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Baris 1: ~~{{terjemah\|Inggris}}~~ {{Infobox galaxy \| name = Galaksi Andromeda \|image=[[Berkas:~~M31bobo~~M31 09-01-2011.jpg\|300px]] \| epoch = [[Epoch (astronomy)#Julian years and J2000\|J2000]] ~~\| pronounce = {{IPA\|/ænˈdrɒmədə/}}~~ \| pronounce = {{IPAc-en\|æ\|n\|ˈ\|d\|r\|ɒ\|m\|ᵻ\|d\|ə}} ~~\| constellation name = Andromeda~~ \| type = SA(s)b<ref name="ned" /> ~~\| dist_ly = 2.54 ± 0.06 Mly~~ \| mass = ~0,8-1,5{{e\|12}}<ref name="Kafle2018">{{cite journal ~~(778 ± 17~~ \| first = Prajwal R. \|last=Kafle ~~\| type = SA(s)b~~ \| first2 = Sanjib \|last2=Sharma ~~\| stars = 1 Triliun~~ \| first3 = Geraint F. \|last3=Lewis ~~\| appmag_v = 3.44~~ \| display-authors=3 \| first4 = Aaron S. G. \|last4=Robotham \| first5 = Simon P. \| last5=Driver \| title = The Need for Speed: Escape velocity and dynamical mass measurements of the Andromeda Galaxy \| journal = Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society \| volume = 475 \| issue = 3 \| date = 1 February 2018 \| pages=4043–4054 \| bibcode = 2018MNRAS.475.4043K \| issn=0035-8711 \| doi = 10.1093/mnras/sty082\|arxiv = 1801.03949 }}</ref> \| size = ~220 Kly (diameter)<ref name="Chapman et al 2006" /> \| stars = ~1 triliun (10<sup>12</sup>)<!-- exponential value to disambiguate "trillion" --><ref name="trillion-stars" /> \| age = 5 hingga 9 miliar tahun<ref name="Moskvitch 2010">{{cite news \| last = Moskvitch \| first = Katia \| date = 25 November 2010 \| title = Andromeda 'born in a collision' \| url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-11833356 \| publisher = [[BBC News]] \| accessdate = 25 November 2010 \| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20101126042510/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-11833356 \| archivedate = 26 November 2010 \| deadurl = no }} </ref> \| ra = {{RA\|00\|42\|44.3}}<ref name="ned" /> \| dec = {{DEC\|+41\|16\|9}}<ref name="ned" /> \| dist_ly = 2,54 ± 0,11 [[light-year\|Mly]] <br> (778 ± 33 [[parsec\|kpc]])<ref name="Karachentsevetal2006" /><ref name="McConnachieetal2005" />{{efn\|name=avg dist}} \| z = z = −0,001001 \| h_radial_v = −301 ± 1 km/s<ref name="Karachentsevetal2006" /> \| appmag_v = 3,44<ref name="SIMBAD-M31" /><ref name="GAXEL" /> \| size_v = 3,167° × 1°<ref name="ned" /> \| constellation name = [[Andromeda (constellation)\|Andromeda]] \| absmag_v = −21,5{{efn\|name=blue mag}}<ref name="Ribas2005" /> \| names = [[Objek Messier\|M]]31, [[New General Catalogue\|NGC]] 224, UGC 454, PGC 2557, [[Second Cambridge Catalogue of Radio Sources\|2C]] 56 (Core),<ref name="ned" /> CGCG 535-17, MCG +07-02-016, IRAS 00400+4059, 2MASX J00424433+4116074, GC 116, h 50, Bode 3, Flamsteed 58, Hevelius 32, Ha 3.3, IRC +40013 }} '''Galaksi Andromeda''' (nama lain, '''Messier 31''' dan '''NGC 224''') adalah sebuah [[galaksi spiral]] yang berjarak kira-kira 2,5 juta [[tahun cahaya]] dari bumi. Galaksi ini merupakan salah satu [[galaksi]] di luar galaksi [[Bima Sakti]] yang dapat dilihat dengan mata telanjang pada malam yang cerah, tanpa [[bulan]], dan tanpa polusi [[cahaya]]. Strukturnya mirip dengan galaksi Bima Sakti yaitu berbentuk [[spiral]]. Jaraknya sekitar 2,5 juta [[tahun cahaya]]. Letaknya di langit adalah di belahan langit [[utara]], sekitar 41 derajat di sebelah utara khatulistiwa langit. Galaksi ini dapat diamati di bulan [[September]], [[Oktober]], dan [[November]].<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://earthsky.org/clusters-nebulae-galaxies/andromeda-galaxy-closest-spiral-to-milky-way\|title=Andromeda galaxy, closest large spiral {{!