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Templat kutipan - parameter baru. DOI: 10.1136/bmj.a137.
 
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{{Infobox Military Conflict
| conflict = Perang Vietnam<br /><small>(Chiến tranh Việt Nam)</small>
| partof = [[Peperangan Indochina]] dan [[Perang Dingin]]
| image = {{multiple image|border=infobox|perrow=2/2/2|total_width=300
|image=[[Berkas:Bruce Crandall's UH-1D.jpg|288px|Suasana Perang Vietnam]]
| image1= U.S. Army UH-1H Hueys insert ARVN troops at Khâm Đức, Vietnam, 12 July 1970 (79431435).jpg
|caption=Suasana Perang Vietnam.
| alt1=
|date= 1957 – April 30, 1975
| image2=Pavnbattle.jpg
|place=[[Asia Tenggara]]
|casus alt2=
| image3=Hue Massacre Interment.jpg
|territory=Bersatunya Vietnam.
| alt3=
|result=Kemenangan Komunis{{br}}
| image4=Flame Thrower. Operation New Castle. - NARA - 532488.tif
Pemerintah Komunis berkuasa di seluruh Vietnam, Kamboja, dan Laos.
| alt4=
|combatant1=[[Berkas:Flag of South Vietnam.svg|22px]] [[Republik Vietnam|Vietnam Selatan]]{{br}}{{USA}}{{br}}{{KOR}}{{br}}{{THA}}{{br}}{{AUS}}{{br}}{{NZL}}{{br}}{{PHI}}{{br}}{{br}}'''Bantuan militer oleh:'''{{br}}{{TAI}}
| image5=A-4C Skyhawks of VA-146 fly past USS Kearsarge (CVS-33) in the South China Sea on 12 August 1964 (USN 1107965).jpg
|combatant2=[[Berkas:Flag of North Vietnam.svg|22px]] [[Republik Demokratik Vietnam|Vietnam Utara]]{{br}}[[Berkas:FNL Flag.svg|22px]] [[Front Nasional untuk Pembebasan Vietnam Selatan|Vietcong]]{{br}}{{SOV}}{{br}}{{flag|Tiongkok}}{{br}}{{flag|Korea Utara}}{{br}}{{MGL}}{{br}}{{KUB}}
| alt5=
|strength1=~1.830.000 (1968)
| image6=Nguyen.jpg
|strength2=~781.000 (1968)
| alt6=}}'''Searah jarum jam dari kiri atas:''' {{flatlist|* Helikopter Huey AS memasukkan pasukan ARVN Vietnam Selatan, 1970. * Pasukan Vietnam Utara sedang beraksi {{circa|1966}}. * [[Korps Marinir Amerika Serikat|Marinir AS]] sedang menggunakan [[Pelontar api]], 1967. * Jenderal Vietnam Selatan, [[Nguyễn Ngọc Loan]] dengan cepat mengeksekusi perwira Viet Cong, [[Eksekusi Nguyễn Văn Lém|Nguyễn Văn Lém]] selama [[Serangan Tet]] berlangsung. * Dua pesawat [[A-4 Skyhawk|Douglas A-4C Skyhawk]] terbang melewati kapal induk [[USS Kearsarge (CV-33)|USS Kearsarge (CVS-33)]], 1964. * Penguburan warga sipil yang tewas akibat [[Pembantaian di Huế]].
|casualties1=[[Berkas:Flag of South Vietnam.svg|22px]] RV{{br}} tewas: 220.357-313.000{{br}} terluka: 1.170.000{{br}}{{USA}}{{br}} tewas: 58.209{{br}}terluka: 153.303{{br}}{{KOR}}{{br}} tewas: 5.000{{br}}terluka: 11.000{{br}}{{AUS}}{{br}} tewas: 520{{br}}
|casualties2=[[Berkas:Flag of North Vietnam.svg|22px]] [[Berkas:FNL Flag.svg|22px]] RDV/FNKV{{br}} tewas: 600.000{{br}} terluka: 600.000 {{br}}{{flag|Tiongkok}}{{br}} tewas: 1.100{{br}}terluka: 4.200{{br}}
|casualties3='''Sipil (warga Vietnam)''': 1.000.000
}}
| date = 1 November 1955{{refn|Keberadaan awal pasukan Amerika di [[Vietnam]] dan tanggal mulainya Perang Vietnam adalah bahan perdebatan. Pada tahun 1998, setelah ulasan tingkat tinggi oleh [[Departemen Pertahanan Amerika Serikat|Departemen Pertahanan]] (DoD) dan melalui upaya keluarga [[Richard B. Fitzgibbon, Jr.|Richard B. Fitzgibbon]], tanggal mulainya Perang Vietnam menurut pemerintah AS secara resmi diubah menjadi tanggal 1 November 1955.<ref name="DoD p. ">{{harvnb|DoD|1998|p=}}</ref> Laporan pemerintah AS saat ini mengutip tanggal 1 November 1955 sebagai tanggal dimulainya "Konflik Vietnam", karena tanggal ini merupakan tanggal ketika Kelompok Penasehat Bantuan Militer AS (MAAG) di [[Indochina]] (dikerahkan ke Asia Tenggara di bawah Presiden Truman) direorganisasi menjadi unit khusus di negara tertentu, dan merupakan tanggal saat MAAG Vietnam didirikan.<ref name = "Lawrence 2009 20">{{Harvnb|Lawrence|2009|p=20}}.</ref>
'''Perang Vietnam''', juga disebut '''Perang Indocina Kedua''', adalah sebuah [[perang]] yang terjadi antara [[1957]] dan [[1975]] di [[Vietnam]]. Perang ini merupakan bagian dari [[Perang Dingin]] antara dua kubu ideologi besar, yakni [[Komunis]] dan [[Liberal]].
 
