Sektarianisme di Pakistan: Perbedaan antara revisi

'''Sektarianisme di Pakistan''' atau '''kekerasan sektarian di Pakistan''' mengacu kepada serangan terhadap orang dan berbagai tempat di [[Pakistan]] yang dimotivasi oleh antagonisme terhadap sekte sasaran, umumnya merupakan kelompok keagamaan. Sasaran di Pakistan mencakup [[Islam Sunni|Sunni]], [[Islam Syiah di Pakistan|Syiah]],<ref name="LoC">{{Cite web|url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Pakistan.pdf |title=Country Profile: Pakistan 75.6 % |date=February 2005 |work=[[Library of Congress Country Studies]] on Pakistan |quote=''Religion: The overwhelming majority of the population (96.3 percent) is Muslim, of whom approximately percent are Sunni and 25 percent Shia.'' |publisher=[[Library of Congress]] |accessdate=1 September 2010}}</ref> [[Sufisme|Sufi]], dan kelompok keagamaan kecil dari [[Ahmadiyah]], [[Hindu]], dan [[Kristen]]. Sebanyak 4.000 orang diperkirakan tewas dalam konflik sektarian Syiah-Sunni di Pakistan antara tahun 1987–2007.<ref name="csmonitor.com">{{Cite news|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/2007/0202/p01s02-wosc.html|title=Shiite-Sunni conflict rises in Pakistan|last=Montero|first=David|date=2007-02-02|newspaper=Christian Science Monitor|issn=0882-7729|access-date=2016-10-01}}</ref> Dan sejak tahun 2008, "ribuan orang Syiah" terbunuh oleh ekstremis Sunni menurut kelompok hak asasi manusia [[Human Rights Watch]].<ref name=HRW-2014>{{cite web|title=Pakistan: Rampant Killings of Shia by Extremists|url=http://www.hrw.org/news/2014/06/29/pakistan-rampant-killings-shia-extremists|publisher=Human Rights Watch|accessdate=16 November 2014|date=June 30, 2014}}</ref>

Salah satu aspek penting serangan terhadap Syiah di Pakistan adalah gerilyawan sering menargetkan tempat beribadah Syiah (Imambargah) saat salat untuk memaksimalkan korban jiwa dan untuk "menekankan dimensi keagamaan dari serangan mereka".<ref name=roul-26-6-2015>{{cite journal|last1=Roul|first1=Animesh|title=Growing Islamic State Influence in Pakistan Fuels Sectarian Violence|journal=Terrorism Monitor|date=June 26, 2015|volume=13|issue=13|url=http://www.jamestown.org/programs/tm/single/?tx_ttnews[tt_news]=44083&tx_ttnews[backPid]=26&cHash=48d507d49abec49f73d4640cb2d342f9#.VZLZRVJggg4|accessdate=30 June 2015}}</ref>

Human Rights Watch juga menyatakan bahwa pada tahun 2011 dan 2012 kelompok minoritas Pakistan, Hindu, Ahmadiyah, dan Kristen "menghadapi ketidakamanan dan penganiayaan yang belum pernah terjadi di negara ini".<ref name=timeline>{{cite news|title=Timeline: Persecution of religious minorities|url=http://dawn.com/2012/11/04/timeline-persecution-of-religious-minorities/|newspaper=DAWN.COM {{!}}|date=4 November 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=World Report 2012: Pakistan|url=http://www.hrw.org/world-report-2012/world-report-2012-pakistan|publisher=Human Rights Watch|accessdate=6 March 2013}}</ref> Serangan terhadap tempat-tempat suci Sufi oleh [[Salafi]] juga telah dilaporkan.<ref name=critical>{{cite web |url=http://criticalppp.com/archives/239339 |title=Sunni Ittehad Council: Sunni Barelvi activism against Deobandi-Wahhabi terrorism in Pakistan – by Aarish U. Khan |accessdate=12 December 2013 |archive-date=2013-01-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130123005941/http://criticalppp.com/archives/239339 |dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref name=NYTSufivideo>{{cite news|title=Sufism Under Attack in Pakistan|url=http://video.nytimes.com/video/2011/01/06/world/asia/1248069532117/sufism-under-attack-in-pakistan.html|accessdate=21 May 2012|newspaper=The New York Times|author=Produced by Charlotte Buchen|format=video|archive-date=2012-05-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120528051803/http://video.nytimes.com/video/2011/01/06/world/asia/1248069532117/sufism-under-attack-in-pakistan.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref>