}} EarthSky.org\|website=earthsky.org\|language=en-US\|access-date=2020-08-02\|archive-date=2023-07-25\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230725110709/https://earthsky.org/clusters-nebulae-galaxies/andromeda-galaxy-closest-spiral-to-milky-way/\|dead-url=no}}</ref> '''Galaksi Andromeda''' dengan nama lain '''Messier 31''', '''M31''', atau '''NGC 224''' adalah sebuah [[galaksi spiral]] berjarak kira-kira 780 [[kiloparsec]] (2.5 juta [[tahun cahaya]]; 2.4 x 101<sup>9</sup> km) dari bumi. Galaksi ini merupakan salah satu [[galaksi]] di luar galaksi [[Bima Sakti]] yang dapat dilihat dengan mata telanjang, asalkan dilihat pada malam yang cerah, tanpa [[bulan]] dan tanpa polusi [[cahaya]]. Strukturnya mirip dengan galaksi Bima Sakti yaitu berbentuk [[spiral]]. Jaraknya sekitar 2,5 juta [[tahun cahaya]]. Letaknya di langit adalah di belahan langit [[utara]], sekitar 41 derajat di sebelah utara khatulistiwa langit, baik diamati sekitar bulan [[September]], [[Oktober]], [[November]]. Dengan mata telanjang, galaksi ini nampak seperti [[kabut]] tipis kecil di langit utara, tetapi jika diamati dengan [[teropong]] yang dapat menampakkan bintang-bintang redup di tepian galaksi Andromeda, ternyata ukuran Andromeda bisa lebih dari 7 kali diameter sudut bulan. Galaksi ini berisi sekitar 1 triliun [[bintang]], dan bergerak mendekati Bima Sakti dengan kecepatan sekitar 300 km/detik. Dengan mata telanjang, galaksi ini tampak seperti [[kabut]] tipis kecil di langit utara. Namun, jika diamati dengan [[teropong]] yang dapat menampakkan bintang-bintang redup di tepian galaksi Andromeda, ukurannya bisa lebih dari 7 kali diameter sudut bulan. Galaksi ini berisi sekitar 1 triliun [[bintang]] dan bergerak mendekati Bima Sakti dengan kecepatan sekitar 300 km/detik. == Struktur == Morfologi galaksi Andromeda diklasifikasikan sebagai SA(s)b dalam [[Klasifikasi morfologi galaksi#Sistem klasifikasi De Vaucouleurs\|Klasifikasi De Vaucouleurs]].<ref name="ned">{{Cite web\|url=http://ned.ipac.caltech.edu/cgi-bin/objsearch?objname=M+031&extend=no&hconst=73&omegam=0.27&omegav=0.73&corr_z=1&out_csys=Equatorial&out_equinox=J2000.0&obj_sort=RA+or+Longitude&of=pre_text&zv_breaker=30000.0&list_limit=5&img_stamp=YES#BasicData_0\|title=Your NED Search Results\|website=ned.ipac.caltech.edu\|access-date=2020-03-16\|archive-date=2018-08-09\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180809115121/http://ned.ipac.caltech.edu/cgi-bin/objsearch?objname=M+031&extend=no&hconst=73&omegam=0.27&omegav=0.73&corr_z=1&out_csys=Equatorial&out_equinox=J2000.0&obj_sort=RA+or+Longitude&of=pre_text&zv_breaker=30000.0&list_limit=5&img_stamp=YES#BasicData_0\|dead-url=no}}</ref> Namun, pada tahun 2007, data terbaru dari [[2MASS]] menunjukkan bahwa morfologi galaksi Andromeda sebenarnya adalah [[Galaksi spiral\|galaksi spiral berbatang]].<ref>{{Cite journal\|last=Beaton\|first=Rachael L.\|last2=Majewski\|first2=Steven R.\|last3=Guhathakurta\|first3=Puragra\|last4=Skrutskie\|first4=Michael F.\|last5=Cutri\|first5=Roc M.\|last6=Good\|first6=John\|last7=Patterson\|first7=Richard J.\|last8=Athanassoula\|first8=E.\|last9=Bureau\|first9=Martin\|date=2007-04\|title=Unveiling the Boxy Bulge and Bar of the Andromeda Spiral Galaxy\|url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007ApJ...658L..91B/abstract\|journal=ApJL\|language=en\|volume=658\|issue=2\|pages=L91–L94\|doi=10.1086/514333\|issn=0004-637X\|access-date=2020-03-17\|archive-date=2022-11-23\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221123024752/https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007ApJ...658L..91B/abstract\|dead-url=no}}</ref> Tahun 1998, [[European Space Agency\|Badan Luar Angkasa Eropa]] mengumumkan bahwa Andromeda memiliki struktur cincin bersamaan dengan struktur spiralnya. Struktur ini tidak bisa terlihat dengan mudah karena terdiri dari debu yang dingin sehingga dibutuhkan [[teleskop]] [[Inframerah]] untuk melihatnya.