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'''Bencana kelaparan''' adalah sebuah bencana besar yang dikarenakan kurangnya bahan pangan di suatu wilayah. Efeknya tersebar luas, dan kerusakan yang disebabkan oleh bencana kelaparan bisa bertahan selama berbulan-bulan, bahkan bertahun-tahun. Sering kali kelaparan juga disebabkan oleh bencana alam lain, seperti gempa atau tsunami yang menghancurkan seluruh wilayah, dan menyebabkan eksodus massal. Kematian karena kelaparan dan kekurangan gizi sangat menyakitkan, dan sering terjadi pada balita maupun lansia.▼
| image1 = Girl affected by famine in Buguruslan, Russia - 1921.jpg|width1=471|height1=650
| image2 = Ondervoed kindje hongerwinter.jpg|width2=752|height2=995
| image3 = Bengal famine 1943 photo.jpg|width3=763|height3=571
| image4 = 1968 5Nigeria CDC.png|width4=466|height4=666
| footer = Dari atas-kiri ke bawah-kanan: korban anak-anak kelaparan di [[bencana kelaparan Rusia 1921–22|Rusia (1921-22)]], [[bencana kelaparan Belanda 1944–45|Belanda (1944-45)]], [[bencana kelaparan Bengal 1943|India (1943-44)]], dan [[Perang Saudara Nigeria|Nigeria (1967-70)]]
}}
▲'''Bencana kelaparan''', '''paceklik''', atau '''kahat'''<ref>{{kamus|kahat}}</ref> ({{lang-en|famine}}) adalah sebuah bencana besar yang dikarenakan kurangnya bahan pangan di suatu wilayah. Efeknya tersebar luas, dan kerusakan yang disebabkan oleh bencana [[kelaparan]] bisa bertahan selama berbulan-bulan, bahkan bertahun-tahun. Sering kali kelaparan juga disebabkan oleh [[bencana alam]] lain, seperti [[Gempa bumi|gempa]] atau [[tsunami]] yang menghancurkan seluruh wilayah, dan menyebabkan eksodus massal. Kematian karena kelaparan dan [[kekurangan gizi]] sangat menyakitkan, dan sering terjadi pada [[balita]] maupun lansia.
== Definisi ==
Menurut kriteria kemanusiaan [[Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa]], bahkan jika ada kekurangan pangan dengan sejumlah besar orang yang kekurangan gizi, kelaparan dinyatakan hanya jika tindakan tertentu mengenai angka kematian, [[malnutrisi]] dan kelaparan terpenuhi. Kriterianya sebagai berikut:
* Sedikitnya 20% rumah tangga di daerah itu menghadapi kekurangan makanan ekstrim dengan kemampuan terbatas untuk mengatasinya
* Prevalensi malnutrisi akut pada anak-anak melebihi 30%
* Angka kematian melebihi dua orang per 10.000 orang per hari
Pernyataan kelaparan tersebut tidak membawa kewajiban yang mengikat pada [[Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa|PBB]] atau negara-negara anggota, namun berfungsi untuk memusatkan perhatian global pada masalah tersebut.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-39025927|title=South Sudan declares famine in Unity State|date=20 February 2017|accessdate=20 February 2017|publisher=BBC News}}</ref>
== Lihat juga ==
* [[Kabupaten Yahukimo#Sejarah|Kabupaten Yahukimo, Papua]]
* [[Kelaparan]]
* [[Organisasi Pangan dan Pertanian|Organisasi Pangan dan Pertanian (FAO)]]
* {{En}} [[w:en:List of famines|Daftar bencana kelaparan]]
== Sumber dan bacaan tambahan ==
* Asimov, Isaac, ''Asimov's New Guide to Science'', pp. 152–153, Basic Books, Inc.
* Bhatia, B.M. (1985) Famines in India: A study in Some Aspects of the Economic History of India with Special Reference to Food Problem, Delhi: Konark Publishers Pvt. Ltd.
* {{Cite book
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* Harrison, G. Ainsworth.,''Famine'', Oxford University Press, 1988.
* LeBlanc, Steven, ''Constant battles: the myth of the peaceful, noble savage'', St. Martin's Press (2003) argues that recurring famines have been the major cause of warfare since [[paleolithic]] times. ISBN 0-312-31089-7
* Lassa, Jonatan., "Famine, drought, malnutrition: Defining and fighting hunger." http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2006/07/03/famine-drought-malnutrition-defining-and-fighting-hunger.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090216132415/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2006/07/03/famine-drought-malnutrition-defining-and-fighting-hunger.html |date=2009-02-16 }}. 3 July 2006.