Tanggal mulai lainnya termasuk ketika pasukan [[Viet Cong]]di bawah pemerintahan Hanoi di Vietnam Selatan memulai [[pemberontakan]] tingkat rendah pada bulan Desember 1956,<ref name = "Olson Roberts 1991 67">{{Harvnb|Olson|Roberts|1991|p=67}}.{{cnf|date=September 2013}}</ref> sedangkan beberapa kalangan menganggap 26 September 1959, saat pertempuran pertama terjadi antara Viet Cong dan tentara Vietnam Selatan, sebagai tanggal mulainya perang.<ref name="WarBegan">[http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/pentagon/pent14.htm Origins of the Insurgency in South Vietnam, 1954–1960] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019184424/https://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/pentagon/pent14.htm |date=2017-10-19 }}, The Pentagon Papers (Gravel Edition), Volume 1, Bab 5, (Boston: Beacon Press, 1971), Bagian 3, hlm. 314–346; International Relations Department, Mount Holyoke College.</ref>
Dua kubu yang saling berperang adalah Republik Vietnam (Vietnam Selatan) dan Republik Demokratik Vietnam (Vietnam Utara). [[Amerika Serikat]], [[Korea Selatan]], [[Thailand]], [[Australia]], [[Selandia Baru]] dan [[Filipina]] (yang bantuan militer oleh [[Taiwan]]) bersekutu dengan Vietnam Selatan, sedangkan [[USSR|Uni Soviet]] dan [[RRT|Tiongkok]] mendukung Vietnam Utara yang berideologi [[komunisme|komunis]].
| group="A"|name="start date"}}&nbsp;– {{End date|df=yes|1975|4|30}}<br />({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=11|day1=1|year1=1955|month2=04|day2=30|year2=1975}})
| place = [[Vietnam Selatan]], [[Vietnam Utara]], [[Kamboja]], [[Laos]]
| causes = Reunifikasi Vietnam (Vietnam Utara)<br />[[Kebijakan penahanan]] dan [[Teori Domino]], [[Insiden Teluk Tonkin]] (Amerika Serikat)
| territory = Reunifikasi bagian Utara dan Selatan Vietnam menjadi [[Vietnam|Republik Sosialis Vietnam]].
| result = Kemenangan [[Vietnam Utara]]
* Mundurnya [[Angkatan Bersenjata Amerika Serikat|pasukan Amerika]] dari [[Indochina]]
* Pemerintah komunis mengambil alih kekuasaan di [[Pemerintah Revolusioner Sementara Republik Vietnam Selatan|Vietnam Selatan]], [[Kamboja Demokratik|Kamboja]] dan [[Laos]]
* [[Reunifikasi Vietnam|Vietnam Selatan dicaplok oleh Vietnam Utara]]
|
| combatant1 =
{{flag|Vietnam Selatan}}<br />
{{flagicon|Amerika Serikat|1960}} [[Peran Amerika Serikat dalam Perang Vietnam|Amerika Serikat]]<br />
{{flag|Korea Selatan|1949}}<br />
{{flag|Thailand}}<br />
{{flag|Australia}}<br />
{{flagicon|Filipina|1936}} [[Republik Ketiga Filipina|Filipina]]<br>
{{flag|Selandia Baru}}<br />
{{flag|Republik Khmer}}<br />
{{flag|Kerajaan Laos}}
 