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://sci.esa.int/web/iso/-/12748-iso-unveils-the-hidden-rings-of-andromeda\|title=ESA Science & Technology - ISO unveils the hidden rings of Andromeda\|website=sci.esa.int\|access-date=2020-03-16\|archive-date=2023-03-31\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331103712/https://sci.esa.int/web/iso/-/12748-iso-unveils-the-hidden-rings-of-andromeda\|dead-url=no}}</ref> Selanjutnya, sebuah studi lain memperlihatkan bagaimana struktur spiralnya memanjang dari [[Pusat Galaksi\|inti galaksi]] melampaui cincin-cincin tadi, namun strukturnya tidak berkelanjutan dan tersegmentasi.<ref>{{Cite journal\|last=Gordon\|first=K. D.\|last2=Bailin\|first2=J.\|last3=Engelbracht\|first3=C. W.\|last4=Rieke\|first4=G. H.\|last5=Misselt\|first5=K. A.\|last6=Latter\|first6=W. B.\|last7=Young\|first7=E. T.\|last8=Ashby\|first8=M. L. N.\|last9=Barmby\|first9=P.\|date=2006-02-03\|title=Spitzer MIPS Infrared Imaging of M31: Further Evidence for a Spiral-Ring Composite Structure\|url=https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1086/501046/meta\|journal=The Astrophysical Journal Letters\|language=en\|volume=638\|issue=2\|pages=L87\|doi=10.1086/501046\|issn=1538-4357\|access-date=2020-03-17\|archive-date=2022-03-08\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308192504/https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1086/501046/meta\|dead-url=no}}</ref> Kebanyakan para astronom berpikir kalau galaksi Andromeda dengan [[Galaksi Bima Sakti\|Galaksi Bimasakti]] agak berbeda selama beberapa dekade terakhir. Hingga pada tahun 2005, sekelompok astronom menggunakan [[Observatorium Keck]] untuk meneliti halo bintangnya. Hasilnya menunjukkan bahwa [[metalisitas]] halo bintang Andromeda sangatlah miskin.[[Berkas:Three Faces of Andromeda.jpg\|jmpl\|331x331px\|Pada tahun 2004, [[Teleskop luar angkasa Spitzer]] mengungkapkan struktur Andromeda yang menakjubkan untuk meneliti lebih lanjut dari apa yang diisyaratkan dari penampakannya]]Hal ini cukup mengejutkan, karena selama ini perbedaan antara mereka dianggap terletak di metalisitas halo bintangnya. Ini artinya jika mereka sama-sama miskin metalisitas, maka setidaknya mereka pernah berevolusi sama-sama.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://pr.caltech.edu/media/Press_Releases/PR12801.html\|title=Caltech Press Release, 2/27/2006, Dr. Scott Chapman\|date=2006-05-09\|website=web.archive.org\|access-date=2020-03-16\|archive-date=2006-05-09\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060509072644/http://pr.caltech.edu/media/Press_Releases/PR12801.html\|dead-url=unfit}}</ref> == Inti == [[Berkas:M31 Core in X-rays.jpg\|al=\|kiri\|jmpl\|212x212px\|Inti Andromeda dalam citra [[sinar-X]] [[Observatorium Chandra]]. Cahaya biru menandakan [[lubang hitam supermasif]]]] Andromeda memiliki inti yang sangat kompak dan padat sehingga sulit untuk diketahui strukturnya dari [[bumi]]. Pada bulan Juni 1991, [[Teleskop luar angkasa Hubble\|Teleskop Hubble]] diarahkan untuk meneliti inti Andromeda. Hasil observasi tersebut menunjukkan terdapat dua konsentrasi pada intinya yang terpisah sejauh 0.49" (4.9 [[tahun cahaya]]). Konsentrasi yang terang dinamai P1, sementara konsentrasi yang redup dinamai P2. Konsentrasi P2 jatuh di pusat sebenarnya galaksi ini, dan memiliki lubang hitam yang memiliki massa kurang lebih 1–5 × 10<sup>7</sup> <var>M</var><sub>☉</sub><ref>{{Cite journal\|last=Lauer\|first=T. R.\|last2=Faber\|first2=S. M.\|last3=Groth\|first3=E. J.\|last4=Shaya\|first4=E. J.\|last5=Campbell\|first5=B.\|last6=Code\|first6=A.\|last7=Currie\|first7=D. G.\|last8=Baum\|first8=W. A.\|last9=Ewald\|first9=S. P.