-Africa/mali-conflict-donor-conference-raises-455m.html \|archivedate=2013-02-01 }}</ref> <br/>{{flagicon\|Burkina Faso}} 500<ref name="fr24"/> <br/>{{flagicon\|Ivory Coast}} 500<ref name="rappler"/> <br/>{{flagicon\|Niger}} 500<ref name="fr24"/> <br/>{{flagicon\|Senegal}} 500<ref name="fr24"/> <br/>{{flagicon\|Netherlands}} 450<ref name="ReferenceB">{{cite web\|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/07/09/us-mali-security-dutch-idUSKBN0FE1YF20140709\|title=Dutch special forces in Mali tackle changing threat: minister\|work=Reuters\|accessdate=17 December 2014\|archive-date=2015-09-24\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924202436/http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/07/09/us-mali-security-dutch-idUSKBN0FE1YF20140709\|dead-url=yes}}</ref> <br/>{{flagicon\|China}} 395<ref name="armyrecognition.com"/> <br/>{{flagicon\|Benin}} 300<ref name="fr24"/> <br/>{{flagicon\|Guinea}} 144<ref name="fr24"/> <br/>{{flagicon\|Ghana}} 120<ref name="fr24"/> <br/>{{flagicon\|Liberia}} ~50<ref>[http://www.voanews.com/content/liberia-parliament-mali-troop-commitment/1590613.html Liberian legislature approves troop commitment to Mali] Voice of America, 25 January 2013</ref> <br/>'''Total:''' 23,564+ ---- {{flagicon\|European Union}} 545 ([[EUTM Mali\|EUTM]])<ref name="BBC News"/><br> {{Collapsible list \|bullets = yes \|title = full list \|{{flagicon\|France}} 207<small>(command)</small><ref name="BBC News"/> \|{{flagicon\|Germany}} 73<ref name="BBC News"/> \|{{flagicon\|Spain}} 59<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://politica.elpais.com/politica/2013/02/13/actualidad/1360772714_134583.html?rel=rosEP\|title=España enviará 30 soldados a Malí para proteger a los instructores europeos\|author=Ediciones El País\|work=EL PAÍS\|accessdate=17 December 2014}}</ref> \|{{flagicon\|UK}} 40<ref name="BBC News"/> \|{{flagicon\|Czech Republic}} 33<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://aktualne.centrum.cz/czechnews/clanek.phtml?id=770780\|title=Czech government approves sending troops to Mali\|work=Aktuálně.cz - Víte co se právě děje\|accessdate=17 December 2014}}</ref> \|{{flagicon\|Belgium}} 31<ref name="BBC News"/> \|{{flagicon\|Poland}} 20<ref name="BBC News"/> \|{{flagicon\|Italy}} 14<ref>[[:it:European Union Training Mission]]</ref> \|{{flagicon\|Sweden}} 14 \|{{flagicon\|Finland}} 10 \|{{flagicon\|Hungary}} 10 \|{{flagicon\|Ireland}} 8 \|{{flagicon\|Austria}} 7 \|{{flagicon\|Bulgaria}} 4 \|{{flagicon\|Greece}} 4 \|{{flagicon\|Slovenia}} 3 \|{{flagicon\|Estonia}} 2 \|{{flagicon\|Lithuania}} 2 \|{{flagicon\|Latvia}} 2 \|{{flagicon\| Luxembourg}} 1 \|{{flagicon\| Portugal}} 1 \|{{flagicon\|Romania}} 1<ref name="Yahoo! România"/> \|}} ---- ~500 (FLNA)<ref name="FLNA"/>\|strength2={{flagicon\|Azawad}} 3,000<ref name="detials"/><ref name="dailystar.com.lb">{{cite web\|url=http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/International/2012/Apr-02/168928-al-qaeda-unlikely-to-profit-from-mali-rebellion-experts.ashx#axzz1quEeCoBI\|title=Al-Qaeda unlikely to profit from Mali rebellion: experts\|author=Sofia Bouderbala\|date=2 April 2012\|work=The Daily Star\|accessdate=3 April 2012\|archive-date=2012-04-02\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402204323/http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/International/2012/Apr-02/168928-al-qaeda-unlikely-to-profit-from-mali-rebellion-experts.ashx#axzz1quEeCoBI\|dead-url=yes}}</ref>\|strength3={{flagicon image\|Flag of Jihad.svg}} 1,200–3,000<ref name="france"/><ref>{{cite news\|title=Analysis: French early strike shakes up Mali intervention plan\|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/01/13/us-mali-intervention-risks-idUSBRE90C0F520130113\|agency=Reuters\|date=13 January 2013\|access-date=2016-08-19\|archive-date=2013-01-16\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116222857/http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/01/13/us-mali-intervention-risks-idUSBRE90C0F520130113\|dead-url=yes}}</ref> * Boko Haram: 100<ref name="bokomali" /> * Ansar Dine: 300<ref name="dailystar.com.lb"/>\|casualties1={{flagicon\|Mali}} 164+ killed,<ref>2 killed (17–19 January),[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/mali/9026722/Fierce-clashes-between-Malian-army-and-Tuareg-rebels-kill-47.html] 160 killed (24–25 January),[http://www.haaretz.com/opinion/making-sense-of-mali-1.423899] 19 killed (16 February), [http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/02/17/ozatp-mali-rebellion-idAFJOE81G00Q20120217] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171227124222/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/mali/9026722/Fierce-clashes-between-Malian-army-and-Tuareg-rebels-kill-47.html \|date=2017-12-27 }} 16 killed (24 March), 17 killed (26 March) total of 197+ reported killed</ref><br/> 400 captured<ref name=Desprisonniers>{{cite web \|url=http://www.elwatan.com/actualite/des-prisonniers-crient-leur-detresse-08-04-2012-165945_109.php \|title=Des prisonniers crient leur détresse \|publisher=El Watan \|date=8 April 2012 \|language=French \|accessdate=9 April 2012 \|archive-date=2012-04-09 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120409135846/http://www.elwatan.com/actualite/des-prisonniers-crient-leur-detresse-08-04-2012-165945_109.php \|dead-url=yes }}</ref> <br/> '''Total:'''<br>1,000–1,500+ killed, captured or deserted <small>(by April 2012)</small><ref name="detials"/> ---- {{flagicon\|Mali}} 85 killed, 197+ wounded,<ref name="reuters1">{{cite news\|last=Felix\|first=Bate\|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/01/12/us-mali-rebels-idUSBRE90912Q20130112\|title=France bombs Mali rebels, African states ready troops\|agency=Reuters\|accessdate=13 January 2013\|date=12 January 2013\|archive-date=2015-09-24\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924173148/http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/01/12/us-mali-rebels-idUSBRE90912Q20130112\|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref name="frenchstrikes"/> 12 captured<ref name="capturetroops"/> <small>(January 2013)</small><br> {{Flagicon\|Chad}} 38 killed,<ref>[http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jKshg5bu1UuY_8KUC0Xe1mWsnFaw?docId=CNG.d192b451a9876709f1e49265bb153ea2.2c1 Mali's new president thanks Chad for support against Islamists] {{dead link\|date=May 2016\|bot=medic}}{{cbignore\|bot=medic}}</ref> 74 wounded<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/02/24/us-mali-rebels-chad-idUSBRE91N09A20130224\|title=Ten Chadian soldiers killed fighting Islamists in Mali\|work=Reuters\|accessdate=17 December 2014\|archive-date=2015-09-24\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924175657/http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/02/24/us-mali-rebels-chad-idUSBRE91N09A20130224\|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.malijet.com/en-direct-du-front/66979-mali-violents-combats-dans-le-massif-des-ifoghas-faisant-un-mort.html \|title=Malijet Mali : violents combats dans le massif des Ifoghas, faisant un mort côté tchadien, six côté jihadistes Mali Bamako \|publisher=Malijet.com \|date=2013-03-13 \|accessdate=2014-02-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|url=http://www.en.starafrica.com/news/fourth-french-soldier-killed-in-mali.html \|title=Salinan arsip \|access-date=2016-08-19 \|archive-date=2016-03-13 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313043650/http://en.starafrica.com/news/fourth-french-soldier-killed-in-mali.html \|dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.radio-canada.ca/nouvelles/International/2013/02/08/003-mali-situation-gao-tessalit.shtml \|title=Mali : le scénario de la guérilla commence à se dessiner \| La crise malienne \| ICI.Radio-Canada.ca \|publisher=Radio-canada.ca \|date= \|accessdate=2014-02-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.nord-mali.com \|title=Toute l'actualité du Nord-Mali \|publisher=Nord-mali.com \|date= \|accessdate=2014-02-11 \|archive-date=2014-02-12 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140212113414/http://www.nord-mali.com/ \|dead-url=yes }}</ref><br> {{flagicon\|France}} 13 killed<ref>{{cite news\| url=http://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2015/11/26/un-soldat-francais-mort-au-mali_4817712_3212.html\| title= Un soldat français mort au Mali\| newspaper=Le Monde\| date=November 26, 2015\| accessdate=November 26, 2015}}</ref><br> {{flagicon\|Togo}} 2 killed, several wounded<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.malijet.com/en-direct-du-front/63505-guerre-au-mali-au-moins-1-mort-dans-les-rangs-des-togolais.html \|title=Mali Guerre au Mali : Au moins 1 mort dans les rangs des Togolais \|publisher=Malijet \|accessdate=6 March 2013}}</ref><br>{{flagicon\|Burkina Faso}} 1 killed, 1 wounded<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.malijet.com/en-direct-du-front/67029-mali-mort-d-un-soldat-burkinabe-lors-de-l-atterrissage-d-un-heli.html \|title=Malijet Mali: Le soldat burkinabè, Tounougma Kaboré, conducteur au bataillon Badenya est décédé le mercredi 13 mars 2013 à Diabali (Officiel) Mali Bamako \|publisher=Malijet.com \|date=2013-03-14 \|accessdate=2014-02-11}}</ref><br> {{flagicon\|Niger}} 28 killed<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://news.yahoo.com/niger-attacks-shockwave-mali-conflict-075339499.html \|accessdate=14 June 2013 \|deadurl=yes \|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130608172052/http://news.yahoo.com/niger-attacks-shockwave-mali-conflict-075339499.html \|archivedate=2013-06-08 \|title=Salinan arsip }}</ref><br> {{flagicon\|Nigeria}} 4 killed<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.irinnews.org/report/97301/islamists-kill-nigerian-soldiers-heading-to-mali \|title=IRIN Africa \| Islamists kill Nigerian soldiers heading to Mali \| Nigeria \| Conflict \| Security \|publisher=Irinnews.org \|date= \|accessdate=2014-02-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite news\|url=http://www.foxnews.com/world/2013/05/06/official-nigerian-military-plane-aiding-northern-mali-operation-crashes-in/ \|title=Official: Nigerian military plane aiding northern Mali operation crashes in Niger; 2 dead \|publisher=Fox News \|date=2013-05-06 \|accessdate=2014-02-11}}</ref><br>{{flagicon\|Netherlands}} 4 killed<ref>[http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-31933249]</ref> {{flagicon\|China}} 1 killed<ref>[http://thediplomat.com/2016/06/chinese-peacekeeper-killed-in-mali-attack/]</ref>\|casualties2={{flagicon\|Azawad}} 6–65 killed<br/><small>(Conflict with Malian Army)</small><ref name=kill47>{{cite news\|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/mali/9026722/Fierce-clashes-between-Malian-army-and-Tuareg-rebels-kill-47.html\|title=Fierce clashes between Malian army and Tuareg rebels kill 47\|work=The Daily Telegraph\|date=19 January 2012\|archivedate=2012-10-14\|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6BPQ1JyfE?url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/mali/9026722/Fierce-clashes-between-Malian-army-and-Tuareg-rebels-kill-47.html\|location=London\|access-date=2016-08-19\|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref name=Reut73>{{cite news\|url=http://af.reuters.com/article/maliNews/idAFL5E8D407420120205\|title=Mali says 20 rebels killed, thousands flee\|agency=Reuters\|date=5 February 2012\|accessdate=7 March 2012\|archive-date=2012-11-23\|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6CO8l5DrN?url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/02/05/mali-rebels-attack-idAFL5E8D407420120205\|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite news\|title=Heavy fighting in north Mali, casualties reported\|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/02/17/ozatp-mali-rebellion-idAFJOE81G00Q20120217\|accessdate=11 January 2013\|agency=Reuters\|date=7 February 2012\|archive-date=2017-12-27\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171227124222/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/mali/9026722/Fierce-clashes-between-Malian-army-and-Tuareg-rebels-kill-47.html\|dead-url=yes}}</ref> ---- 26–123 killed<br/><small>(Conflict with Islamists)</small><ref name=AFP306>{{cite news \|url=http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jd17HpOQd9fm43sEXIKYc2Okw-IQ?docId=CNG.d0196da202fadb24721b10ebdc7572ae.b61 \|title=Mali: au moins 35 morts dans les affrontements islamistes/Touareg à Gao \|language=French \|date=30 June 2012 \|agency=Agence France-Presse \|publisher=Google News \|accessdate=30 June 2012 \|deadurl=yes \|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130122182826/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jd17HpOQd9fm43sEXIKYc2Okw-IQ?docId=CNG.d0196da202fadb24721b10ebdc7572ae.b61 \|archivedate=2013-01-22 }}</ref><ref name=21dead>{{cite web \|url=http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5hBFw8aQMUwyILkE0faoge_v3a2Tw?docId=CNG.5a399b35f2fd7797cbca9a2f17c8ca72.5a1 \|title=Islamists seize north Mali town, at least 21 dead in clashes \|publisher=Google \|date=27 June 2012 \|accessdate=12 January 2013 \|deadurl=yes \|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6COAOi3jn?url=http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5hBFw8aQMUwyILkE0faoge_v3a2Tw?docId=CNG.5a399b35f2fd7797cbca9a2f17c8ca72.5a1 \|archivedate=2012-11-23 }}</ref><ref name=breaks/><ref name=someunarmed/><br/> ---- 60 captured<ref name=21dead /><ref name=someunarmed/><br/> 17–19 killed <small>(2013)</small>\|casualties3={{flagicon image\|Flag of Jihad.svg}} 115 killed<br><small>(Conflict with Tuaregs)</small><br><ref name=AFP306 /><ref name=21dead /><ref name=breaks/><ref name=someunarmed/> ---- {{flagicon image\|Flag of Jihad.svg}} 625 killed<br><small>(French intervention)</small>\|notes='''Displaced:''' <br>~144,000 refugees abroad<ref name="Courier Mail-Chad"/><br> ~230,000 [[internally displaced person]]s<ref name="Courier Mail-Chad"/><br> Total: ≈374,000<ref name="Tran- 17 January">{{cite news\|last=Tran\|first=Mark\|title=Mali refugees flee across borders as fighting blocks humanitarian aid\|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/global-development/2013/jan/17/mali-refugees-borders-fighting-humanitarian-aid\|accessdate=18 January 2013\|newspaper=The Guardian\|date=17 January 2013\|location=London}}</ref>}}'''Konflik Mali Utara''', '''Perang Saudara''' '''Mali '''atau '''Perang Mali''' adalah konflik bersenjata yang dimulai dari bulan Januari 2012 yang melibatkan antara Mali bagian utara dan selatan. Pada 16 Januari 2012, beberapa kelompok-kelompok pemberontak mulai [[Pemberontakan Tuareg 2012\|berjuang]] melawan pemerintah Mali untuk mendapatkan kemerdekaan atau otonomi lebih besar untuk wilayah bagian utara [[Mali]], sebuah area yang dikenal sebagai [[Azawad]]. Gerakan Nasional untuk Pembebasan Azawad (MNLA), sebuah organisasi yang berjuang untuk memperjuangkan kemerdekaan bagi wilayah Azawad dan membuatnya menjadi tanah air bagi [[Tuareg\|orang-orang Tuareg]], yang telah memegang kontrol wilayah tersebut sejak bulan April 2012. Pada 22 Maret 2012, Presiden [[Amadou Toumani Touré]] dilengserkan dalam [[Konflik Mali Utara (2012–sekarang)\|kudeta]] terkait kegagalan penanganan krisis yang dilakukan olehnya, tepat sebulan sebelum pelaksanaan pemilihan presiden.