'''Dukungan militer:'''<br />{{flag|Republik Tiongkok}}<ref name="Moïse pp. 3-4">{{Harvnb|Moïse|1996|pp=3–4}}.</ref><ref name="ALLIES OF THE REPUBLIC OF VIETNAM">{{cite web|url=http://www.psywarrior.com/AlliesRepublicVietnam.html|title=ALLIES OF THE REPUBLIC OF VIETNAM |accessdate=24 September 2011 }}</ref><br />
{{Collapsible list
| bullets = yes
| title = Dukungan lainnya
|{{flag|Malaysia}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://studentsrepo.um.edu.my/747/4/BAB3.pdf|title=Chapter Three: 1957-1969 Early Relations between Malaysia and Vietnam|publisher=[[Universitas Malaya]] Student Repository|accessdate=17 October 2015|format=PDF|page=72}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.idfr.gov.my/images/stories/publication/2008/tunku.pdf|title=Tunku Abdul Rahman Putra Al-Haj (Profiles of Malaysia's Foreign Ministers)|publisher=Institute of Diplomacy and Foreign Relations (IDFR), [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Malaysia)]]|year=2008|accessdate=17 Oktober 2015|isbn=978-983-2220-26-8|format=PDF|page=31|quote=Tunku secara pribadi telah bertanggung jawab atas dukungan partisan Malaya terhadap rezim Vietnam Selatan dalam berperang melawan [[Vietcong]], dan dalam balasannya terhadap pertanyaan Parlemen pada tanggal 6 Februari 1962, ia telah mendaftarkan semua senjata dan peralatan bekas dari Kepolisian Kerajaan Malaya yang diberikan kepada Saigon. Ini termasuk total 45.707 senapan tunggal barel, 611 kendaraan lapis baja dan sedikit karaben serta pistol. Dalam tulisannya pada tahun 1975, ia mengungkapkan bahwa "kami secara sembunyi-sembunyi telah memberikan 'bantuan' ke [[Vietnam]] sejak awal tahun 1958. Sumber arsip Amerika yang sudah diterbitkan telah mengungkapkan bahwa kontribusi Malaysia yang sebenarnya untuk perang di Vietnam termasuk sebagai berikut:" lebih dari 5.000 petugas Vietnam dilatih di Malaysia; pelatihan dari 150 tentara AS untuk menangani Anjing Pelacak; daftar yang cukup mengesankan tentang peralatan militer dan senjata yang diberikan kepada Viet-Nam setelah akhir pemberontakan Malaysia (misalnya, 641 pengangkut personel lapis baja, 56.000 senapan); dan sejumlah bantuan sipil (alat transportasi, vaksin kolera, dan bantuan korban banjir)". Tidak bisa dipungkiri bahwa kebijakan Pemerintah mendukung rezim Vietnam Selatan dengan senjata, peralatan dan pelatihan dianggap oleh beberapa kalangan, terutama Partai-partai oposisi, sebagai bentuk campur tangan dalam urusan internal negara itu dan upaya berani Tunku untuk mempertahankannya tidak cukup meyakinkan, dari sudut pandang kebijakan murni asing.|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016191310/http://www.idfr.gov.my/images/stories/publication/2008/tunku.pdf|archivedate=16 Oktober 2015|deadurl=no}}</ref>
|{{flagicon|Spanyol|1945}} [[Spanyol di bawah Francisco Franco|Spanyol]]<ref name="ALLIES OF THE REPUBLIC OF VIETNAM"/>
| {{flagicon|Kanada}} [[Kanada dan Perang Vietnam|Kanada]]<ref name="ALLIES OF THE REPUBLIC OF VIETNAM"/>
| {{flagicon|Iran|1964}} [[Dinasti Pahlavi|Iran]]<ref name="ALLIES OF THE REPUBLIC OF VIETNAM"/>
| {{flag|Britania Raya}}<ref name="ALLIES OF THE REPUBLIC OF VIETNAM"/>
| {{flag|Jerman Barat}}<ref name="ALLIES OF THE REPUBLIC OF VIETNAM"/>
}}
|
| combatant2 =
{{flag|Vietnam Utara}}<br />
{{flagicon|Republik Vietnam Selatan}} [[Viet Cong]]<br />
{{flagicon|Kamboja|1975}} [[Khmer Merah]]<br />
{{flagicon|Laos}} [[Pathet Lao]]<br />
{{flagicon|Republik Rakyat Tiongkok}} [[Republik Rakyat Tiongkok]]<br>
{{flag|Korea Utara}}<br /><br />
'''Dukungan militer:'''<br />{{flag|Uni Soviet |1955}}<br>{{flag|Kuba}}<ref>''The Cuban Military Under Castro'', 1989. Halaman 76</ref><ref>Cuba in the World, 1979. Halaman 66</ref><br />
{{Collapsible list
| bullets = yes
| title = Dukungan lainnya
| {{Flag|Cekoslowakia}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.svet.czsk.net/clanky/svet/koreapokusy.html |title=Cesky a slovensky svet |publisher=Svet.czsk.net |accessdate=24 Februari 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.e-polis.cz/mezinarodni-vztahy/322-bilateralni-vztahy-ceske-republiky-a-vietnamske-socialisticke-republiky.html |title=Bilaterální vztahy České republiky a Vietnamské socialistické republiky &#124; Mezinárodní vztahy &#124; e-Polis – Internetový politologický časopis |publisher=E-polis.cz |accessdate=24 Februari 2014}}</ref>
| {{flagicon|Bulgaria|1967}} [[Repulik Rakyat Bulgaria|Bulgaria]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+bg0066)|title=Foreign Affairs in the 1960s and 1970s|volume=Bulgaria [[Library of Congress Country Studies|Country Study]]|publisher=[[Library of Congress]]|year=1992|quote=Sepanjang periode tahun 1960-an dan 1970-an, Bulgaria memberi dukungan militer resmi kepada banyak gerakan pembebasan nasional, terutama di Republik Demokratik Vietnam, (Vietnam Utara)…}}</ref>
| {{flag|Jerman Timur}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/login?auth=0&type=summary&url=/journals/german_studies_review/v036/36.3.horten.pdf|title=Project MUSE - Sailing in the Shadow of the Vietnam War: The GDR Government and the "Vietnam Bonus" of the Early 1970s|publisher=}}</ref>
| {{Flagicon|Romania|1965}} [[Socialist Republic of Romania|Romania]]<ref>{{Harvnb|Crump|2015|p=183}}</ref>
|{{flag|Republik Rakyat Polandia|name=Polandia}}<ref>http://www.historycy.org/index.php?showtopic=36539&st=15 Polish military advisers in North Vietnam(in Polish)</ref><ref name="strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil">{{cite journal|last=Radvanyi|first=Janos|url=http://strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pubs/parameters/Articles/1980/1980%20radvanyi.pdf|title=Vietnam War Diplomacy: Reflections of a Former Iron Curtain Official|work=Paramaters: Journal of the US Army War College|location=Carlise Barracks, Pennsylvania|volume=10|issue=3|year=1980|pages=8–15|issn=|journal=|access-date=2017-03-08|archive-date=2016-10-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161019131035/http://strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pubs/parameters/Articles/1980/1980%20radvanyi.pdf|dead-url=yes}}</ref>
| {{flagicon|Hungaria}} [[Republik Rakyat Hungaria|Hungaria]]<ref name="strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil"/>|
| {{flag|Swedia}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.historynet.com/why-did-sweeden-support-the-viet-cong.htm |title=Why did Sweden support the Viet Cong?|work=HistoryNet | date=25 Juli 2013| access-date=20 Juli 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/sweden-announces-support-to-viet-cong|title=Sweden announces support to Viet Cong|work=HISTORY.com | access-date=20 Juli 2016 | quote=Di Swedia, Menteri Luar Negeri Torsten Nilsson mengungkapkan bahwa Swedia telah memberikan bantuan kepada Viet Cong, termasuk sekitar $550.000 yang setara dengan pasokan medis. Bantuan Swedia yang serupa juga diberikan ke warga sipil di Kamboja dan Laos yang terkena dampak oleh pertempuran Indocina. Dukungan ini terutama dititikberatkan di bidang kemanusiaan di alam dan tidak termasuk bantuan militer.}}</ref>
}}
| strength1 = '''≈1,830,000 (1968)'''<br />
{{flagu|Vietnam Selatan}}: 850,000 (1968)<br />1,500,000 (1974–75)<ref>Le Gro, hlm. 28.</ref><br />
{{flagu|Amerika Serikat|1960}}: 536,100 (1968)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.historycentral.com/Vietnam/Troop.html |title=Vietnam War : US Troop Strength |publisher=Historycentral.com |accessdate=17 Oktober 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nps.gov/mrc/reader/vvmcr.htm |title=Facts about the Vietnam Veterans Memorial Collection |publisher=nps.gov}} (mengutip pendaratan pertama pasukan tempur darat Amerika di [[Vietnam Selatan]] selama bulan Maret 1965, khususnya Resimen Marinir Ketiga AS, Divisi Marinir Ketiga, dikerahkan ke Vietnam dari Okinawa untuk mempertahankan lapangan udara Da Nang, Vietnam. Selama puncak keterlibatan militer AS, 31 Desember 1968, rincian pasukan sekutu adalah sebagai berikut: 536.100 personel militer AS, dengan 30.610 personel militer AS telah tewas sampai saat itu; 65.000 personel Free World Forces; 820.000 personel Angkatan Bersenjata Vietnam Selatan (SVNAF), dengan 88.343 telah tewas hingga saat itu. Pada akhir perang, ada sekitar 2.200 personel militer AS hilang dalam aksi (MIA) dan menjadi tawanan perang (POW). Sumber: Harry G. Summers Jr. Vietnam War Almanac, Facts on File Publishing, 1985.)</ref><br />{{flagu|Korea Selatan|1949}}: 50,003<br />{{flagu|Thailand}}: 11,586<br />{{flagu|Australia}}: 7,672<br />{{flagu|Filipina|1936}}: 2,061<br />{{flagu|Selandia Baru}}: 552<ref name="AtoZ">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/?id=4VG4AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA11&lpg=PA11&dq=troops+both+sides+in+vietnam+war#v=onepage&q=troops%20both%20sides%20in%20vietnam%20war&f=false |title= The A to Z of the Vietnam War |publisher=The Scarecrow Press|date=2005|isbn= 9781461719038 }}</ref>
|