\|date=1993-10\|title=Planetary Camera Observations of the Double Nucleus of M31\|url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993AJ....106.1436L/abstract\|journal=AJ\|language=en\|volume=106\|pages=1436\|doi=10.1086/116737\|issn=0004-6256\|access-date=2020-03-17\|archive-date=2023-07-16\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230716040326/https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993AJ....106.1436L/abstract\|dead-url=no}}</ref> Awal penjelasan penyebab P1 lebih terang adalah sisa-sisa dari galaksi kecil yang 'dimakan' oleh galaksi Andromeda (kemudian muncul penjelasan inti yang sebenarnya satu yang tertutupi debu).<ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://www.aip.org/pnu/1993/split/pnu138-2.htm\|title=Physics News Update Number 138 - THE ANDROMEDA GALAXY HAS A DOUBLE NUCLEUS\|date=2009-08-15\|website=web.archive.org\|access-date=2020-03-17\|archive-date=2009-08-15\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090815062838/http://www.aip.org/pnu/1993/split/pnu138-2.htm\|dead-url=unfit}}</ref> Tapi penjelasan ini tidak lagi kuat karena konsentrasi ini akan memiliki paruh hidup yang pendek sebagai akibat dari gangguan pasang surut [[lubang hitam]]. Meskipun masalah ini terselesaikan separuhnya bila P1 ini memiliki lubang hitam sendiri yang menstabilkan dirinya, tetapi distribusi pergerakan bintangnya menunjukkan tidak ada indikasi [[lubang hitam]] di P1.{{Infobox astronomical event\|epoch=[[J2000]]\|constellation=[[Andromeda]]\|distance=2.2 juta [[tahun cahaya]]\|name=PA-99-N2\|image=\|names=\|redshift=\|start_time=1999\|event_type=[[lensa gravitasi\|mikrolensa gravitasi]]\|commons=\|dec=+41° 28′ 44.6″\|fetchwikidata=\|ra=00j 44m 20.89d}} == Dugaan eksoplanet == '''PA-99-N2''' adalah sebuah peristiwa [[Lensa gravitasi\|mikrolensa gravitasi]] yang terjadi di galaksi Andromeda pada tahun 1999. Salah satu penjelasannya adalah sebuah bintang (yang memiliki massa setengah dari [[matahari]]) melensakan sebuah [[raksasa merah]]. Peristiwa ini mengungkapkan adanya sebuah planet mirip [[Jupiter]] pada raksasa merah tersebut.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://exoplanet.eu/catalog/pa-99-n2_b/\|title=The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia — PA-99-N2 b\|website=exoplanet.eu\|access-date=2020-03-17\|archive-date=2021-01-24\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124062722/http://exoplanet.eu/catalog/pa-99-n2_b/\|dead-url=no}}</ref> Jika ini terkonfirmasi, maka planetnya akan menjadi planet pertama yang ditemukan di luar [[Galaksi Bimasakti]]. Namun, studi selanjutnya menunjukkan terdapat anomali pada peristiwa ini.<ref>{{Cite journal\|last=An\|first=Jin H.\|last2=Evans\|first2=N. W.\|last3=Kerins\|first3=E.\|last4=Baillon\|first4=P.\|last5=Calchi Novati\|first5=S.\|last6=Carr\|first6=B. J.\|last7=Creze\|first7=M.\|last8=Giraud‐Heraud\|first8=Y.\|last9=Gould\|first9=A.\|date=2004-02\|title=The Anomaly in the Candidate Microlensing Event PA‐99‐N2\|url=https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1086/380820\|journal=The Astrophysical Journal\|language=en\|volume=601\|issue=2\|pages=845–857\|doi=10.1086/380820\|issn=0004-637X\|access-date=2020-03-17\|archive-date=2023-02-10\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210131909/https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1086/380820\|dead-url=no}}</ref> == Referensi == {{reflist\|refs= <ref name="Karachentsevetal2006">{{cite journal \| last1 = Karachentsev \| first1 = Igor D. \| last2 = Kashibadze \| first2 = Olga G. \| date = 2006 \| title = Masses of the Local Group and of the M81 group estimated from distortions in the local velocity field \| journal = [[Astrophysics (journal)\|Astrophysics]] \| volume = 49 \| issue = 1 \| pages = 3–18 \| bibcode = 2006Ap.....49....3K \| doi = 