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{{periksaterjemahan|en|Pythia}}
{{other uses}}
[[Berkas:Eugène Delacroix - Lycurgus Consulting the Pythia - Google Art Project.jpg|
'''Pithia''' ({{IPAc-en|'|p|I|th|i|@}},<ref>{{cite web|title="Pythia" main entry Random House Dictionary (American), further down Collins Dictionary (British)|url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/pythia?s=t|website=Dictionary.com}}</ref> {{lang-el|Πυθία}} {{IPA-el|pyːˈtʰi.a|}}), yang umumnya dikenal sebagai '''[[Orakel]] Delphi''', adalah nama yang diberikan kepada [[pendeta]] wanita [[Kuil Apollo (Delphi)|Kuil Apollo]] di [[Delphi]] yang menjabat sebagai orakel.
Baris 6 ⟶ 7:
Nama "Pithia" berasal dari kata Pytho, yang dikatakan merupakan nama asli dari Delphi. Dalam [[etimologi]], bangsa Yunani memberikan nama tempat tersebut dari pengucapan, ''pythein'' (πύθειν), yang merujuk kepada bau manis menyengat dari jenazah monster [[Pithon (mitologi)|Pithon]] setelah dipanah oleh Apollo.<ref>''Homeric Hymn to Apollo'' 363–369.</ref>
Pithia didirikan pada abad ke-8 SM,<ref>Athletes and Oracles: The Transformation of Olympia and Delphi in the Eighth Century BC; Morgan C. 1990, p. 148.</ref> dan dikenal karena [[nubuat]]-nubuatnya yang terinspirasi dari roh-rohiwa dewa (atau [[antusiasme]]), dalam hal ini [[Apollo]]. Pendeta wanita Pithia telah ada dari akhir abad ke-7 SM dan masih digunakan sebagai wadah untuk berkonsultasi sampai abad ke-4 Masehi.<ref>Delphi: A History of the Center of the Ancient World; Michael Scott, Princeton University Press, p. 30</ref> Pada masa tersebut, Orakel Delphi merupakan orakel paling prestisius dan otoritatif bagi bangsa Yunani, dan ia merupakan wanita paling berkuasa pada zaman klasik. Orakel tersebut adalah salah satu lembaga keagamaan yang paling terdokumentasi pada zaman Yunani klasik. Pengarang-pengarang yang menyebut orakel tersebut meliputi [[Aeskilus]], [[Aristoteles]], [[Klemens dari Aleksandria]], [[Diodorus]], [[Diogenes dari Sinope|Diogenes]], [[Euripides]], [[Herodotus]], [[Yulianus si Murtad|Yulianus]], [[Justin (sejarawan)|Justin]], [[Livy]], [[Marcus Annaeus Lucanus|Lucan]], [[Cornelius Nepos|Nepos]], [[Ovid]], [[Pausanias (geografer)|Pausanias]], [[Pindar]], [[Plato]],
== Catatan ==
{{reflist|2}}
== Referensi ==
=== Sumber kuno ===
* [[Herodotus]], ''[http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0126 The Histories]'', at the [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu Perseus Project]
* [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0138:hymn=3:line=1 Homeric Hymn to Apollo], at the [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu Perseus Project]
* [[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]], ''Description of Greece'', (ed. and translated with commentary by [[James Frazer|Sir James Frazer]]), 1913 edition. Cf. v.5
* [[Plutarch]], ''De defectu oraculorum'' ("On the Decline of Oracles") and ''De Pythiae Oraculis'' ("On the Oracles of the Pythia"), in ''Moralia'', vol. 5 (Loeb Library, Harvard University Press)
=== Sumber modern ===
* de Boer, Jelle Zeilinga, John Rigby Hale & Henry A. Spiller, "The Delphic Oracle: A Multidisciplinary Defense of the Gaseous Vent Theory." ''[[Clinical Toxicology]]'' 40.2 189–196 (2000)
* de Boer, Jelle Zeilinga, Jeffrey P. Chandon & [[John Rigby Hale]], "New Evidence for the Geological Origins of the Ancient Delphic Oracle," ''[[Geology (journal)|Geology]]'' 29.8, 707–711 (2001)
* de Boer, Jelle Zeilinga, Jeffrey P. Chandon, John Rigby Hale & Henry A. Spiller, "[http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=questioning-the-delphic-o Questioning the Delphic Oracle]", ''[[Scientific American]]'' (August 2003)
* [[Auguste Bouché-Leclercq|Bouché-Leclercq, Auguste]], ''Histoire de la divination dans l'Antiquité'', volumes I-IV, Paris (1879–1882)
* {{cite book | first=Hugh | last=Bowden | year =2005 | title=Classical Athens and the Delphic Oracle: Divination and Democracy | publisher=Cambridge University Press | isbn=0-521-53081-4 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=SoSJLj3O3tYC&printsec=frontcover}}
* [[William Broad|Broad, William J.]] ''The Oracle: Ancient Delphi and the Science Behind Its Lost Secrets'', New York, Penguin Press, ISBN 978-0-14-303859-7 (2007); hardcover edition ''The Oracle: the lost secrets and hidden message of ancient Delphi'', Penguin Press, ISBN 1-59420-081-5 (2006)
* [[Walter Burkert|Burkert, Walter]] ''[http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog/BURGRE.html Greek Religion]'', Harvard University Press, ISBN 0-674-36280-2 (1985); Orig. in German (1977)
* [[Joan Breton Connelly|Connelly, Joan Breton]] ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=sAspxHK-T1UC&printsec=frontcover Portrait of a Priestess: Women and Ritual in Ancient Greece]'', Princeton University Press, 2007, ISBN 0-691-12746-8