| strength2 = '''≈461,000'''<br />
{{flagu|Vietnam Utara}}: 287,465 (Januari 1968)<ref>Vietnam War After Action Reports, BACM Research, 2009, page 430</ref><br />{{flagdeco|Republik Vietnam Selatan}} Viet Cong: 108,000–114,000 (perkiraan pada 1964)<ref name="AtoZ"/><br />{{flagu|Tiongkok}}: 170,000 (1965–69)<ref name="Toledo Blade 320,000 Chinese troops">{{cite news|agency=Reuters|title=China admits 320,000 troops fought in Vietnam|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1350&dat=19890516&id=HkRPAAAAIBAJ&sjid=_gIEAAAAIBAJ&pg=3769,1925460|accessdate=24 Desember 2013|newspaper=Toledo Blade|date=16 Mei 1989}}</ref><ref name="Roy|1998">{{cite book|last=Roy|first=Denny|title=China's Foreign Relations|url=https://archive.org/details/chinasforeignrel0000royd|year=1998|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-0847690138|page=[https://archive.org/details/chinasforeignrel0000royd/page/27 27]}}</ref><ref name="books.google.com.vn">{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com.vn/books?id=GaZvX2BzeegC&pg=PA176 |title=China and Vietnam|publisher=}}</ref><br />{{flagu|Korea Utara}}: 200<ref>{{cite web|author=Pham Thi Thu Thuy|url=https://www.nknews.org/2013/08/the-colorful-history-of-north-korea-vietnam-relations/ |title=The colorful history of North Korea-Vietnam relations|date=1 August 2013|accessdate=3 Oktober 2016|publisher=NK News}}</ref>
|
| commander1 = {{flagicon|Vietnam Selatan}} [[Ngô Đình Diệm]] [[Penangkapan dan pembunuhan Ngo Dinh Diem|†]] <br />{{flagicon|Vietnam Selatan}} [[Nguyễn Văn Thiệu]]<br />{{flagicon|Vietnam Selatan}} [[Nguyễn Cao Kỳ]]<br />{{flagicon|Vietnam Selatan}} [[Cao Văn Viên]]<br /> {{flagicon|Vietnam Selatan}} [[Ngô Quang Trưởng]]<br /> {{flagicon|USA}} [[John F. Kennedy]]<br />{{flagicon|USA}} [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] <br />{{flagicon|USA}} [[Richard Nixon]]<br />{{flagicon|USA}} [[Robert McNamara]]<br /> {{flagicon|USA}} [[William Westmoreland]]<br />{{flagicon|USA}} [[Creighton Abrams]]<br />{{flagicon|USA}} [[Frederick C. Weyand]]<br />{{flagicon|KOR|1948}} [[Park Chung-hee]]<br />{{flagicon|THA}} [[Thanom Kittikachorn]]<br /> {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Robert Menzies]]<br /> {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Harold Holt]]<br /> {{flagicon|AUS}} [[John McEwen]]<br /> {{flagicon|AUS}} [[John Gorton]]<br /> {{flagicon|AUS}} [[William McMahon]]<br /> {{flagicon|PHI|1936}} [[Ferdinand Marcos]]<br /> {{flagicon|NZL}} [[Keith Holyoake]]<br/>{{flagicon|NZL}} [[Jack Marshall]]<br/>{{flagicon|NZL}} [[Norman Kirk]]<br/>[[Pemimpin dalam Perang Vietnam|…''dan lainnya'']]
|
| commander2 = {{flagicon|Vietnam Utara}} [[Ho Chi Minh]]<br />{{flagicon|Vietnam Utara}} [[Lê Duẩn]] <br />{{flagicon|Vietnam Utara}} [[Võ Nguyên Giáp]]<br /> {{flagicon|Vietnam Utara}} [[Văn Tiến Dũng]] <br />{{flagicon|Vietnam Utara}} [[Lê Trọng Tấn]]<br /> {{flagicon|Vietnam Utara}} [[Phạm Văn Đồng]] <br />{{flagicon|Republik Vietnam Selatan}} [[Hoàng Văn Thái]] <br />{{flagicon|Republik Vietnam Selatan}} [[Trần Văn Trà]]<br />{{flagicon|Republik Vietnam Selatan}} [[Nguyễn Văn Linh]]<br />{{flagicon|Republik Vietnam Selatan}} [[Nguyễn Hữu Thọ]] <br />[[Pemimpin dalam Perang Vietnam|…''dan lainnya'']]
|
| casualties1 = '''{{flagu|Vietnam Selatan}}'''<br />195,000–430,000 warga sipil tewas<ref name="Hirschman">Charles Hirschman et al., [http://faculty.washington.edu/charles/new%20PUBS/A77.pdf "Vietnamese Casualties During the American War: A New Estimate"], ''[[Population and Development Review]]'', December 1995.</ref><ref name = "Lewy 1978 450_453">{{Harvnb|Lewy|1978|pp=450–3}}.</ref><ref name="Thayer 1">{{Harvnb|Thayer|1985|loc=chap. 12}}.</ref><br />220,357<ref name="aaron"/>–313,000 personel militer tewas<ref name=FOOTNOTERummel1997>{{citation |last=Rummel |first=R.J |year=1997 |url=http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/SOD.TAB6.1A.GIF |format=GIF |title=Table 6.1A. Vietnam Democide : Estimates, Sources, and Calculations, |work=Freedom, Democracy, Peace; Power, Democide, and War, University of Hawaii System }}</ref><br /> 1,170,000 terluka<ref name="ReferenceA">Tucker, Spencer E. ''The Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War: A Political, Social, and Military History'' ABC-CLIO. ISBN 1-85109-961-1</ref><br />
'''{{flagu|Amerika Serikat|1960}}'''<br />58,315 tewas;<ref>{{cite press release |author=Vietnam Veterans Memorial Fund |url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/memorial-day-ceremony-at-the-wall-to-commemorate-eight-additions-to-the-wall-and-honor-all-members-of-americas-armed-forces-who-have-made-the-ultimate-sacrifice-300260920.html |title=Memorial Day ceremony at The Wall to commemorate eight additions to The Wall and honor all members of America's Armed Forces who have made the ultimate sacrifice |date=2 May 2016 |publisher=PR Newswire}}</ref> 153,303 terluka{{refn|Angka sebesar 58.220 dan 303.644 untuk korban tewas dan terluka AS, berasal dari Divisi Analisis Informasi Statistik Departemen Pertahanan (SIAD), Pusat Data Tenaga Kerja Pertahanan, serta dari lembar fakta Departemen Veteran bertanggal bulan Mei 2010; totalnya 153.303 korban luka (WIA), dan tidak termasuk 150.332 orang yang tidak memerlukan perawatan rumah sakit,<ref>{{cite report |title=America's Wars |url=http://www1.va.gov/opa/publications/factsheets/fs_americas_wars.pdf |publisher=Department of Veterans Affairs |date=May 2010 |access-date=2017-03-08 |archive-date=2014-01-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140124020810/http://www.va.gov/opa/publications/factsheets/fs_americas_wars.pdf |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Laporan CRS ([[Layanan Penelitian Kongres|Congressional Research Service]]) untuk Kongres, Perang Amerika dan Korban Operasi Militer: Daftar dan Statistik, bertanggal 26 Februari 2010,<ref>{{cite report |date=26 Februari 2010 |title=American War and Military Operations: Casualties: Lists and Statistics |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/natsec/RL32492.pdf |author1=Anne Leland |author2=Mari–Jana "M-J" Oboroceanu |publisher=Congressional Research Service}}</ref> dan buku Crucible Vietnam: Memoir dari Letnan Infanteri.<ref>{{Harvnb|Lawrence|2009|pp=65, 107, 154, 217}}</ref> Beberapa sumber lain memberikan angka yang berbeda (misalnya film dokumenter tahun 2005/2006, ''Heart of Darkness: Vietnam War Chronicles 1945-1975'' yang dikutip di bagian lain artikel ini memberikan angka 58.159 untuk kematian di pihak AS,<ref name="aaron">{{cite video |people = Aaron Ulrich (editor); Edward FeuerHerd (producer and director) |date=2005 & 2006 |title = Heart of Darkness: The Vietnam War Chronicles 1945–1975 |format = Box set, Color, Dolby, DVD-Video, Full Screen, NTSC, Dolby, Vision Software |medium = Documentary |publisher = Koch Vision |time = 321 minutes |isbn = 1-4172-2920-9 }}</ref> dan buku tahun 2007, ''Vietnam Sons'' memberikan angka 63,226)<ref>Kueter, Dale. ''Vietnam Sons: For Some, the War Never Ended.'' AuthorHouse (21 Maret 2007). ISBN 978-1425969318</ref>|name=USd&w|group=A}}<br />
'''{{flagu|Korea Selatan|1949}}'''<br />5,099 tewas; 10,962 terluka; 4 hilang<br />
'''{{flagu|Australia}}'''<br />500 tewas; 3,129 terluka<br /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.awm.gov.au/encyclopedia/vietnam/statistics.asp |title=Australian casualties in the Vietnam War, 1962–72 &#124; Australian War Memorial |publisher=Awm.gov.au |accessdate=29 Juni 2013 |archive-date=2013-05-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130516081613/http://www.awm.gov.au/encyclopedia/vietnam/statistics.asp |dead-url=yes }}</ref><br />
'''{{flagu|Thailand}}'''<br />351 tewas; 1,358 terluka<ref>The Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War: A Political, Social, and Military History
By Spencer C. Tucker "https://books.google.com/?id=qh5lffww-KsC"</ref><br />
'''{{flagu|Selandia Baru}}'''<br />37 tewas; 187 terluka<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vietnamwar.govt.nz/resources |title=Overview of the war in Vietnam &#124; VietnamWar.govt.nz, New Zealand and the Vietnam War |publisher=Vietnamwar.govt.nz |date=16 Juli 1965 |accessdate=29 Juni 2013 |archive-date=2013-07-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130726010609/http://vietnamwar.govt.nz/resources |dead-url=yes }}</ref><br />
'''{{flagu|Filipina|1936}}'''<br />9 tewas;<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.history.army.mil/books/Vietnam/allied/ch03.htm |title=Chapter III: The Philippines |publisher=History.army.mil |accessdate=24 Februari 2014 |archive-date=2013-10-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029203725/http://www.history.army.mil/books/Vietnam/allied/ch03.htm |dead-url=yes }}</ref> 64 terluka<ref>{{cite web|url=http://175thengineers.homestead.com/Philcav.pdf |title=Asian Allies in Vietnam |publisher=Embassy of South Vietnam |date=Maret 1970 |accessdate=18 Oktober 2015}}</ref>
 