10.1007/s10511-006-0002-6 \| s2cid = 120973010}}</ref> <ref name="McConnachieetal2005">{{cite journal \| last1 = McConnachie \| first1 = Alan W. \| last2 = Irwin \| first2 = Michael J. \| last3 = Ferguson \| first3 = Annette M. N. \| display-authors=3 \| last4 = Ibata \| first4 = Rodrigo A. \| last5 = Lewis \| first5 = Geraint F. \| last6 = Tanvir \| first6 = Nial R. \| date = 2005 \| title = Distances and metallicities for 17 Local Group galaxies \| journal = [[Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society]] \| volume = 356 \| issue = 4 \| pages = 979–997 \| bibcode = 2005MNRAS.356..979M \| arxiv = astro-ph/0410489 \| doi = 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2004.08514.x}}</ref> <ref name="SIMBAD-M31">{{cite web \| title = M 31 \| url = http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=m31 \| access-date = 30 September 2018 \| archive-date = 2014-05-19 \| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140519223154/http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=M31 \| dead-url = no }}</ref> <ref name="GAXEL">{{cite journal \| date = 2007 \| title = The GALEX Ultraviolet Atlas of Nearby Galaxies \| url = https://archive.org/details/sim_astrophysical-journal_2007-12_173_2/page/185 \| journal = [[Astrophysical Journal]] \| volume = 173 \| issue = 2 \| pages = 185–255 \| arxiv = astro-ph/0606440 \| bibcode = 2007ApJS..173..185G \| doi = 10.1086/516636 \| last1 = Gil de Paz \| first1 = Armando \| last2 = Boissier \| first2 = Samuel \| last3 = Madore \| first3 = Barry F. \| display-authors=3 \| last4 = Seibert \| first4 = Mark \| last5 = Joe \| first5 = Young H. \| last6 = Boselli \| first6 = Alessandro \| last7 = Wyder \| first7 = Ted K. \| last8=Thilker \|first8=David A. \| last9=Bianchi \|first9=Luciana \| last10 = Rey \| first10 = Soo‐Chang \| last11 = Rich \| first11 = Robert Michael \| last12 = Barlow \| first12 = Tom A. \| last13 = Conrow \| first13 = Tim \| last14 = Forster \| first14 = Karl \| last15 = Friedman \| first15 = Peter G. \| last16 = Martin \| first16 = D. Christopher \| last17 = Morrissey \| first17 = Patrick \| last18 = Neff \| first18 = Susan G. \| last19 = Schiminovich \| first19 = David \| last20 = Small \| first20 = Todd \| last21 = Donas \| first21 = Jose \| last22 = Heckman \| first22 = Timothy M. \| last23 = Lee \| first23 = Young‐Wook \| last24 = Milliard \| first24 = Bruno \| last25 = Szalay \| first25 = Alex S. \| last26 = Yi \| first26 = Sukyoung \| s2cid = 119085482}}</ref> <ref name="Ribas2005">{{cite journal \| last1 = Ribas \| first1 = Ignasi \| last2 = Jordi \| first2 = Carme \| last3 = Vilardell \| first3 = Francesc \| display-authors=3 \| last4 = Fitzpatrick \| first4 = Edward L. \| last5 = Hilditch \| first5 = Ron W. \| last6 = Guinan \| first6 = Edward F. \| date = 2005 \| title = First Determination of the Distance and Fundamental Properties of an Eclipsing Binary in the Andromeda Galaxy \| journal = [[Astrophysical Journal Letters]] \| volume = 635 \| issue = 1 \| pages = L37–L40 \| bibcode = 2005ApJ...635L..37R \| arxiv = astro-ph/0511045 \| doi = 10.1086/499161 \| s2cid = 119522151}}</ref> <ref name="Chapman et al 2006">{{cite journal \| last1 = Chapman \| first1 = Scott C. \| last2 = Ibata \| first2 = Rodrigo A. \| last3 = Lewis \| first3 = Geraint F. \| display-authors=3 \| last4 = Ferguson \| first4 = Annette M. N. \| last5 = Irwin \| first5 = Michael J. \| last6 = McConnachie \| first6 = Alan W. \| last7 = Tanvir \| first7 = Nial R. \| date = 2006 \| title = A kinematically selected, metal-poor spheroid in the outskirts of M31 \| journal = [[Astrophysical Journal]] \| volume = 653 \| issue = 1 \| pages = 255–266 \| arxiv = astro-ph/0602604 \| doi = 10.1086/508599 \| bibcode = 2006ApJ...653..255C \| s2cid = 14774482}} Also see the press release, {{cite press release \| publisher = [[Caltech\|Caltech Media Relations]] \| date = 27 February 2006 \| title = Andromeda's Stellar Halo Shows Galaxy's Origin to Be Similar to That of Milky Way \| url = http://pr.caltech.edu/media/Press_Releases/PR12801.html \| access-date = 24 May 2006 \| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060509072644/http://pr.caltech.edu/media/Press_Releases/PR12801.html \| archive-date = 9 May 2006 \| url-status = dead \| df = dmy-all }} {{Cite web \|url=http://pr.caltech.edu/media/Press_Releases/PR12801.html \|title=Salinan arsip \|access-date=2020-03-17 \|archive-date=2006-05-09 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060509072644/http://pr.caltech.edu/media/Press_Releases/PR12801.html \|dead-url=unfit }}</ref> <ref name="trillion-stars">{{cite magazine \| last = Young \| first = Kelly \| date = 6 June 2006 \| title = The Andromeda Galaxy hosts a trillion stars \| url = https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn9282-andromeda-galaxy-hosts-a-trillion-stars.html \| magazine = [[New Scientist]] \| access-date = 6 October 2014}}</ref> }} == Pranala luar == ~~{{commonscat\|Andromeda Galaxy}}~~ * [http://blackholes.stardate.org/directory/factsheet.php?p=M31 StarDate: M31 Fact Sheet] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722021459/http://blackholes.stardate.org/directory/factsheet.php?p=M31 \|date=2011-07-22 }} * {{WikiSky\|name=The Andromeda Galaxy}} * [http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/sim-id.pl?Ident=M+31 Simbad data on M31] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20001206111400/http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/sim-id.pl?Ident=M+31 \|date=2000-12-06 }} * [http://64.203.71.11/teknologi/news/0403/31/133030.htm Black hole penuhi pusat galaksi Andomeda] - Artikel di Kompas Cybermedia 31 Maret 2004. * [http://www.seds.org/messier/m/m031.html Messier 31, SEDS Messier pages] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061205045436/http://seds.org/messier/m/m031.html \|date=2006-12-05 }} * [http://www2.kompas.com/teknologi/news/0505/31/162712.htm Galaksi Andomeda ternyata lebih besar dari dugaan] Artikel di Kompas Cybermedia 31 Mei 2005 * [http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/WISE/multimedia/pia12832-c.html] * [http://blackholes.stardate.org/directory/factsheet.php?p=M31 StarDate: M31 Fact Sheet] * [http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/sim-id.pl?Ident=M+31 Simbad data on M31] * [http://www.seds.org/messier/m/m031.html Messier 31, SEDS Messier pages] * [[Astronomy Picture of the Day]] [http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap981017.html A Giant Globular Cluster in M31] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041204105113/http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap981017.html \|date=2004-12-04 }} 1998 October 17. [http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap040718.html M31: The Andromeda Galaxy] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050303012350/http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap040718.html \|date=2005-03-03 }} 2004 July 18. [http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap051222.html Andromeda Island Universe] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051228024604/http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap051222.html \|date=2005-12-28 }} 2005 December 22. [http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap100109.html Andromeda Island Universe] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100114015405/http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap100109.html \|date=2010-01-14 }} 2010 January 