Di antara mereka yang dianggap bertanggung jawab karena kekerasan sektarian di negara itu adalah kelompok militan Sunni, seperti [[Lashkar-e-Jhangvi]], [[Sipah-e-Sahaba]], [[Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan]] (affiliates of [[Al-Qaeda]]),<ref name="BBC2002">{{Cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1758534.stm |title=Pakistan's militant Islamic groups |date=13 January 2002 |quote=[[Sipah-e-Sahaba]] or the Army of Prophet Mohammad's companions is a radical group from the majority Sunni sect of Islam}}</ref> [[Jundallah (Pakistan)|Jundallah]] (afiliasi dari [[Negara Islam Irak dan Syam]]).<ref name=roul-26-6-2015>{{cite journal|last1=Roul|first1=Animesh|title=Growing Islamic State Influence in Pakistan Fuels Sectarian Violence|journal=Terrorism Monitor|date=June 26, 2015|volume=13|issue=13|url=http://www.jamestown.org/programs/tm/single/?tx_ttnews[tt_news]=44083&tx_ttnews[backPid]=26&cHash=48d507d49abec49f73d4640cb2d342f9#.VZLZRVJggg4|accessdate=30 June 2015}}</ref> [[Lashkar-e-Jhangvi]] "telah mengaku bertanggung jawab atas sebagian besar serangan" terhadap Syiah menurut Human Rights Watch.<ref name=HRW-2014>{{cite web|title=Pakistan: Rampant Killings of Shia by Extremists|url=http://www.hrw.org/news/2014/06/29/pakistan-rampant-killings-shia-extremists|publisher=Human Rights Watch|accessdate=16 November 2014|date=June 30, 2014}}</ref> Kelompok militan Sunni juga dianggap bertanggung jawab atas serangan terhadap sesama Sunni, [[Barelvi]] dan [[Sufi]].<ref name=bbc011302/> Serangan-serangan ini kadang-kadang mengakibatkan serangan balas dendam oleh korban.<ref name=bbc011302>{{Cite web|url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1758534.stm |title=Pakistan's militant Islamic groups |publisher=[[BBC News]] |date=13 January 2002}}</ref>

== Agama dan sekte ==

Perkiraan ukuran dua kelompok agama terbesar di Pakistan bervariasi. Menurut [[Perpustakaan Kongres Amerika Serikat]], [[Pew Research Center]], [[Pusat Studi Islam Oxford|Universitas Oxford]], [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]], [[The World Factbook|Factbook]], dan pakar lainnya, penganut [[Islam Syiah di Pakistan]] merupakan 20–25% dari populasi Pakistan.<ref name="LoC"/><ref name="PRC">{{Cite web|url= http://pewforum.org/Muslim/Mapping-the-Global-Muslim-Population%286%29.aspx |title=Mapping the Global Muslim Population: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Muslim Population |accessdate=24 August 2010 |work=[[Pew Research Center]] |date=7 October 2009}}</ref><ref name="PRCPDF">{{Cite book |url=http://pewforum.org/newassets/images/reports/Muslimpopulation/Muslimpopulation.pdf |title=Mapping the Global Muslim Population: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Muslim Population |editor=Tracy Miller |year=2009 |publisher=[[Pew Research Center]] |format=PDF |accessdate=25 August 2010 |archive-date=2013-07-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130725120239/http://www.pewforum.org/newassets/images/reports/Muslimpopulation/Muslimpopulation.pdf |dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref name="Oxford">{{Cite web|url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e1809?_hi=1&_pos=1 |title=Pakistan, Islam in |accessdate=29 August 2010 |work=[[Oxford Centre for Islamic Studies]] |quote=''Approximately 97 percent of Pakistanis are Muslim. The majority are Sunnis following the Hanafi school of Islamic law. Between 20 and 25 percent are Shias, mostly Twelvers.'' |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] }}</ref><ref name="CIA">{{Cite web |url= https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2122.html?countryName=Pakistan&countryCode=pk&regionCode=sas&#pk |title= Religions: Muslim 95% (Sunni 70%, Shia 25%), other (includes Christian and Hindu) 5% |accessdate= 24 August 2010 |work= [[Central Intelligence Agency]] |publisher= [[The World Factbook]] on Pakistan |year= 2010 |archive-date= 2010-05-28 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100528170605/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2122.html?countryName=Pakistan&countryCode=pk&regionCode=sas&#pk |dead-url= yes }}</ref><ref name="State">{{Cite web|url=http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2008/108505.htm |title=Pakistan – International Religious Freedom Report 2008 |quote=''The majority of Muslims in the country are Sunni, with a Shi'a minority ranging between 20 to 25 percent.'' |work=[[United States Department of State]] |accessdate=28 August 2010}}</ref><ref name="PBS">{{Cite web|url=http://www.pbs.org/wnet/wideangle/episodes/pilgrimage-to-karbala/sunni-and-shia-the-worlds-of-islam/1737/ |title=Pilgrimage to Karbala – Sunni and Shia: The Worlds of Islam |date=26 March 2007 |publisher=[[PBS]] |accessdate=1 September 2010}}</ref><ref name="CC">{{Cite journal |title=The Shia Revival: How Conflicts within Islam Will Shape the Future |work=Vali Nasr, Joanne J. Myers |quote=Pakistan has the second largest population of Shia, about 40 million, after Iran.|page=160 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BIXoGto8gTEC&pg=PA160&dq=shia+revial+%22about+30+million%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=ygJpVIrdAoinyATmwoLQCA&ved=0CCEQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=shia%20revial%20%22about%2030%20million%22&f=false |date=18 October 2006 }}</ref> sementara sisa 70–75%<ref name="LoC"/><ref name="PRC"/><ref name="PRCPDF"/> adalah [[Islam Sunni|Sunni]].