'''Total kematian: 479,668–807,311'''<br />'''Total terluka: ≈1,340,000+<ref name="ReferenceA"/><br />'''
|
| casualties2 = {{flagdeco|Vietnam Utara}}{{flagdeco|Republik Vietnam Selatan}} '''Vietnam Utara & Viet Cong'''<br />65,000 warga sipil tewas<ref name="Lewy 1978 450_453"/><br /> 444,000<ref name="Lewy 1978 450_453"/>–1,100,000 personel militer tewas atau menghilang<ref name="AP">Associated Press, 3 April 1995, "Vietnam Says 1.1 Million Died Fighting For North."</ref><br /> 600,000+ terluka<ref>Soames, John. ''A History of the World'', Routledge, 2005.</ref><br />
'''{{flagu|Tiongkok}}'''<br />≈1,100 tewas and 4,200 terluka<ref name="books.google.com.vn"/><br />
'''{{flagu|Korea Utara}}'''<br />14 tewas<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/696970.stm |title=North Korea fought in Vietnam War |publisher=BBC News |date=31 Maret 2000 |accessdate=18 Oktober 2015}}</ref>
 
'''Total kematian: 510,114–1,166,114'''<br />'''Total terluka: ≈604,200'''
|
| casualties3 =
'''Total korban tewas warga sipil Vietnam''': 627,000–2,000,000<ref name="Lewy 1978 450_453" /><ref name="afp1995">{{cite news |title=20 Years After Victory, Vietnamese Communists Ponder How to Celebrate |first=Philip |last=Shenon |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/04/23/world/20-years-after-victory-vietnamese-communists-ponder-how-to-celebrate.html |date=23 April 1995 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |accessdate=24 Februari 2011 }} Pemerintah Vietnam secara resmi menyatakan perkiraan kasar dengan angka 2 juta kematian warga sipil, tetapi tidak membagi kematian antara Vietnam Utara dan Selatan,</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=fifty years of violent war deaths: data analysis from the world health survey program: BMJ |url=http://www.bmj.com/content/336/7659/1482| date=23 April 2008|accessdate=5 Januari 2013}} Dari tahun 1955 sampai 2002, data dari survei menunjukkan bahwa diperkirakan ada 5,4 juta kematian dari kekerasan perang … 3,8 juta di Vietnam</ref><br />
'''Total korban tewas Vietnam''' : 966,000<ref name="Hirschman" />–3,812,000<ref name="Obermeyer 2008">{{Harvnb|Obermeyer|Murray|Gakidou|2008}}.</ref><br />
'''Korban tewas Perang Saudara Kamboja''': 240,000–300,000*<ref name="Heuveline, Patrick 2001">{{cite book |last=Heuveline |first=Patrick |chapter=The Demographic Analysis of Mortality Crises: The Case of Cambodia, 1970–1979 |title=Forced Migration and Mortality |url=https://archive.org/details/forcedmigrationm0000unse_t3v0 |publisher=[[National Academies Press]] |year=2001 |pp=[https://archive.org/details/forcedmigrationm0000unse_t3v0/page/n102 102]–04, 120, 124 |isbn=978-0309073349 |quote=As best as can now be estimated, over two million Cambodians died during the 1970s because of the political events of the decade, the vast majority of them during the mere four years of the 'Khmer Rouge' regime.&nbsp;... Subsequent reevaluations of the demographic data situated the death toll for the [civil war] in the order of 300,000 or less.}}</ref><ref name="Banister, Judith 1993">{{cite book |last1=Banister |first1=Judith |last2=Johnson |first2=E. Paige |chapter=After the Nightmare: The Population of Cambodia |title=Genocide and Democracy in Cambodia: The Khmer Rouge, the United Nations and the International Community |publisher=Yale University Southeast Asia Studies |year=1993 |p=[https://archive.org/details/genocidedemocrac00kier/page/87 87] |isbn=978-0938692492 |quote=An estimated 275,000 excess deaths. We have modeled the highest mortality that we can justify for the early 1970s. |url=https://archive.org/details/genocidedemocrac00kier/page/87}}</ref><ref name="Sliwinski">{{Cite book |last=Sliwinski |first=Marek |title=Le Génocide Khmer Rouge: Une Analyse Démographique |trans-title=The Khmer Rouge genocide: A demographic analysis |location=Paris |publisher=[[L'Harmattan]] |year=1995 |isbn=978-2738435255 |pp=42–43, 48 }}</ref>
'''Korban tewas Perang Saudara Laos''': 20,000–62,000*<br />
'''Korban tewas militer non-Indochina (sum)''': 65,425<br />
'''Total kematian (sum)''': 1,291,425–4,211,451<br />
Untuk rincian lebih lanjut, lihat [[Korban Perang Vietnam]] dan [[Kerugian pesawat dalam Perang Vietnam]]<br />
<nowiki>*</nowiki> mengindikasikan jumlah perkiraan, lihat [[#Korban|Korban]] di bawah
}}
'''Perang Vietnam''', juga disebut '''Perang Indocina Kedua''', adalah sebuah [[perang]] yang terjadi antara [[1957]] dan [[1975]] di [[Vietnam]]. Perang ini merupakan bagian dari [[Perang Dingin]] antara dua kubu ideologi besar, yakni [[Komunis]] dan [[SEATO]].
 