<ref name="aljazeera1"><cite class="citation web">[http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2012/03/201232251320110970.html "Mali soldiers say president toppled in coup – Africa"]. </cite></ref> Tentara pemberontak, yang menyebut dirinya sebagai [[Konflik Mali Utara (2012–sekarang)\|Komite Nasional untuk Pemulihan Demokrasi dan Negara]] (CNRDR), mengambil kontrol dan menangguhkan konstitusi dari Mali.<ref>Associated Press, "Coup Leader Reinstates Mali's Constitution", ''Express'', 2 April 2012. p. 8.</ref> Sebagai akibat dari ketidakstabilan setelah terjadinya kudeta, tiga kota terbesar di utara Mali—[[Kidal (Mali)\|Kidal]], [[Gao]] dan [[Timbuktu]]—dikuasai oleh pemberontak<ref name="boston">~~{{Cite~~<cite ~~news\|url~~class=~~http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/04/02/mali-rebellion-islamist-flag_n_1396092.html?ir=Australia\|title=Islamist~~"citation ~~group~~news">Baba ~~plants~~Ahmed ~~flag~~& inRukmini ~~Mali's~~Callimachi ~~Timbuktu\|last=Baba Ahmed\|date=~~(2 April 2012~~\|work=Huffington~~). ~~Post\|last2=Rukmini Callimachi\|agency=Associated Press\|last-author-amp=yes\|access-date=3 November 2015}}~~</cite></ref> selama tiga hari berturut-turut.<ref name="gaocontrol">~~{{Cite~~<cite ~~news\|url~~class=~~http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5grilySJ5EdrgURoNp1mt3AIJhTgg?docId=CNG.915a5505555757d7df5029b5b99451cc.261\|title=Mali~~"citation ~~junta denounces 'rights violations' by rebels\|last=~~news">Serge Daniel~~\|date=~~ (4 April 2012~~\|publisher=Google\|agency=Agence~~). ~~France-Presse\|archive-url=http:~~<//web.archive.org/web/20130201201147/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5grilySJ5EdrgURoNp1mt3AIJhTgg?docId=CNG.915a5505555757d7df5029b5b99451cc.261\|archive-date=1 February 2013\|dead-url=yes\|access-date=6 April 2012}}cite></ref> Pada 5 April 2012, setelah pendudukan Douentza, MNLA mengatakan bahwa mereka telah mencapai tujuannya dan menghentikan tindakan penyerangan. Pada hari berikutnya, mereka menyatakan kemerdekaan Azawad dari Mali.<ref>~~{{Cite~~<cite ~~news\|url~~class="citation news">[http://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2012/04/06/205763.html~~\|title=~~ "Tuareg rebels declare the independence of Azawad, north of Mali~~\|date=6 April 2012\|publisher=Al~~"]. ~~Arabiya\|access-date=6 April 2012}}~~</cite></ref> MNLA pada awalnya didukung oleh kelompok [[Islamisme\|Islam]] Ansar Dine. Setelah militer pemerintah Mali dipukul mundur dari Azawad, Ansar Dine dan sejumlah kecil kelompok Islam mulai memaksakan [[Syariat Islam\| hukum]] syariah secara ketat. MNLA dan kelompok [[muslim]] mencoba mencari titik tengah terkait dengan perbedaan visi untuk negara baru.<ref>~~{{Cite~~<cite class="citation news~~\|url=~~">[https://archive.today/20121123121201/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-18610618~~\|title=~~ "Islamists seize Gao from Tuareg rebels~~\|date=27~~"]. ~~June 2012\|publisher=BBC News\|archive-url=http:~~</~~/www.webcitation.org/6COAMyJqr\|archive-date=23 November 2012\|dead-url=yes\|access-date=27 June 2012}}~~cite></ref> Setelah itu, MNLA mulai berperang melawan Ansar Dine dan kelompok muslim lainnya, termasuk Gerakan untuk Kesatuan dan Jihad di Afrika Barat (MOJWA/MUJAO), pecahan kelompok Al-Qaeda di Maghreb Islam. Sejak 17 Juli 2012, MNLA telah kehilangan kontrol dari sebagian besar dari kota di bagian utara Mali kepada kelompok muslim.<ref name="Nossiter">~~{{Cite~~<cite ~~news\|url~~class=~~http://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/18/world/africa/jidhadists-fierce-justice-drives-thousands-to-flee-mali.html\|title=Jihadists'~~"citation ~~Fierce~~news">Nossiter, ~~Justice~~Adam ~~Drives Thousands to Flee Mali\|last=Nossiter\|first=Adam\|date=~~(18 July 2012~~\|newspaper=The~~). ~~New York Times\|access-date=18 July 2012}}~~</cite></ref> Pemerintah Mali meminta bantuan militer asing untuk mengambil alih wilayah Mali bagian utara. Pada tanggal 11 Januari 2013, Militer ~~Perancis~~ Prancis memulai operasi melawan kelompok muslim.<ref name="france">~~{{Cite~~<cite ~~news\|url~~class="citation news">[http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2013/01/2013111135659836345.html~~\|title=~~ "France begins Mali military intervention~~\|date=11 January 2013\|publisher=[[Al Jazeera~~"]~~]\|access-date=11~~. ~~January 2013}}~~</cite></ref> Pasukan lain dari [[Uni Afrika]] dikerahkan sesaat setelah itu. Sejak tanggal 8 Februari, wilayah yang dikuasai kelompok muslim telah kembali diambil oleh militer Mali, dengan bantuan dari koalisi internasional. [[Separatisme\|Separatis]] Tuareg terus melawan kelompok muslim juga, meskipun pada saat yang sama MNLA juga telah dituduh melaksanakan serangan terhadap militer Mali.<ref>~~{{Cite~~<cite ~~news\|url~~class="citation news">[http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/afp/130322/five-malians-killed-ambush-blamed-tuareg-army~~\|title=~~ "Five Malians killed in ambush blamed on Tuareg: army~~\|date=22 March~~"] ~~2013~~{{Webarchive\|~~agency~~url=~~Agence France~~https://web.archive.org/web/20130525230652/http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/afp/130322/five-~~Presse\|access~~malians-killed-ambush-blamed-tuareg-army \|date=~~23 March~~ 2013-05-25 }}. </cite></ref> Sebuah kesepakatan damai antara pemerintah dan pemberontak Tuareg ditandatangani pada 18 Juni 2013<ref name="peace"><cite class="citation news">[~~http~~https://web.archive.org/web/20150321062328/http://www.bbc.co.uk~~:80~~/news/world-africa-22961519 "Mali and Tuareg rebels sign peace deal"]. </cite></ref> tetapi pada tanggal 26 September 2013 pemberontak menarik diri dari perjanjian perdamaian dan menyatakan bahwa pemerintah tidak menghormati kesepakatan untuk gencatan senjata.<ref><cite class="citation web">Thomson Reuters Foundation. </cite></ref> Pertempuran masih terus berjalan meskipun pasukan ~~Perancis~~Prancis dijadwalkan untuk ditarik dari wilayah tersebut.<ref name="ReferenceA"><cite class="citation web">[http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2013/12/france-prepares-withdraw-mali-troops-2013122533517743742.html "France prepares to withdraw Mali troops - Africa"]. </cite></ref> Perjanjian gencatan senjata telah ditandatangani pada tanggal 19 februari, 2015 di [[Aljir\|Aljazair]], [[Aljazair]] tapi serangan teroris masih terjadi secara sporadis.