Hal ini membuat Pakistan sebagai negara dengan komunitas Syiah terbesar kedua setelah [[Iran]] berdasarkan jumlah penganut. (Secara global, [[Islam Syiah]] merupakan 10–20%<ref name="PRC"/><ref name="PRCPDF"/><ref name="PBS"/><ref name="BritShia">{{Cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/540503/Shiite |title=Shīʿite |work=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |quote=''Shīʿites have come to account for roughly [[decile|one-tenth]] of the Muslim population worldwide.'' |year=2010 |accessdate=25 August 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2122.html |title=Religions |accessdate=29 August 2010 |work=[[CIA]] |publisher=[[The World Factbook]] |quote=''Shia Islam represents 20% of Muslims worldwide...'' |year=2010 |archive-date=2018-12-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181220203407/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2122.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref> dari total umat [[Muslim]], sementara sisa 80%–90% mengamalkan [[Islam Sunni]].<ref name="Britannica">{{Cite web|url= http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/574006/Sunnite |title=Sunnite |accessdate=24 August 2010 |work=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |quote=''They numbered about 900 million in the late 20th century and constituted [[decile|nine-tenths]] of all the adherents of Islām.''|year=2010}}</ref>)

Diperkirakan 2,3% dari populasi Pakistan adalah [[Ahmadiyah di Pakistan|Muslim Ahmadiyah]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.faqs.org/minorities/South-Asia/Ahmadis-of-Pakistan.html|title=Ahmadis of Pakistan|publisher=faqs.org|accessdate=24 July 2010}}</ref> yang ditetapkan sebagai 'non-Muslim' oleh amandemenamendemen kontitusional tahun 1974, meskipun mereka menganggap mereka sendiri sebagai Muslim, disebabkan oleh tekanan dari kelompok ekstremis Sunni.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2008/108505.htm|title=International Religious Freedom Report 2008: Pakistan|publisher=[[United States Department of State|US State Department]]|accessdate=24 June 2010}}</ref>

Agama-agama non-Muslim termasuk [[Agama Hindu di Pakistan|Agama Hindu]] dan [[Kekristenan di Pakistan|Kristiani]], masing-masing dengan 2.800.000 (1,6%) jumlah penganut per tahun 2005.<ref name="congress">{{cite web|url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Pakistan.pdf|title=Country Profile: Pakistan|publisher=Library of Congress|format=PDF|year=2005|pages=2, 3, 6, 8|accessdate=28 December 2011}}</ref> [[Kepercayaan Bahá'í di Pakistan|Kepercayaan Bahá'í]] mengklaim 30.000, diikuti oleh [[Agama Sikh di Pakistan|Sikh]], [[Agama Buddha di Pakistan|Buddhis]], dan [[Parsi]], masing-maing mengklaim 20.000 penganut,<ref name="State">{{cite web|url=http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2008/108505.htm |title=Pakistan&nbsp;— International Religious Freedom Report 2008 |year=2008|quote=''The majority of Muslims in the country are Sunni, with a Shi'a minority ranging between 10 to 20 percent.'' |work=[[United States Department of State]] |accessdate=28 August 2010}}</ref> dan sebuah komunitas yang sangat kecil dari penganut [[Agama JainaJanisme di Pakistan|agama Jaina]].

==Referensi Lihat juga ==