Dua kubu yang saling berperang adalah Republik Vietnam (Vietnam Selatan) dan Republik Demokratik Vietnam (Vietnam Utara). [[Amerika Serikat]], [[Korea Selatan]], [[Thailand]], [[Australia]], [[Selandia Baru]] dan [[Filipina]] (juga bantuan militer oleh [[Taiwan]] dan [[Spanyol]]) bersekutu dengan Vietnam Selatan, sedangkan [[USSR|Uni Soviet]], [[RRT|Tiongkok]], [[Korea Utara]], [[Republik Rakyat Mongolia|Mongolia]] dan [[Kuba]] mendukung Vietnam Utara yang berideologi [[komunisme|komunis]].
 
Jumlah korban yang meninggal diperkirakan lebih dari 280.000 jiwa di pihak [[Vietnam Selatan]] dan lebih dari 1.000.000 jiwa di pihak [[Vietnam Utara]].
Baris 27 ⟶ 117:
 
Setelah berakhirnya perang ini, kedua Vietnam tersebut pun bersatu pada tahun [[1976]] dan Vietnam menjadi negara komunis.
 
 
Salah satu korban paling terkenal dari Perang Vietnam ini adalah [[Kim Phuc]].
 
== Nama-nama perang ==
{{Further information|Terminologi Perang Vietnam}}
Berbagai nama telah digunakan untuk konflik ini. ''Perang Vietnam'' adalah yang paling sering digunakan, terutama dalam bahasa Inggris. Perang ini juga dikenal sebagai ''Perang Indochina Kedua'' dan ''Konflik Vietnam''.
 