<ref name="ceasefire"><cite class="citation web">[http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=50289#.VQE-cPnF9Fw "Deploring ongoing violence, UN rights expert urges Malian parties to work together towards lasting peace"]. </cite></ref> == Latar belakang == Pada awal tahun 1990an [[Tuareg]] dan masyarakat nomaden [[Bangsa Arab\|Arab]] membentuk Mouvement Populaire de l'Azaouad/Gerakan Orang-Orang Azawad (MPA) dan menyatakan perang untuk meraih kemerdekaan [[Azawad]].<ref name="uppsalaconflictdataprogram.wordpress.com">Backgrounder: Situation in Mali, Ralph Sundberg, 5 June 2012, Uppsala Conflict Data Program, http://uppsalaconflictdataprogram.wordpress.com/2012/06/05/backgrounder-situation-in-mali/</ref> Meskipun telah ada perjanjian damai dengan pemerintah Mali pada tahun1991 dan 1995, tumbuh ketidakpuasan di antara para mantan pejuang Tuareg, yang telah terintegrasi ke dalam Militer dari Mali, yang menyebabkan peperangan baru pada tahun 2007.<ref>Mali, Uppsala Conflict Data Program Conflict Encyclopedia. </ref> Meskipun secara historis mengalami kesulitan mempertahankan aliansi antara kelompok sekuler dan Islam, Gerakan Nasional untuk Pembebasan Azawad mencoba bersekutu dengan kelompok [[Islamisme\|M]]<nowiki/>uslim pimpinan Ansar Dine dan Al-Qaeda di Maghreb Islam dan memulai konflik di bagian Utara Mali pada tahun 2012.<ref name="uppsalaconflictdataprogram.wordpress.com"~~>Backgrounder: Situation in Mali, Ralph Sundberg, 5 June 2012, Uppsala Conflict Data Program, http:~~/~~/uppsalaconflictdataprogram.wordpress.com/2012/06/05/backgrounder-situation-in-mali/</ref~~> MNLA adalah sebuah pecahan dari sebuah gerakan politik yang dikenal sebagai Gerakan Nasional untuk Azawad (MNA) sebelum pemberontakan.<ref name="apress"><cite class="citation web">Andy Morgan (6 February 2012). </cite></ref> Setelah akhir dari [[Perang Saudara Libya\|Perang Sipil Libya]], sebuah aliran masuk persenjataan yang mengarah kepada mempersenjatai Tuareg demi menuntut untuk kemerdekaan untuk [[Azawad]].<ref>~~{{Cite~~<cite ~~news\|url~~class="citation news">[http://allafrica.com/stories/201201200939.html~~\|title=~~ "Mali: 47 Die in Clashes Between Troops, Rebels – Ministry~~\|date=19~~"]. ~~January 2012\|publisher=~~allAfrica.com~~\|agency=Agence~~. ~~France-Presse\|access-date=7 March 2012}}~~</cite></ref> kekuatan pemberontakan ini dan dukungan dari penggunaan senjata berat, yang tidak ada dalam konflik sebelumnya, yang dikatakan telah membuat "terkejut" pejabat Mali dan para pengamat.<ref name="nyt">~~{{Cite~~<cite ~~news\|url~~class=~~http://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/06/world/africa/tuaregs-use-qaddafis-arms-for-rebellion-in-mali.html?pagewanted=all\|title=Qaddafi's~~"citation ~~Weapons, Taken by Old Allies, Reinvigorate an Insurgent Army in Mali\|last=~~news">Adam Nossiter~~\|date=~~ (5 February 2012~~\|work=The~~). ~~New York Times\|access-date=26 March 2012}}~~</cite></ref> Meskipun didominasi oleh Tuareg, MNLA menyatakan bahwa mereka mewakili kelompok etnik lain juga,<ref><cite class="citation web">[http://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2012/01/25/dans-le-nord-du-mali-les-touareg-du-mnla-lancent-un-nouveau-defi-arme-a-l-etat_1634378_3212.html "Dans le nord du Mali, les Touaregs du MNLA lancent un nouveau défi armé à l'Etat"]. </cite></ref> dan dilaporkan bergabung dengan beberapa pemimpin Arab lainnya.<ref name="apress"><cite class="citation web">Andy Morgan (6 February 2012). </cite></ref> Pemimpin MNLA [[Bilal Ag Acherif]] mengatakan bahwa pilihan ada pada pemerintah Mali untuk juga memberikan rakyat [[Gurun Sahara\|Sahara]] kemerdekaan atau mereka akan merebutnya sendiri.<ref name="history"><cite class="citation web">Ibrahim, Jibrin (26 March 2012). </cite></ref> Kelompok lainnya yang di dominasi oleh Tuareg, kelompok [[Islamisme\|m]]<nowiki/>uslim Ansar Dine (''Pembela Iman''), pada awalnya berjuang bersama MNLA melawan pemerintah Mali. Berbeda dengan MNLA, Kelompok ini tidak mencari kemerdekaan melainkan meminta penerapan hukum syariah Islam di seluruh Mali.<ref name="bbcposttim">~~{{Cite~~<cite ~~news\|url~~class="citation news">[https://web.archive.org/web/20120403181726/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-17596831~~\|title=~~ "Mali: Timbuktu heritage may be threatened, UNESCO says~~\|date=3 April 2012\|publisher=BBC\|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20120403181726/http://www.bbc.co~~"].~~uk/news/world-africa-17596831\|archive-date=3 April 2012\|dead-url=yes\|access-date=4 April~~ ~~2012}}~~</cite></ref> Pemimpin gerakan Iyad Ag Ghaly adalah juga bagian dari pemberontakan pada awal dekade 1990an dan telah dilaporkan berhubungan dengan sebuah kelompok sayap dari Al-Qaeda di Maghreb Islam (AQIM) yang dipimpin oleh sepupunya Hamada Ag Hama<ref><cite class="citation web">[https://web.archive.org/web/20130126041351/http://www.~~webcitation~~google.~~org~~com/~~6COdUsZk0~~hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5it6uaNq2Rlg0TWFZ9eDufiqjpGgA?docId=CNG.1917c4fef3978cd3368f40fb9f61aca9.5a1 "AFP: Islamist fighters call for Sharia law in Mali"]. </cite></ref> serta kelompok di Aljazair [[Departemen di Prancis\|Département]] du Renseignement et de la Sécurité (DRS).<ref name="detials"><cite class="citation web">Jeremy Keenan (20 March 2012). </cite></ref> Mali telah melewati beberapa krisis secara bersamaan yang menyebabkan mudahnya tumbuh konflik:<ref>Marc Fonbaustier, [http://marcfonbaustier.tumblr.com/post/25158046866/mali-a-case-study-of-a-complex-african-crisis Mali: A case study of a complex African crisis], ''Marcfonbaustier.tumblr.com'', June 2012</ref> * Krisis pemerintahan: pembentukan negara bagi masyarakat Tuareg adalah tujuan jangka panjang dari MNLA, sejak dimulainya pemberontakan pada tahun 1962. Selanjutnya, Mali selalu berada dalam kondisi yang sulit untuk mempertahankan wilayahnya. * Krisis makana: perekonomian Mali yang bergantung dari bantuan luar negeri, yang telah menyebabkan [[Masyarakat Ekonomi Negara-Negara Afrika Barat\|Economic Community of West African States]] (ECOWAS) untuk memblokir, untuk mengurangi pengaruh junta militer.<ref name="ecowassanctions">~~{{Cite~~<cite ~~news\|url~~class=~~http://www.bbc.co.uk/~~"citation news~~/world-africa-17591322\|title=West African ECOWAS Leaders Impose Mali Sanctions\|date=3 April 2012\|publisher=BBC\|archive-url=http~~">[https://web.archive.org/web/20130202221612/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-17591322~~\|archive-date=2~~ ~~February~~"West ~~2013\|dead-url=yes\|access-date=14~~African ~~January~~ECOWAS Leaders Impose ~~2013}}~~Mali Sanctions"]. </cite></ref> * Krisis politik: pemberontakan yang menyebabkan turunnya presiden dari jabatannya. == Pemberontakan Tuareg (Januari–April 2012) == Serangan pertama dari pemberontak terjadi di Ménaka, sebuah kota kecil di timur jauh Mali, pada tanggal 16 dan 17 Januari 2012. Pada tanggal 17 Januari, serangan di Aguelhok dan Tessalit juga dilaporkan telah terjadi. Pemerintah Mali mengaku telah mengambil kembali kontrol dari semua kota tersebut dipada hari berikutnya.