* Courby, Fernand, ''Feuilles de Delphi: Tome 2, Topographie et Architecture, La Terrace du Temple'' (1927)
* Dempsey, T., Reverend, ''The Delphic oracle, its early history, influence and fall'', Oxford,
* [[E. R. Dodds|Dodds, E. R.]] ''The Greeks and the Irrational'', Berkeley, University of California Press (1963)
* Etiope, G., D. Christodoulou, M. Geraga, P. Favali, & G. Papatheodorou, "The geological links of the ancient Delphic Oracle (Greece): a reappraisal of natural gas occurrence and origin", ''Geology'', 34, 821–824 (2006)
* [[Lewis Richard Farnell|Farnell, Lewis Richard]], ''The Cults of the Greek States'', Volumes I-V, Clarendon Press, (1896–1909); cf. especially, [https://books.google.com/books?id=ewIIU_JNarIC&printsec=titlepage&source=gbs_summary_r&cad=0 volume IV] on the Pythoness and Delphi
* [[Joseph Fontenrose|Fontenrose, Joseph Eddy]], ''Python; a study of Delphic myth and its origins'', New York, Biblio & Tannen, ISBN 0-8196-0285-X (1959; 1974)
* [[Joseph Fontenrose|Fontenrose, Joseph Eddy]], ''The Delphic oracle, its responses and operations, with a catalogue of responses'', Berkeley
* Foster J., Lehoux D.R., "The Delphic Oracle and the ethylene-intoxication hypothesis", ''[[Clinical Toxicology]]'', 45, 85–89 (2007)
* [[William Golding|Golding, William]], ''The Double Tongue'', London, Faber (1995). Posthumous, fictional novel by the [[Nobel Prize|Nobel]] prize winner about a Pythia in the 1st century BCE.
* Goodrich, Norma Lorre, ''Priestesses'', New York
* [[W. K. C. Guthrie|Guthrie, William Keith Chambers]], ''The Greeks and their Gods'' (1950)
* [[Manly Palmer Hall|Hall, Manly Palmer]], ''The Secret Teachings of All Ages'', Cf [http://www.sacred-texts.com/eso/sta/sta14.htm Chapter 14], (1928)
* [http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/perspectives_in_biology_and_medicine/v057/57.3.harissis.html Harissis H.V. 2015. “A Bittersweet Story: The True Nature of the Laurel of the Oracle of Delphi” Perspectives in Biology and Medicine. Volume 57, Number 3, Summer 2014, pp. 295-298.]
* Holland, Leicester B., "The Mantic Mechanism at Delphi," ''[[American Journal of Archaeology]]'' 37 pp. 201–214 (1933)
* Lehoux D.R., "Drugs and the Delphic Oracle", ''Classical World'', 101, 1, 41–56 (2007)
* Maass, E., ''De Sibyllarum Indicibus'', Berlin (1879)
* Maurizio, Lisa, "The Voice at the Centre of the World: The Pythia's Ambiguity and Authority" pp. 46–50 in editors Andre Lardinois and Laura McClure ''Making Silence Speak: Women's Voices in Greek Literature and Society'', Princeton University Press (2001)
* Mikalson, Jon D. Ancient Greek Religion. Blackwell Ancient Religions. Malden, MA: Blackwell Pub, 2005.
* Miller, Water, ''Daedalus and Thespis'' Vol 1, (1929)
* [[William Mitford|Mitford, William]], ''The History of Greece'' (1784); Cf. v.1, Chapter III, Section 2, p. 177, "Origin and Progress of the Oracles"
* Morgan, Catherine. ''Athletes and Oracles'', Cambridge (1990)
* Nilsson, Martin P. (Martin Persson). Cults, Myths, Oracles, and Politics in Ancient Greece. With Two Appendices: The Ionian Phylae, the Phratries. New York, Cooper Square Publishers, 1972.
* Parke, Herbert William, ''A History of the Delphic Oracle'', Basil Blackwell, Oxford, [[Amazon Standard Identification Number|ASIN]] B002NZWT0Y (1939)
* Parke, Herbert William, ''Sibyls and Sibylline Prophecy in Classical Antiquity'', Routledge, London, ISBN 978-0-415-07638-8 (reprinted 1992)
* Piccardi, Luigi, "Active faulting at Delphi: seismotectonic remarks and a hypothesis for the geological environment of a myth", ''Geology'', 28, 651–654 (2000)
* Piccardi L.,
* Potter, David Stone, ''Prophecy and history in the crisis of the Roman Empire: a historical commentary on the Thirteenth Sibylline Oracle'', Cf. Chapter 3 (1990)
* Poulson, Frederick. ''Dephi'' Gleydenhall, London (1920)
* [[Erwin Rohde|Rohde, Erwin]], ''Psyche: The Cult of Souls and the Belief in Immortality among the Greeks'', trans. from the 8th edn. by W. B. Hillis, Routledge & Kegan Paul, London, (1925); reprinted by Routledge (2000); [https://books.google.com/books?id=EsVTr_6c7E0C&printsec=frontcover&dq=intitle:Psyche+inauthor:Erwin+inauthor:Rohde&lr=&as_brr=3#v=onepage&q&f=false full text in English]
* [[Martin Litchfield West|West, Martin Litchfield]], ''The Orphic Poems'', Oxford: Clarendon Press
== Pranala luar ==
{{Commons category|Pythia}}
* [http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2001/08/0814_delphioracle.html "Delphic Oracle's Lips May Have Been Loosened by Gas Vapors"] ''[[National Geographic Society|National Geographic]]'' August 14, 2001
[[Kategori:Orakel klasik]]
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