Thermococcus: Perbedaan antara revisi

Dalam [[taksonomi]], '''''Thermococcus''''' adalah [[genus]] [[termofili]] ekstrimekstrem dalam famili [[Thermococcaceae]].<ref>See the [[National Center for Biotechnology Information|NCBI]] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=2263 webpage on Thermococcus]. Data extracted from the {{cite web | url=ftp://ftp.ncbi.nih.gov/pub/taxonomy/ | title=NCBI taxonomy resources | publisher=[[National Center for Biotechnology Information]] | accessdate=2007-03-19}}</ref>

<br>Anggota dari genus ''Thermococcus'' semua [[Archaea]], memiliki karakteristik thermophillic-hyperthermophillic.<ref name="one">Amenabar, M. J., et al. (2013). "Archaeal diversity from hydrothermal systems of Deception Island, Antarctica." Polar Biology 36(3): 373-380.</ref> Mikroorganisme ini biasanya berbentuk tidak teratur spesies coccoid, mulai dari ukuran 0,6-2,0 μm dengan diameter.<ref name="two">Francesco Canganella, W. J. J., Agata Gambacorta, and Garabed Antranikian (1998). "''Thermococcus guaymasensis'' sp. nov. and ''Thermococcus aggregans'' sp. nov., two novel thermophilic archaea isolated from the Guaymas Basin hydrothermal vent site." International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology 48(1): 6.</ref> Beberapa spesies Thermococcus tidak dapat bergerak, dan beberapa spesies memiliki motilitas, menggunakan flagela sebagai sumber utama gerakan.<ref name="one" /><ref name="two" /><ref name="three">Schut, G. J., et al. (2013). "The modular respiratory complexes involved in hydrogen and sulfur metabolism by heterotrophic hyperthermophilic archaea and their evolutionary implications."Fems Microbiology Reviews 37(2): 182-203.</ref><ref name="four">Yuusuke Tokooji, T. S., Shinsuke Fujiwara, Tadayuki Imanaka and Haruyuki Atomi (2013). "Genetic Examination of Initial Amino Acid Oxidation and Glutamate Catabolism in the Hyperthermophilic Archaeon ''Thermococcus kodakarensis''." Journal of Bacteriology: 10.</ref><ref name="five">Bezsudnova, E. Y., et al. (2012). "Structural insight into the molecular basis of polyextremophilicity of short-chain alcohol dehydrogenase from the hyperthermophilic archaeon ''Thermococcus sibiricus''." Biochimie 94(12): 2628-2638.</ref><ref name="six">Cho, S. S., et al. (2012). "Characterization and PCR application of a new high-fidelity DNA polymerase from ''Thermococcus waiotapuensis''." Enzyme and Microbial Technology 51(6-7): 334-341.</ref><ref name="seven">Atomi, H., et al. (2013). "CoA biosynthesis in archaea." Biochemical Society Transactions 41: 427-431.</ref><ref name="eight">Lee, J., et al. (2012). "Hydrogen production from C1 compounds by a novel marine hyperthermophilic archaeon ''Thermococcus onnurineus'' NA1." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 37(15): 11113-11121.</ref><ref name="nine">Aono, R., et al. (2012). "Enzymatic Characterization of AMP Phosphorylase and Ribose-1,5-Bisphosphate Isomerase Functioning in an Archaeal AMP Metabolic Pathway." Journal of Bacteriology 194(24): 6847-6855.</ref><ref name="ten">Jaime Andres Rivas-Pardo, A. H.-M., Victor Castro-Fernandez, Francisco J. Fernandez, M. Cristina Vega, and Victoria Guixe (2013). "Crystal Structure, SAXS and Kinetic Mechanism of Hyperthermophilic ADP-Depended Glucokinase from ''Thermococcus litoralis'' Reveal a Conserved Mechanism for Catalysis " PLoS ONE: 12.