<ref name="stratfor"><cite class="citation web">[http://stratfor.com/weekly/mali-besieged-fighters-fleeing-libya "Mali Besieged by Fighters Fleeing Libya"]. </cite></ref> Pada tanggal 24 Januari, pemberontak mengambil alih Aguelhok setelah tentara Mali kehabisan amunisi.<ref name="detials"><cite class="citation web">Jeremy Keenan (20 March 2012). </cite></ref> Pada hari berikutnya tentara Mali sekali lagi merebut kembali kota tersebut.<ref name="stratfor"/>~~<cite~~ ~~class="citation~~Tentara ~~web">[http://stratfor.com/weekly/mali-besieged-fighters-fleeing-libya "Mali Besieged by Fighters Fleeing Libya"]. </cite></ref> Tentara~~ Mali meluncurkan serangan udara dan darat untuk mengambil kembali wilayah yang dikuasai pemberontak,<ref><cite class="citation web">Rice, Xan (19 February 2012). </cite></ref> ditengah adanya protes di Bamako<ref name="Capture">~~{{Cite~~<cite class="citation news~~\|url=~~">[http://af.reuters.com/article/libyaNews/idAFL5E8CV5ZF20120202~~\|title=~~ "Mali capital paralysed by anti-rebellion protests"] {{Webarchive\|~~date~~url=2https://web.archive.org/web/20131109225515/http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/02/02/mali-rebellion-idAFL5E8CV5ZF20120202 ~~February 2012~~\|~~agency=Reuters\|access-~~date=72013-11-09 ~~March 2012~~}}. </cite></ref> dan Kati.<ref><cite class="citation web">[~~http~~https://web.archive.org/web/20120322215840/http://www.maliweb.net~~:80~~/news/insecurite/2012/03/20/article,55823.html "Contre la gestion de la crise du nord: Les élèves ont marché hier à Kati"] (in French). </cite></ref> Presiden Mali [[Amadou Toumani Touré]] kemudian memerintahkan komandan senior untuk berjuang melawan pemberontak.<ref>~~{{Cite~~<cite class="citation news~~\|url=~~">[http://www.irinnews.org/Report/95127/MALI-Rebellion-claims-a-president~~\|title=~~ "Mali: Rebellion claims a president~~\|date=22~~"]. ~~March 2012\|agency=IRIN\|access-date=2 April 2012}}~~</cite></ref> Pada tanggal 1 Februari 2012, MNLA mengambil alih kontrol kota Menaka ketika tentara Mali mengambil langkah untuk menarik pasukan. Kekerasan di wilayah utara Mali memicu protes di pusat kota [[Bamako]]. Puluhan tentara Mali juga tewas dalam pertempuran di Aguelhok.<ref name="Capture"~~>{{Cite news\|url=http:~~/~~/af.reuters.com/article/libyaNews/idAFL5E8CV5ZF20120202\|title=Mali capital paralysed by anti-rebellion protests\|date=2 February 2012\|agency=Reuters\|access-date=7 March 2012}}</ref~~> Pada tanggal 6 Februari, pasukan pemberontak menyerang kota [[Kidal (Mali)\|Kidal]], ~~ibukota~~ibu kota regional.<ref>~~{{Cite~~<cite class="citation web~~\|url=~~">[http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2012/02/20122416445129368.html~~\|title=~~ "Tuareg rebels attack Mali town of Kidal~~\|date=6~~"]. ~~February 2012\|publisher=Al Jazeera\|access-date=25 March 2012}}~~</cite></ref> Pada tanggal 4 Maret 2012, pertempuran dilaporkan di dekat kota Tessalit yang sebelumya dikuasai oleh pemberontak.<ref>~~{{Cite~~<cite class="citation news~~\|url=~~">[https://web.archive.org/web/20120426045225/http://www.gulf-times.com/site/topics/article.asp?cu_no=2~~&item_no=490467&version=1&template_id=37&parent_id=17\|title=~~ "Malian soldiers battle Tuareg rebels in northeast: sources~~\|publisher=Gulf Times\|agency=Agence France-Presse\|archive-url=http://www~~"].~~webcitation.org/6COePkrk0\|archive-date=23~~ ~~November 2012\|dead-url=yes\|access-date=7 March 2012}}~~</cite></ref> Pada hari berikutnya, tiga unit tentara Mali berhenti mencoba untuk membuka pengepungan kota tersebut.<ref name="detials"><cite class="citation web">Jeremy Keenan (20 March 2012). </cite></ref><ref>~~{{Cite~~<cite ~~news\|url~~class="citation news">[http://af.reuters.com/article/maliNews/idAFL5E8E5ARS20120305?feedType=RSS&feedName=maliNews&utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed:%20reuters/AfricaMaliNews%20%28News%20/%20Africa%20/%20Mali%20News%29&pageNumber=1&virtualBrandChannel=0~~\|title=~~ "Mali govt forces fail to lift garrison town siege"] {{Webarchive\|~~date~~url=5https://web.archive.org/web/20160303200823/http://af.reuters.com/article/maliNews/idAFL5E8E5ARS20120305?feedType=RSS&feedName=maliNews&utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A%20reuters%2FAfricaMaliNews%20%28News%20%2F%20Africa%20%2F%20Mali%20News%29&pageNumber=1&virtualBrandChannel=0 ~~March 2012~~\|~~agency=Reuters\|access-~~date=222016-03-03 ~~March 2012~~}}. </cite></ref> Angkatan [[Angkatan Udara Amerika Serikat\|Udara Amerika Serikat]] menurukan persediaan melalui pesawat [[C-130 Hercules]] untuk mendukung tentara Malian yang terkepung.<ref name="news24">~~{{Cite~~<cite ~~news\|url~~class="citation news">[http://www.news24.com/Africa/News/Malian-forces-battle-Tuareg-rebels-20120304~~\|title=~~ "Malian forces battle Tuareg rebels~~\|date=4~~"] ~~March 2012~~{{Webarchive\|~~publisher=News24\|agency~~url=~~South African~~https://web.archive.org/web/20131109231849/http://www.news24.com/africa/news/malian-forces-battle-tuareg-rebels-20120304 ~~Press Association~~\|~~access-~~date=222013-11-09 ~~March 2012~~}}. </cite></ref> Pesawat C-130 tersebut kemungkinan besar datang dari [[Ouagadougou]], [[Burkina Faso]], atau [[Mauritania]], yang diketahui telah digunakan oleh [[Angkatan Bersenjata Amerika Serikat\|militer Amerika Serikat]].<ref name="washingtonpost"><cite class="citation web">Whitlock, Craig (2012-06-13). </cite></ref> Pada tanggal 11 Maret, MNLA mengambil alih Tessalit dan bandaranya, dan tentara Mali dipaksa melarikan diri ke arah perbatasan dengan Aljazair.<ref name="Trust.org">~~{{Cite~~<cite ~~news\|url~~class="citation news">[https://web.archive.org/web/20120414214427/http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/tuareg-rebels-take-mali-garrison-town-say-sources~~/\|title=~~ "Tuareg rebels take Mali garrison town, say sources~~\|date=11~~"]. ~~March 2012\|publisher=Trust\|agency=Reuters\|archive-url=http:~~</~~/www.webcitation.org/6COegnEDL\|archive-date=23 November 2012\|dead-url=yes\|access-date=22 March 2012}}~~cite></ref> Pemberontak bergerak maju ke sekitar 125 kilometer dari [[Timbuktu]] dan pergerakan mereka tidak terkendali ketika mereka masuk kota tanpa pertempuran di kota Diré dan Goundam.<ref name="mauri">~~{{Cite~~<cite ~~news\|url~~class=~~http://af.reuters.com/article/maliNews/idAFL5E8EE7LD20120314?pageNumber=2&virtualBrandChannel=0\|title=Mauritania~~"citation ~~denies collusion as Mali rebels advance\|date=14 March 2012\|agency=Reuters\|archive-url=~~news">[https://web.archive.org/web/20150114212715/http://af.reuters.com/article/maliNews/idAFL5E8EE7LD20120314?pageNumber=2&virtualBrandChannel=0~~\|archive-date=14~~ ~~January~~"Mauritania ~~2015\|dead-url=yes\|access-date=22~~denies ~~March~~collusion ~~2012}}~~as Mali rebels advance"]. </cite></ref> Ansar Dine menyatakan bahwa ia memiliki kontrol atas perbatasan Mali-Aljazair.<ref><cite class="citation web">AFP – Tue, 20 March 2012. </cite></ref> === Kudeta === Pada tanggal 21 Maret 2012, prajurit yang tidak puas dengan perkembangan konflik, menyerang Menteri Pertahanan Sadio Gassama saat ia tiba untuk berbicara dengan mereka. Mereka kemudian melempari mobil menteri dengan batu dan memaksa dia untuk melarikan diri dari kamp.