* Middlebrook, Peter, [http://www.amazon.com/dp/3838306724 When the Public Works: Generating Employment and Social Protection in Ethiopia], [[Lambert Academic Publishing]]. 2009. ISBN 978-3-8383-0672-8
* Li, Lillian M. ''Fighting Famine in North China: State, Market, and Environmental Decline, 1690s-1990s'' (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press), 2007 ISBN 978-0-8047-5304-3.
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* Moon, William. "Origins of the Great North Korean Famine." North Korean Review [http://mcfarland.metapress.com/app/home/contribution.asp?referrer=parent&backto=issue,8,10;journal,2,9;linkingpublicationresults,1:120199,1] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120712070718/http://mcfarland.metapress.com/app/home/contribution.asp?referrer=parent&backto=issue,8,10;journal,2,9;linkingpublicationresults,1:120199,1 |date=2012-07-12 }}
* [[Amartya Sen|Sen, Amartya]], ''Poverty and Famines
* {{cite journal | doi = 10.1146/annurev.an.19.100190.002033 | last1 = Shipton | first1 = Parker | year = 1990 | title = African Famines and Food Security: Anthropological Perspectives | url = http://arjournals.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.an.19.100190.002033 | journal = Annual Review of Anthropology | volume = 19 | issue = | pages = 353–394 }}{{Pranala mati|date=November 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* Srivastava, H.C., The History of Indian Famines from 1858–1918, Sri Ram Mehra and Co., Agra, 1968.
* Sommerville, Keith. [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/2449527.stm Why famine stalks Africa], BBC, 2001
* Webb, Patrick. Famine. In Griffiths, M (ed.). ''Encyclopaedia of International Relations and Global Politics''. London: Routledge, 2005, pp. 270–72.
* Woo-Cumings, Meredith, {{PDFlink|[http://www.adbi.org/files/2002.01.rp31.ecology.famine.northkorea.pdf ''The Political Ecology of Famine: The North Korean Catastrophe and Its Lessons'']|807 [[Kibibyte|KiB]]<!-- application/pdf, 827001 bytes -->}}, ADB Institute Research Paper 31, January 2002.
== Referensi ==
{{reflist}}
== Pranala luar ==
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{{EB1911 Poster}}
* [http://hdl.handle.net/10822/552550 1980s Drought and Subsequent Food Crisis] from the [https://repository.library.georgetown.edu/handle/10822/552494 Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives]
* [http://www.ireport.cnn.com/docs/DOC-674337 Morning Star Fishermen] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019142757/http://www.ireport.cnn.com/docs/DOC-674337 |date=2017-10-19 }} And The Race Against Hunger
* [http://www.wfp.org/ United Nations World Food Programme] Hunger relief against poverty and famine
* [http://www.ifpri.org/ International Food Policy Research Institute] Sustainable solutions for ending hunger
* [http://technorati.com/business/finance/article/arable-land-shortage-and-the-case/ Article] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120302133333/http://technorati.com/business/finance/article/arable-land-shortage-and-the-case/ |date=2012-03-02 }} from Technorati on the Issue of Shrinking Arable Farmland and its Contribution to Food shortages and high food prices
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_depth/africa/2006/africa_food_crisis/default.stm In Depth: Africa's Food Crisis], [[BBC News]]
* {{PDFlink|[http://www.reliefweb.int/library/documents/2005/wb-eth-28feb.pdf Fighting Hunger and poverty in Ethiopia (Geopolicity)]|1.48 [[Mebibyte|MiB]]<!-- application/pdf, 1558625 bytes -->}} ([[Peter Middlebrook]])
* [http://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/31/world/africa/31soil.html?ex=1301461200&en=a95f9eb19c751f1f&ei=5088&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss Overfarming African Land Is Worsening Hunger Crisis - New York Times]
* [http://foodsecurity.developmentgateway.org/Content-item-view.10976+M5ce7bbfcaeb.0.html Food Security: A Review of Literature from Ethiopia to India (Geopolicity)] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20081222003226/http://foodsecurity.developmentgateway.org/Content-item-view.10976+M5ce7bbfcaeb.0.html |date=2008-12-22 }}
* [http://www.asil.org/ajil/marcus.pdf Famine Crimes in International Law] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080817165709/http://www.asil.org/ajil/marcus.pdf |date=2008-08-17 }}. David Marcus, [[The American Journal of International Law]], 2003.
* [http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,989405,00.html The Real Causes of Famine - Time Magazine] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120912154033/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,989405,00.html |date=2012-09-12 }}
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