</ref><ref name="eleven">Rogatykh, S. V., et al. (2013). "Evaluation of Quantitative and Qualitative Composition of Cultivated Acidophilic Microorganisms by Real-Time PCR and Clone Library Analysis." Microbiology 82(2): 210-214.</ref><ref name="twelve">Tae-Yang Jung, Y.-S. K., Byoung-Ha Oh, and Euijeon Woo (2012). "Identification of a novel ligand binding site in phosphoserine phosphatase from the hyperthermophilic archaeon ''Thermococcus onnurineus''." Wiley Periodicals: 11.</ref> Flagela ini biasanya ada pada tiang spesifik organisme.<ref name="twelve" /> Gerakan ini telah terlihat pada suhu kamar atau pada suhu tinggi, tergantung pada organisme tertentu.<ref name="thirteen">Tagashira, K., et al. (2013). "Genetic studies on the virus-like regions in the genome of hyperthermophilic archaeon, ''Thermococcus kodakarensis''." Extremophiles 17(1): 153-160.</ref> Pada beberapa spesies, mikroorganisme ini dapat agregat dan membentuk plak putih-abu-abu,<ref name="twelve" /> sementara semua organisme ini tinggal di suhu dari 70-<100oC,<ref name="one" /><ref name="two" /><ref name="three" /><ref name="four" /><ref name="six" /><ref name="seven" /><ref name="eight" /><ref name="nine" /><ref name="ten" /><ref name="eleven" /><ref name="twelve" /><ref name="thirteen" /><ref name="fourteen">Gorlas, A. and C. Geslin (2013). "A simple procedure to determine the infectivity and host range of viruses infecting anaerobic and hyperthermophilic microorganisms." Extremophiles 17(2): 349-355.</ref><ref name="fifteen">Krupovic, M., et al. (2013). "Insights into Dynamics of Mobile Genetic Elements in Hyperthermophilic Environments from Five New ''Thermococcus'' Plasmids." PLoS ONE 8(1).</ref><ref name="sixteen">Adrian Hetzer, H. W. M., Ian R. McDonald, Christopher J. Daughney (2007). "Microbial life in Champagne Pool, a geothermal spring in Waiotapu, New Zealand." Extremophiles 11:10.</ref><ref name="seventeen">Tomohiro Kato, X. L., Hiroyuki Asanuma (2012). "Model of Elongation of Short DNA Sequence by Thermophilic DNA Polymerase under Isothermal Conditions." Biochemistry 51: 8.</ref><ref name="eighteen">Kim, B. K., et al. (2012). "Genome Sequence of an Oligohaline Hyperthermophilic Archaeon, Thermococcus zilligii AN1, Isolated from a Terrestrial Geothermal Freshwater Spring." Journal of Bacteriology 194(14): 3765-3766.</ref><ref name="nineteen">Annmarie Neumer, H. W. J., Shimshon Belkin, and Karl O. Stetter (1990). "''Thermococcus litoralis'' sp. nov.: A new species of extremely thermophilic marine archaebacteria." Arch Microbiology 153(1): 3.</ref><ref name="twenty">James F. Holden, K. T., Melanie Summit, Sheryl Bolton, Jamie Zyskowski, John A. Baross (2000). "Diversity among three novel groups of hyperthermophilic deep-sea ''Thermococcus'' species from three sites in the northeastern Pacific Ocean." FEMS Microbiology Ecology 36: 10.</ref> baik di hadapan perokok hitam (ventilasi hidrotermal), atau mata air tawar,<ref name="twentysix">Elisabeth Antoine, J. G., J. R. Meunier, F. Lesongeur, G. Barbier (1995). "Isolation and Characterization of Extremely Thermophilic Archaebacteria Related to the Genus ''Thermococcus'' from Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Guaymas Basin." Current Microbiology 31: 7.</ref> antara garam (NaCl) konsentrasi dari 1% -3%.