9. ** [http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap100219.html WISE Infrared Andromeda] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100222201457/http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap100219.html \|date=2010-02-22 }} 2010 February 19 * [http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/A/Andromeda.html Andromeda Galaxy at The Encyclopedia of Astrobiology, Astronomy, & Spaceflight] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101115160115/http://daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/A/Andromeda.html \|date=2010-11-15 }} * [http://www.beskeen.com/gallery/galaxy/m31/m31.shtml M31 and its central Nuclear Spiral] * [http://www.nightskyinfo.com/archive/m31_galaxy M31, the Andromeda Galaxy] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101229012601/http://www.nightskyinfo.com/archive/m31_galaxy/ \|date=2010-12-29 }} at NightSkyInfo.com * [http://www.starpointing.com/ccd/m31.html Amateur photography – M31] * [http://astro.neutral.org/imagehtml/20050903_m31.html Globular Clusters in M31] at The Curdridge Observatory * [http://www.astronomy.com/asy/default.aspx?c=a&id=3640 First direct distance to Andromeda] − [[Astronomy (magazine)\|Astronomy magazine]] article * [http://www.solstation.com/x-objects/andromeda.htm Andromeda Galaxy] at SolStation.com * [http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/A/Andromeda.html Andromeda Galaxy at The Encyclopedia of Astrobiology, Astronomy, & Spaceflight] * [http://www.nightskyinfo.com/archive/m31_galaxy M31, the Andromeda Galaxy] at NightSkyInfo.com * {{cite news \|last = Than Baris 44 ⟶ 108: \|publisher = Space.com \|url = http://space.com/scienceastronomy/060123_andromeda_plane.html \|access-date = 2014-06-20 }} \|archive-date = 2010-08-08 * [http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/2005/26/full/ Hubble Finds Mysterious Disk of Blue Stars Around Black Hole] Hubble observations (Sep 20 2005) put the mass of the Andromeda core black hole at 140 million solar masses \|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100808175402/http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/060123_andromeda_plane.html * [http://cbat.eps.harvard.edu/CBAT_M31.html M31 (Apparent) Novae Page] (IAU) \|dead-url = no * [http://herschel.esac.esa.int/Images/2011/M31_COMPO_A.jpg Multi-wavelength composite] }} * [http://www.andromedaproject.org Andromeda Project] (crowd-source) * [http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/2005/26/full/ Hubble Finds Mysterious Disk of Blue Stars Around Black Hole] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100731011456/http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/2005/26/full/ \|date=2010-07-31 }} Hubble observations (Sep 20 2005) put the mass of the Andromeda core black hole at 140 million solar masses * {{cite web\|title=M31 – Andromeda Galaxy\|url=http://www.deepskyvideos.com/videos/messier/M31_andromeda.html\|work=Deep Sky Videos\|publisher=[[Brady Haran]]\|author=Gray, Meghan\|coauthors=[[Nik Szymanek{{!}}Szymanek, Nik]]; Merrifield, Michael}} * [http://cbat.eps.harvard.edu/CBAT_M31.html M31 (Apparent) Novae Page] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719204305/http://cbat.eps.harvard.edu/CBAT_M31.html \|date=2011-07-19 }} (IAU) * [http://www.constellation-guide.com/andromeda-galaxy-messier-31-m31-ngc-224/ Andromeda Galaxy (M31) at Constellation Guide] * [http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap130801.html APOD - 2013 August 1] (M31's angular size compared with full Moon) * {{WikiSky\|messier 31}} {{commonscat\|Andromeda Galaxy}} {{Galaksi Andromeda}} {{Obyek Messier}} {{galaksi}} {{Sky\|00\|42.44\|30\|+\|41\|16\|10\|2360000}} ~~{{astronomi-stub}}~~ [[Kategori:Rasi bintang Andromeda]]