Karena di Indochina sudah pernah terjadi beberapa konflik, konflik tertentu ini disebut dengan nama protagonis utama untuk membedakannya dari nama lain.<ref>Moore, Harold. G and Joseph L. Galloway ''We Are Soldiers Still: A Journey Back to the Battlefields of Vietnam'' (p. 57).</ref> Dalam [[bahasa Vietnam]], perang ini umumnya dikenal sebagai ''Kháng chiến chống Mỹ'' (Perang Perlawanan Terhadap Amerika). Perang ini juga dikenal dengan nama ''Chiến tranh Việt Nam'' (Perang Vietnam).<ref>{{cite web|title=Asian-Nation: Asian American History, Demographics, & Issues:: The American / Viet Nam War|quote=The Viet Nam War is also called 'The American War' by the Vietnamese |url=http://www.asian-nation.org/vietnam-war.shtml |accessdate=18 August 2008}}</ref>
 
Organisasi militer utama yang terlibat dalam perang, di satu sisi, [[Tentara Republik Vietnam]] (ARVN) dan [[Angkatan Bersenjata Amerika Serikat|militer AS]], dan di sisi lain, [[Tentara Rakyat Vietnam]] (PAVN) (lebih umum dikenal dengan Tentara Vietnam Utara, atau NVA, dalam sumber-sumber berbahasa Inggris), dan Front Nasional untuk Pembebasan Vietnam Selatan (NLF, lebih dikenal sebagai [[Viet Cong]] dalam sumber bahasa Inggris), pasukan gerilya komunis Vietnam Selatan.<ref>Tucker, Spencer C. (2011) ''The Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War: A Political, Social, and Military History'' ABC-CLIO. ISBN 1-85109-961-1, hlm. xli</ref>
 
== Latar belakang ==
[[Vietnam]] dijajah oleh [[Tiongkok]] sejak tahun [[110 SM]] sampai mencapai kemerdekaan pada tahun [[938]]. Setelah bebas dari belenggu penjajahan [[Tiongkok]], [[Vietnam]] selalu menentang dan mengecam serangan pihak asing.
 
Pada abad ke-19, [[Vietnam]] menjadi [[Wilayah koloni Prancis|wilayah jajahan [[PerancisPrancis]]. PerancisPrancis menguasai [[Vietnam]] setelah melakukan beberapa perang kolonial di [[Indochina]] mulai dari tahun 1840-an. Ekspansi kekuasaan [[PerancisPrancis]] disebabkan keinginan untuk menyaingi kebangkitan [[Britania Raya]] dan kebutuhan untuk mendapatkan hasil bumi seperti rempah-rempah untuk menggerakkan industri di [[PerancisPrancis]] untuk menyaingi penguasaan industri [[Britania Raya]].
 
Semasa pemerintahan [[PerancisPrancis]], golongan rakyat [[Vietnam]] dibakar semangat [[nasionalisme]] dan ingin [[kemerdekaan|merdeka]] dari [[PerancisPrancis]]. Beberapa pemberontakan dilakukan oleh banyak kelompok-kelompok [[nasionalisme|nasionalis]], tetapi usaha mereka gagal. Pada tahun [[1919]], semasa [[Perjanjian Versailles]] dirundingkan, [[Ho Chi Minh]] meminta untuk bersama-sama membuat perundingan agar [[Vietnam]] dapat merdeka. Permintaan tersebut ditolak dan [[Vietnam]] beserta seluruh [[Indochina]] terus menjadi jajahan PerancisPrancis.
 
Kelompok [[Viet Minh]] akhirnya mendapat dukungan populer dan berhasil mengusir [[PerancisPrancis]] dari [[Vietnam]]. Selama [[Perang Dunia II]], [[Vietnam]] dikuasai oleh [[Jepang]]. Pemerintah [[PerancisPrancis Vichy]] bekerjasama dengan [[Jepang]] yang mengantar tentara ke [[Indochina]] sebagai pasukan yang berkuasa secara ''de facto'' di kawasan tersebut. Pemerintah [[PerancisPrancis Vichy]] tetap menjalankan pemerintahan seperti biasa sampai tahun [[1944]] ketika [[PerancisPrancis Vichy]] jatuh setelah tentara sekutu menaklukan [[PerancisPrancis]] dan jendral [[Charles de Gaulle]] diangkat sebagai pemimpin [[PerancisPrancis]].
 
Setelah pemerintah [[PerancisPrancis Vichy]] tumbang, pemerintah [[Jepang]] menggalakkan kebangkitan pergerakan nasionalis di kalangan rakyat ( Vietnam ). Pada akhir (Perang Dunia II ), ( Vietnam ) diberikan kemerdekaan oleh pihak ( Jepang ). ( Ho Chí Minh ) kembali ke Vietnam untuk membebaskan negaranya agar tidak dijajah oleh kekuasaan asing. Ia menerima bantuan kelompok [[Office of Strategic Services|OSS]] yang akan berubah menjadi ([[Central CIAIntelligence )Agency|CIA]] nantinya.
 
Pada akhir ( Perang Dunia II ), pergerakan ( Viet Minh ) di bawah pimpinan (Ho Chí Minh ) berhasil membebaskan Vietnam dari tangan penjajah, tetapi keberhasilan itu hanya untuk masa yang singkat saja. Pihak ( jepang )Jepang menangkap pemerintah PerancisPrancis dan memberikan Vietnam satusuatu bentuk “kemerdekaan” sebagai sebagian dari rancangan Jepang untuk "membebaskan" bumi ( Asia )dari penjajahan barat. Banyak bangunan diserahkan kepada kelompok-kelompok ( nasionalis ).
-perangPerang vietnamVietnam merupakan perang terlama amerikaAmerika serikatSerikat di asiaAsia tenggaraTenggara.
-amerika selalu menang dalam berbagai pertempuran di medan perang namun kenyataannya amerika serikat harus meninggalkan vientam.
 
== Keterlibatan negara-negara lain ==
== Beberapa peristiwa ==
=== Pro-Hanoi ===
* [[9 Februari]] [[1965]] - Pasukan kombat [[Amerika Serikat]] pertama dikirim ke Amerika Selatan
[[Berkas:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-48579-0009, Stralsund, Ho Chi Minh mit Matrosen der NVA.jpg|jmpl|ka|210px|Ho Chi Minh bersama dengan pelaut [[Jerman Timur]] di pelabuhan [[Stralsund]], 1957]]
* [[30 Januari]] [[1968]] - [[Serangan Tet]]
{{Quote|2.000 tahun [[Sejarah Vietnam|permusuhan Tiongkok-Vietnam]] dan ratusan tahun [[Sejarah hubungan Tiongkok dengan Rusia|kecurigaan yang terjadi antara Tiongkok dan Rusia]], dihentikan saat mereka bersatu melawan kita di Vietnam.|[[Richard Holbrooke]], 1985<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1985/04/18/world/u-s-power-in-asia-has-grown-since-vietnam.html?pagewanted=all U. S. POWER IN ASIA HAS GROWN SINCE VIETNAM] oleh [[Leslie H. Gelb]], ''[[The New York Times]]'', 18 April 1985</ref>}}
* [[5 Februari]] [[1968]] - [[Pertempuran Khe Sanh]] dimulai.
 