<ref name="eighteen" /> Spesies dalam genus ini secara ketat anaerob,<ref name="one" /><ref name="two" /><ref name="three" /><ref name="four" /><ref name="five" /><ref name="six" /><ref name="seven" /><ref name="eight" /><ref name="nine" /><ref name="ten" /><ref name="eleven" /><ref name="twelve" /><ref name="thirteen" /><ref name="fourteen" /><ref name="fifteen" /><ref name="sixteen" /><ref name="seventeen" /><ref name="eighteen" /><ref name="nineteen" /><ref name="twenty" /> dan sebagian besar barophiles serta thermophiles,<ref name="one" /><ref name="two" /><ref name="three" /><ref name="four" /><ref name="five" /><ref name="six" /><ref name="seven" /> hidup di kedalaman antara 200 <1.000 &nbsp;ft.<ref name="ten" /><ref name="eleven" /><ref name="twelve" /><ref name="thirteen" /><ref name="fourteen" /><ref name="fifteen" /><ref name="sixteen" /><ref name="seventeen" /><ref name="eighteen" /><ref name="nineteen" /><ref name="twenty" /> Organisme ini berkembang pada tingkat pH 5,6-7,9.<ref name="twentyone">Kazuo Tori, S. I., Shinichi Kiyonari, Saki Tahara, [[Yoshizumi Ishino]] (2013). "A Novel Single-Strand Specific 3'-5' Exonuclease Found in the Hyperthermophilic Archaeon, Pyrococcus furiosus." PLoS ONE 8: 9.</ref> Anggota dari genus ini telah ditemukan di banyak sistem hidrotermal ventilasi di dunia, termasuk dari laut Jepang,<ref name="twentytwo">Cui, Z. C., et al. (2012). "High level expression and characterization of a thermostable lysophospholipase from ''Thermococcus kodakarensis'' KOD1." Extremophiles 16(4): 619-625.</ref> untuk lepas pantai California.<ref name="twentythree">Ryo Uehara, S.-i. T., Kazufumi Takano, Yuichi Koga, Shigenori Kanaya (2012). "Requirement of insertion sequence IS1 for thermal adaptation of Pro-Tk-subtilisin from hyperthermophilic archaeon." Extremophiles 16: 11.</ref> Anehnya garam (NaCl) bukan merupakan substrat diperlukan untuk organisme ini,<ref name="twentyfour">Cubonova, L., et al. (2012). "An Archaeal Histone Is Required for Transformation of ''Thermococcus kodakarensis''." Journal of Bacteriology 194(24): 6864-6874.</ref><ref name="twentyfive">Anne Postec, F. L., Patricia Pignet, Bernard Ollivier, Joel Querellou, Anne Godfroy (2007). "Continuous enrichment cultures: insights into prokaryotic diversity and metabolic interactions in deep-sea vent chimneys." Extremophiles 11: 10.</ref> sebagai salah satu studi menunjukkan anggota ''Thermococcus'' hidup dalam sistem air panas tawar di Selandia Baru,<ref name="twentysix" /> namun mereka memang membutuhkan konsentrasi rendah lithium ion untuk pertumbuhan.<ref name="twentyseven">Jed O. Eberly, R. L. E. (2008). "Thermotolerant Hydrogenases: Biological Diversity, Properties, and Biotechnological Applications." Critical Reviews in Microbiology 34: 14.</ref> Anggota ''Thermococcus'' digambarkan sebagai heterotrofik, chemotrophic<ref name="one" /><ref name="two" /><ref name="three" /><ref name="four" /> dan [[sulfanogen]] organotrophic;<ref name="one" /><ref name="two" /><ref name="three" /><ref name="four" /><ref name="five" /><ref name="six" /><ref name="seven" /><ref name="eight" /><ref name="nine" /><ref name="ten" /><ref name="eleven" /><ref name="twelve" /><ref name="thirteen" /><ref name="fourteen" /><ref name="fifteen" /><ref name="sixteen" /><ref name="seventeen" /><ref name="eighteen" /><ref name="nineteen" /><ref name="twenty" /> memanfaatkan unsur sulfur (So) dan sumber karbon termasuk asam amino, karbohidrat, dan asam organik seperti piruvat.<ref name="twentyeight">Ozawa, Y., et al. (2012). "Indolepyruvate ferredoxin oxidoreductase: An oxygen-sensitive iron-sulfur enzyme from the hyperthermophilic archaeon ''Thermococcus profundus''." Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering 114(1): 23-27.</ref>