<ref name="bloomberg">~~{{Cite~~<cite ~~news\|url~~class=~~http://www.bloomberg.com/~~"citation news~~/2012-03-21/mali-military-blocks-presidential-palace-after-gunshots-2-.html\|title=Mali~~">Dembele, ~~Military~~Diakaridia ~~Blocks Presidential Palace After Gunshots\|last=Dembele\|first=Diakaridia\|date=~~(21 March 2012~~\|publisher=Bloomberg\|access-date=22~~). ~~March 2012}}~~</cite></ref> setelah itu, tentara menyerbu istana kepresidenan, memaksa presiden Touré untuk bersembunyi.<ref name="theprovince1">~~{{Cite~~<cite ~~news\|url~~class="citation news">[http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/mali-army-claims-upper-hand-over-rebels-amid-coup-disarray/112262/~~\|title=~~ "Mali army claims upper hand over rebels amid coup disarray"] {{Webarchive\|~~date~~url=~~25 March~~https://web.archive.org/web/20120407112444/http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/mali-army-claims-upper-hand-over-rebels-amid-coup-disarray/112262/ ~~2012~~\|~~agency~~date=~~Agence France~~2012-~~Presse\|access~~04-~~date=25~~07 ~~March 2012~~}}. </cite></ref> Pagi berikutnya, Kapten [[Amadou Sanogo]], pemimpin [[Konflik Mali Utara (2012–sekarang)\|Komite Nasional untuk Pemulihan Demokrasi dan Negara]] (CNRDR), tampil di televisi di mana ia mengumumkan bahwa junta telah menangguhkan konstitusi Mali dan mengambil alih kendali negara.<ref>~~{{Cite~~<cite ~~news\|url~~class="citation news">[http://af.reuters.com/article/commoditiesNews/idAFL6E8EM04O20120322~~\|title=~~ "Renegade Mali soldiers declare immediate curfew &#~~124~~x7C; Reuters~~\|date=9 February~~"] ~~2009~~{{Webarchive\|~~agency~~url=~~Reuters\|access~~https://web.archive.org/web/20140302155416/http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/03/22/mali-army-curfew-idAFL6E8EM04O20120322 \|date=222014-03-02 ~~March 2012~~}}. </cite></ref> Para pemberontak menyebut bahwa kegagalan Touré dalam penanganan pemberontakan dan kurangnya peralatan untuk tentara Mali sebagai alasan untuk memberontak.<ref>~~{{Cite~~<cite ~~news\|url~~class="citation news">[https://web.archive.org/web/20130817102247/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-17462111~~\|title=~~ "Renegade Mali soldiers announce takeover~~\|date=22 March 2012\|publisher=BBC\|archive-url=http://www~~"].~~webcitation.org~~ </~~6COfKL1Z4\|archive-date=23 November 2012\|dead-url=yes\|access-date=22 March 2012}}~~cite></ref> CNRDR akan bertindak sebagai sebuah penguasa sementara sampai kekuasaan bisa dikembalikan ke pemerintahan baru yang dipilih secara demokratis.<ref name="Reuters-power">~~{{Cite~~<cite ~~news\|url~~class="citation news">[http://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFJOE82L00620120322~~\|title=~~ "Renegade Mali soldiers say seize power, depose Toure"] {{Webarchive\|~~date~~url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114040302/http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/03/22/ozatp-mali-coup-idAFJOE82L00620120322 ~~March 2012\|agency=Reuters~~\|~~access-~~date=~~22 March~~ 2012-11-14 }}. </cite></ref> Kudeta ini dikutuk oleh [[Masyarakat internasional\|komunitas internasional]],<ref name="LM324">~~{{Cite~~<cite class="citation web~~\|url=~~">[http://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2012/03/24/au-mali-le-front-des-putschistes-se-fragilise_1675215_3212.html~~\|title=~~ "Au Mali, le front des putschistes se fragilise~~\|date=24~~"]. ~~March 2012\|website=Le Monde\|language=French\|access-date=24 March 2012}}~~</cite></ref> termasuk oleh [[Dewan Keamanan Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa\|Dewan Keamanan Perserikatan bangsa-Bangsa]],<ref name="AJ">~~{{Cite~~<cite ~~web\|url~~class="citation web">[http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2012/03/2012322234952301942.html~~\|title=~~ "International condemnation for Mali coup~~\|date=23~~"]. ~~March 2012\|publisher=Al Jazeera\|access-date=24 March 2012}}~~</cite></ref> Uni [[Uni Afrika\|Afrik]]<nowiki/>a,<ref name="AJ"~~>{{Cite web\|url=http:~~/~~/www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2012/03/2012322234952301942.html\|title=International condemnation for Mali coup\|date=23 March 2012\|publisher=Al Jazeera\|access-date=24 March 2012}}</ref~~> dan [[Masyarakat Ekonomi Negara-Negara Afrika Barat\|Economic Community of West African States]] (ECOWAS), yang diumumkan pada 29 Maret itu menyatakan bahwa CNRDR memiliki 72 jam untuk melepaskan kontrol sebelum perbatasan Mali akan ditutup oleh negara tetangga,<ref>~~{{Cite~~<cite class="citation news~~\|url=~~">[https://web.archive.org/web/20121223052754/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-17557926~~\|title=~~ "Ecowas gives Mali leaders ultimatum to relinquish power~~\|date=29~~"]. ~~March 2012\|publisher=BBC News\|archive-url=http:~~</~~/www.webcitation.org/6COfY4V0t\|archive-date=23 November 2012\|dead-url=yes\|access-date=30 March 2012}}~~cite></ref> aset-aset negara akan dibekukan oleh Uni Ekonomi dan Moneter [[Masyarakat Ekonomi Negara-Negara Afrika Barat\|Afrika Barat]], dan individu dalam CNRDR akan menerima pembekuan aset dan larangan perjalanan.<ref name="aljaztim">~~{{Cite~~<cite ~~web\|url~~class="citation web">[http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2012/04/20124181943166936.html~~\|title=~~ "Malian coup leader to restore constitution~~\|date=1~~"]. ~~April 2012\|publisher=Al Jazeera\|access-date=31 March 2012}}~~</cite></ref> ECOWAS<ref name="psotwar">~~{{Cite~~<cite class="citation web~~\|url=~~">[http://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/insidestory/2012/04/201242103543735302.html~~\|title=~~ "Is Mali heading for a split?~~\|date=2 April 2012\|publisher=Al Jazeera\|access-date=2 April 2012}}~~"]</cite></ref> dan Uni Afrika juga akan menangguhkan keanggotaan Mali. AS, [[Bank Dunia]], dan Bank Pengembangan [[Bank Pembangunan Afrika\|Afrika]] menangguhkan tambahan bantuan dana untuk mendukung ECOWAS dan Uni Afrika sebagai reaksi atas kudeta tersebut.<ref name="conden"><cite class="citation web">[http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2012/03/2012322234952301942.html "International condemnation for Mali coup – Africa"]. </cite></ref><ref name="USaid">~~{{Cite~~<cite ~~news\|url~~class=~~http://~~"citation news~~.yahoo.com/us-cuts-off-aid-malis-government-coup-174419428.html\|title=US cuts off aid to Mali's government after coup\|last=~~">Bradley Klapper~~\|date=~~ (26 March 2012~~\|agency=Associated~~). ~~Press\|access-date=26 March 2012}}~~</cite></ref> Presiden Pantai Gading [[Alassane Ouattara]], yang merupakan ketua ECOWAS, mengatakan bahwa ketika pemerintah sipil telah dipulihkan, maka ECOWAS dengan 2.000 tentara bisa bergerak melawan pemberontakan.<ref name="tim"><cite class="citation web">[http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2012/03/2012331101518829540.html "Tuareg rebels enter key Malian town – Africa"]. </cite></ref> Presiden Burkina Faso [[Blaise Compaoré\|Blaise Compaore]] ditunjuk sebagai mediator oleh ECOWAS untuk mengatasi krisis.<ref name="aljaztim"/>~~{{Cite~~ ~~web\|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2012/04/20124181943166936.html\|title=Malian~~Sebuah ~~coup leader to restore constitution\|date=1 April 2012\|publisher=Al Jazeera\|access-date=31 March 2012}}</ref> Sebuah~~ kesepakatan dicapai antara junta dan ECOWAS pada tanggal 6 April, di mana Sanogo dan Touré akan mengundurkan diri, sanksi akan dicabut, para pemberontak akan diberikan amnesti, dan kekuasaan akan diserahkan kepada pemimpin Majelis Nasional Mali [[Dioncounda Traoré\|Diouncounda Traoré]].<ref>~~{{Cite~~<cite ~~web\|url~~class="citation web">[http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/International/2012/Apr-10/169703-mali-awaits-next-step-after-president-coup-leader-resign.ashx#axzz1rbYsVRxR~~\|title=~~ "Mali awaits next step after president, coup leader resign~~\|date=10~~"]. ~~April 2012\|website=The Daily Star\|access-date=9 April 2012}}~~</cite></ref> Setelah pengangkatannya, Traoré berjanji untuk berperang tanpa henti pada pemberontak Tuareg kecuali mereka melepaskan kendali kota di wilayah utara Mali.<ref>~~{{Cite~~<cite ~~news\|url~~class="citation news">[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/mali/9201664/Malis-new-leader-threatens-total-war-against-Tuareg-rebels.html~~\|title=~~ "Mali's new leader threatens 'total war' against Tuareg rebels~~\|date=13~~"]. ~~April 2012\|work=The Daily Telegraph\|location=London\|access-date=14 April 2012}}~~</cite></ref> === Penyerangan terus menerus === Selama ketidakpastian setelah kudeta, para pemberontak melancarkan sebuah serangan dengan tujuan dari menguasai beberapa kota dan kamp-kamp tentara ditinggalkan oleh tentara Mali.<ref>~~{{Cite~~<cite ~~news\|url~~class=http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/03/23/us-mali-army-idUSBRE82L09C20120323?feedType=RSS&feedName=worldNews&utm_source=twitterfeed&utm_medium=twitter&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+reuters%2FworldNews+%28News+%2F+US+%2F+International%29\|title=Mali"citation ~~rebels advance in north~~news">Lewis, ~~mutineers~~David ~~seek president\|last=Lewis\|first=David\|date=~~(23 March 2012~~\|agency=Reuters\|access-date=23~~). ~~March 2012}}~~</cite></ref> Meskipun serangan tersebut melibatkan kelompok MNLA dan Ansar Dine, menurut Jeremy Keenan dari [[Universitas London\|University of London]]'s [[School of Oriental and African Studies\|School of Oriental dan African Studi]], kontribusi kelompok Ansar Dine untuk bidang militer adalah sedikit: "Apa yang tampaknya terjadi adalah bahwa ketika mereka masuk ke kota, MNLA mengambil alih pangkalan militer – dimana tidak ada banyak perlawanan – dan Iyad [ag Aghaly] pergi ke kota dan memasang bendera dan mulai berceramah tentang hukum syariah."<ref>~~{{Cite~~<cite ~~news\|url~~class=~~http://www.latimes.com/~~"citation news/nationworld/world/la-fg-mali-tuaregs-20120404,0,5399355.story?track=rss&utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+latimes%2Fmostviewed+%28L.A.+Times+-+Most+Viewed+Stories%29\|title=Gains of Mali's Tuareg rebels appear permanent, analysts say\|last=">Robyn Dixon~~\|date=4~~ ~~April~~& ~~2012\|work=Los Angeles Times\|last2=~~Jane Labous~~\|last-author-amp=yes\|access-date=3~~ (4 April 2012}}). </cite></ref> Pada tanggal 30 Maret 2012, pemberontak merebut kendali Kidal, ~~ibukota~~ibu kota dari [[Region Kidal\|Wilayah Kidal]],<ref name="autogenerated1">~~{{Cite~~<cite ~~news\|url~~class="citation news">[https://web.archive.org/web/20120330175037/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-17562066~~\|title=~~ "Mali coup: Rebels seize desert town of Kidal~~\|date=30~~"]. ~~March 2012\|publisher=BBC News\|archive-url=http:~~</~~/web.archive.org/web/20120330175037/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-17562066\|archive-date=30 March 2012\|dead-url=yes\|access-date=30 March 2012}}~~cite></ref> serta Ansongo dan Bourem di [[Region Gao\|Wilayah Gao]].<ref name="Lewis303">~~{{Cite~~<cite ~~news\|url~~class=~~http://af.reuters.com/article/maliNews/idAFL6E8EU3F020120330?pageNumber=2&virtualBrandChannel=0\|title=Mali~~"citation ~~coup leader seeks help as rebels seize towns\|last=~~news">David Lewis~~\|date=30~~ ~~March~~& ~~2012\|last2=~~Adama Diarra~~\|agency=Reuters\|last-author-amp=yes\|access-date=~~ (30 March 2012}}). </cite></ref> Pada tanggal 31 Maret, Gao jatuh ke pemberontak, dan bendera kelompok MNLA dan Ansar Dine muncul di kota ini.<ref name="boston">~~{{Cite~~<cite ~~news\|url~~class=~~http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/04/02/mali-rebellion-islamist-flag_n_1396092.html?ir=Australia\|title=Islamist~~"citation ~~group~~news">Baba ~~plants~~Ahmed ~~flag~~& inRukmini ~~Mali's~~Callimachi ~~Timbuktu\|last=Baba Ahmed\|date=~~(2 April 2012~~\|work=Huffington~~). ~~Post\|last2=Rukmini Callimachi\|agency=Associated Press\|last-author-amp=yes\|access-date=3 November 2015}}~~</cite></ref> Pada hari berikutnya, pemberontak menyerang Timbuktu, kota besar terakhir yang masih dikuasai oleh pemerintah; dengan sedikit pertempuran.<ref name="bbctim">~~{{Cite~~<cite ~~news\|url~~class=~~http://www.bbc.co.uk/~~"citation news~~/world-africa-17576725\|title=Mali Tuareg rebels enter Timbuktu after troops flee\|date=1 April 2012\|publisher=BBC News\|archive-url=http~~">[https://web.archive.org/web/20120401151348/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-17576725~~\|archive-date=1~~ ~~April~~"Mali ~~2012\|dead-url=yes\|access-date=1~~Tuareg ~~April~~rebels ~~2012}}~~enter Timbuktu after troops flee"]. </cite></ref> kecepatan dan kemudahan pemberontak dalam mengambil kontrol atas wilayah utara ini disebabkan oleh kebingungan yang terjadi karena kudeta militer.<ref>~~{{Cite~~<cite ~~news\|url~~class=~~http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/03/31/mali-rebels-assault_n_1393415.html\|title=Mali~~"citation ~~Rebels~~news">Cheick ~~Assault~~Dioura ~~Gao,~~& ~~Northern~~Adama ~~Garrison\|last=Cheick~~Diarra ~~Dioura\|date=~~(31 March 2012~~\|work=Huffington~~). ~~Post\|last2=Adama Diarra\|agency=Reuters\|last-author-amp=yes\|access-date=5 April 2012}}~~</cite></ref> Pada tanggal 6 April 2012, setelah menyatakan bahwa mereka sudah mengamankan semua wilayah yang diinginkan, MNLA menyatakan kemerdekaan dari Mali. Namun, deklarasi tersebut ditolak sebagai hal yang tidak sah oleh [[Uni Afrika]] dan [[Uni Eropa]].<ref>~~{{Cite~~<cite class="citation news~~\|url=~~">[https://web.archive.org/web/20120823051917/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-17635437~~\|title=~~ "Mali Tuareg rebels declare independence in the north~~\|date=6~~"]. ~~April 2012\|publisher=BBC News\|archive-url=http:~~</~~/www.webcitation.org/6AGfVdHeO\|archive-date=28 August 2012\|access-date=28 August 2012}}~~cite></ref> == Konflik kelompok muslim - nasionalis (Juni–November 2012) == Setelah penarikan mundur pasukan pemerintah Mali dari daerah konflik, para mantan sekutu ini, Ansar Dine, MOJWA, dan MNLA segera bertempur antar kelompok mereka sendiri. Pada tanggal 5 April 2012, kelompok muslim, mungkin dari AQIM atau MOJWA, memasuki konsulat Aljazair di Gao dan mengambil sandera.<ref><cite class="citation web">[http://afrique.blog.lemonde.fr/2012/04/05/les-rebelles-touareg-en-guerre-contre-al-qaida-au-maghreb-islamique/ "Les rebelles touareg en guerre contre Al Qaida au Maghreb islamique ?"] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120408192345/http://afrique.blog.lemonde.fr/2012/04/05/les-rebelles-touareg-en-guerre-contre-al-qaida-au-maghreb-islamique/ \|date=2012-04-08 }}</cite></ref> MNLA berhasil dalam negosiasi untuk melepaskan sandera tanpa kekerasan, dan salah satu komandan MNLA mengatakan bahwa gerakan ini telah memutuskan untuk melucuti kelompok-kelompok bersenjata lain.<ref><cite class="citation web">[http://www.elwatan.com/actualite/pour-liberer-les-otages-algeriens-des-negociations-avec-belmokhtar-sont-en-cours-08-04-2012-165949_109.php "Pour libérer les otages algériens : des négociations avec Belmokhtar sont en cours"] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120409152419/http://www.elwatan.com/actualite/pour-liberer-les-otages-algeriens-des-negociations-avec-belmokhtar-sont-en-cours-08-04-2012-165949_109.php \|date=2012-04-09 }} (in French). </cite></ref> Pada tanggal 8 April, sebagian besar milisi Arab menyebut kelompoknya sebagai Front Pembebasan Nasional Azawad (FNLA) mengumumkan niatnya untuk menentang kekuasaan Tuareg, melawan MNLA, dan "mengembalikan perdamaian dan kegiatan ekonomi"; kelompok ini mengklaim terdiri dari 500 pejuang.<ref><cite class="citation news">Felix, Bate; Diarra, Adama (10 April 2012). </cite></ref> MNLA melawan pengunjuk rasa di Gao pada tanggal 14 Mei, dilaporkan melukai empat orang dan membunuh satu orang.<ref>~~{{Cite~~<cite ~~web\|url~~class="citation web">[http://www.voanews.com/content/mali_separatists_send_group_to_talk_to_protesters/666619.html~~\|title=~~ "Mali Separatists Send Group to Talk to Protestors~~\|date=15~~"]. ~~May 2012\|publisher=Voice of America\|access-date=16 May 2012}}~~</cite></ref> Pada tanggal 6 Juni, penduduk kota Kidal protes terhadap pemaksaan hukum syariah di kota tersebut dan menyatakan dukungan kepada MNLA, yang kemudian dibubarkan secara paksa oleh anggota kelompok Ansar Dine. Pada malam tanggal 8 Juni, MNLA dan kelompok Ansar Dine bertarung melawan satu sama lain di dalam kota dengan menggunakan senjata otomatis, dengan dua korban mati di pertempuran tersebut.<ref name="KidalProtest">~~{{Cite~~<cite ~~news\|url~~class=~~http://www.bbc.co.uk/~~"citation news~~/world-africa-18377168\|title=Mali rebel groups 'clash in Kidal'\|date=8 June 2012\|publisher=BBC News\|archive-url=http~~">[https://web.archive.org/web/20121223052848/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-18377168~~\|archive-date=23~~ ~~December~~"Mali ~~2012\|dead-url=yes}}~~rebel groups 'clash in Kidal'"]. </cite></ref> Pada awal Juni, Presiden Nigeria [[Mahamadou Issoufou]] menyatakan bahwa pejuang Afghanistan dan Pakistan melatih pasukan pemberontak Azawad.<ref><cite class="citation web">[http://www.france24.com/en/20120607-foreign-jihadists-operating-trainers-northern-mali-issofou-france24-interview "Afghan, Pakistani jihadists 'operating in northern Mali'"]. </cite></ref>▼ ▲Pada awal Juni, Presiden Nigeria [[Mahamadou Issoufou]] menyatakan bahwa pejuang Afghanistan dan Pakistan melatih pasukan pemberontak Azawad.<ref><cite class="citation web">[http://www.france24.com/en/20120607-foreign-jihadists-operating-trainers-northern-mali-issofou-france24-interview "Afghan, Pakistani jihadists 'operating in northern Mali'"]. </cite></ref> === Pertempuran Gao dan akibatnya === [[Berkas:Tuareg_rebel_in_northern_Mali.PNG\|jmpl\|Sebuah pasukan Tuareg di utara Mali]] [[Berkas:Islamist_fighters_in_northern_Mali.PNG\|jmpl\|Pejuang muslim di utara Mali]] == ~~Popular~~Budaya ~~culture~~populer == Mali ~~earned~~pertama ~~the~~kali ~~first~~menang ~~win~~pada gelaran kejuaraan insepak ~~the~~bola [[Piala Afrika 2013\|~~2013~~Piala ~~Africa Cup of Nations~~Afrika]] ~~football~~2013 ~~championship~~pada ontanggal 20 ~~January~~januari 2013 ~~with~~dengan amenang ~~1–0 win~~1-0 ~~over~~di Niger. ~~After~~Setelah ~~scoring~~mencetak ~~the only~~satu-satunya ~~goal~~gol, [[Seydou Keita]] ~~displayed a~~menampilkan T-shirt ~~with~~dengan atanda ~~peace~~damai ~~sign~~tersemat ondalam itkaos tersebut.<ref>~~{{Cite~~<cite ~~news\|url~~class="citation news">[http://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/21/sports/soccer/mali-gets-first-african-cup-of-nations-win.html?_r=0~~\|title=~~ "Mali Gets First African Cup of Nations Win~~\|date=21~~"]. ~~January 2013\|newspaper=The New York Times\|access-date=21 January 2013}}~~</cite></ref> ASejumlah ~~number~~musisi ~~of musicians from~~dari Mali ~~came~~datang ~~together~~bersama-sama tountuk ~~record~~merekam ~~the song~~lagu ''Mali-ko'' (~~meaning~~yang berarti ~~peace~~damai) ~~and~~dan ~~release a~~merilis video ''~~Voices~~Suara ~~United~~Bersatu ~~for~~untuk Mali-'Mali-ko'''<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=elwA7SHM8_U <span class="plainlinks">Voices United for Mali-'Mali-ko' (Peace / La Paix)-Français sous-titres</span>]<span> on YouTube</span></ref> inpada ~~early~~awal 2013 ~~about~~sesaat ~~the~~setelah ~~ongoing~~konflik ~~conflict~~berlangsung indi ~~the~~negeri ~~country~~ini. ~~The~~Kolaborasi ~~collaboration~~ini ~~includes~~diikuti ~~many~~musisi ~~well-known~~terkenal ~~Malian musicians~~Mali, ~~including~~termasuk Oumou Sangaré, Vieux Farka Touré, ~~and~~dan Amadou & Mariam.<ref>~~{{Cite~~<cite ~~news\|url~~class=~~http://www.forbes.com/sites/anthonykosner/2013/01/19/for-music-fans-the-tragic-war-in-mali-has-a-human-voice-lots-of-them/\|title=For~~"citation ~~Music Fans~~news">Kosner, ~~The Tragic War in Mali Has A Human Voice, Lots of Them\|last=Kosner\|first=~~Anthony Wing~~\|date=~~ (19 January 2013~~\|newspaper=Forbes\|archive-url=http://web~~).~~archive.org~~ </web/20130122082352/http://www.forbes.com:80/sites/anthonykosner/2013/01/19/for-music-fans-the-tragic-war-in-mali-has-a-human-voice-lots-of-them/\|archive-date=22 January 2013\|dead-url=yes\|access-date=19 January 2013}}cite></ref> == Referensi == <div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <references /></div> [[Kategori:Perang melibatkan Aljazair]]▼ [[Kategori:Perang yang melibatkan ~~Angola~~Aljazair]] [[Kategori:Perang yang melibatkan ~~Belgia~~Angola]] [[Kategori:Perang ~~melibatkan~~yang ~~Burkina~~melibatkan ~~Faso~~Belgia]] [[Kategori:Perang yang melibatkan ~~Chad~~Burkina Faso]] [[Kategori:Perang yang melibatkan ~~Denmark~~Chad]] [[Kategori:Perang yang melibatkan ~~Perancis~~Denmark]] [[Kategori:Perang yang melibatkan ~~Jerman~~Prancis]] [[Kategori:Perang yang melibatkan ~~Hongaria~~Jerman]] [[Kategori:Perang yang melibatkan ~~Irlandia~~Hungaria]] [[Kategori:Perang yang melibatkan ~~Mali~~Irlandia]] [[Kategori:Perang yang melibatkan ~~Namibia~~Mali]] [[Kategori:Perang ~~melibatkan~~yang ~~Afrika~~melibatkan ~~Selatan~~Namibia]] [[Kategori:Perang yang melibatkan ~~Spanyol~~Afrika Selatan]] [[Kategori:Perang yang melibatkan ~~Belanda~~Spanyol]] [[Kategori:Perang ~~melibatkan~~yang ~~Britania~~melibatkan ~~Raya~~Belanda]] [[Kategori:Perang yang melibatkan ~~Amerika~~Britania ~~Serikat~~Raya]] ▲[[Kategori:Perang yang melibatkan ~~Aljazair~~Amerika Serikat]] [[Kategori:Perang kemerdekaan]]