* [[11 Februari]] [[1973]] - [[Tahanan perang]] [[Amerika Serikat]] pertama dibebaskan oleh [[Viet Cong]].
==== Korea Utara ====
* [[27 Februari]] [[1973]] - [[Persetujuan Damai Paris]] secara resmi mengakhiri Perang Vietnam.
Sebagai hasil dari keputusan [[Partai Buruh Korea]] pada bulan Oktober 1966, di awal tahun 1967 [[Korea Utara]] mengirim satu skuadron tempur ke Vietnam Utara untuk mendukung skuadron tempur Vietnam Utara ke-921 dan ke-923 yang melindungi Hanoi. Mereka masih berperang hingga tahun 1968, dan 200 pilot dilaporkan telah bertugas.<ref>Asia Times, 18 August 2006, Richard M Bennett [http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Korea/HH18Dg02.html Missiles and madness] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060923224111/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Korea/HH18Dg02.html |date=2006-09-23 }}.</ref>
* [[29 Maret]] [[1973]] - Pasukan terakhir [[Amerika Serikat]] meninggalkan [[Vietnam Selatan]].
 
Ini merupakan perang antara paham komunis dan liberal
Selain itu, setidaknya dua resimen artileri anti-pesawat juga dikirim. Korea Utara juga mengirimkan senjata, amunisi dan dua juta set seragam untuk rekan-rekan mereka di Vietnam Utara.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Pribbenow | first1 = Merle | year = 2003 | title = The 'Ology War: technology and ideology in the defense of Hanoi, 1967 | url =https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-military-history_2003-01_67_1/page/183| journal = Journal of Military History | volume = 67 | issue = 1| page = 183 }}</ref> [[Kim Il-sung]] dilaporkan telah mengatakan kepada para pilot untuk "berperang seakan-akan langit Vietnam adalah langit mereka sendiri".<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/1427367.stm |date= 7 July 2001 |title=N Korea admits Vietnam war role |first= Caroline |last= Gluck |work=BBC News |accessdate=19 Oktober 2006}}; lihat juga {{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/696970.stm |date=31 Maret 2000 |title=North Korea fought in Vietnam War |work=BBC News |accessdate=19 Oktober 2006}}; lihat juga {{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/1435540.stm| date= 12 Juli 2001 |title=North Korea honours Vietnam war dead|publisher=BBC News| accessdate=19 Oktober 2006}}</ref>
 
=== Pro-Saigon ===
==== Filipina ====
Sekitar 10.450 tentara [[Filipina]] dikirim ke Vietnam Selatan. Mereka pada umumnya terlibat dalam proyek-proyek pengamanan sipil medis dan lainnya. Pasukan ini dioperasikan di bawah penunjukan PHLCAG-V atau Kelompok Aksi Sipil Filipina-Vietnam. Yang lebih penting adalah fakta bahwa pangkalan angkatan laut di [[Pangkalan Angkatan Laut Teluk Subic|Teluk Subic]] digunakan untuk [[Armada Ketujuh Amerika Serikat]] dari tahun 1964 hingga perang berakhir pada tahun 1975.<ref>{{cite book|last=Anderson|first=Gerald|title=Subic bay : from Magellan to Pinatubo|date=January 2009|publisher=CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform|isbn=1441444521|url=http://www.amazon.com/Subic-Bay-From-Magellan-Pinatubo/dp/1441444521}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Karnow|first=Stanley|title=In Our Image: America's Empire in the Philippines|url=https://archive.org/details/inourimageameric00karn|year=1990|publisher=Ballantine books|isbn=0345328167}}</ref> Pangkalan Angkatan Laut di teluk Subic dan pangkalan Angkatan Udara di [[Pangkalan Angkatan Udara Clark|Clark]] mencapai batas penggunaan maksimal selama perang dan mendukung sekitar 80.000 penduduk setempat untuk bisnis sampingan seperti pembuatan sepatu hingga prostitusi.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Utts|first1=Thomas|title=GI Joe Doesn't Live Here Anymore: A History of Clark Air Base, America's Mighty Air Force Bastion in the Philippines|publisher=University of Michigan}}</ref>
 
== Senjata ==
=== Komunikasi radio ===
Perang Vietnam adalah konflik pertama di mana pasukan AS memiliki peralatan komunikasi [[suara aman]] yang tersedia dalam tingkat taktis. [[Badan Keamanan Nasional]] menjalankan program crash untuk menyediakan pasukan AS dengan sekelompok kode peralatan keamanan bernama [[NESTOR (enkripsi)|NESTOR]], mengirimkan 17.000 unit pada awalnya. Hasilnya, sebanyak 30.000 unit kemudian diproduksi. Namun keterbatasan unit, termasuk kualitas suara yang buruk, jangkauan yang kurang, penundaan waktu yang mengganggu dan masalah dukungan logistik menyebabkan hanya satu dari sepuluh unit yang dapat digunakan.<ref name=boaklectures>[http://www.governmentattic.org/18docs/Hist_US_COMSEC_Boak_NSA_1973u.pdf A History of U.S. Communications Security; the David G. Boak Lectures], National Security Agency (NSA), Volume I, 1973, Volume II 1981, dirilis sebagian pada tahun 2008, porsi tambahan diklasifikasikan pada tanggal 14 Oktober 2015</ref>{{rp|Vol II, p.43}} Sementara kebanyakan kalangan militer AS percaya bahwa Viet Cong dan NVA tidak akan mampu mengeksploitasi komunikasi yang tidak aman, interogasi terhadap unit intelijen komunikasi yang tertangkap menunjukkan bahwa mereka mampu memahami jargon dan kode yang digunakan secara ''realtime'' dan sering kali mampu untuk memperingatkan pihak mereka tentang tindakan AS yang selanjutnya.<ref name=boaklectures />{{rp|Vol II, pp. 4, 10}}
 
== Lihat pula ==
* [[Wanita dalam Perang Vietnam]]
 
== Catatan ==
{{Reflist|group="A"|30em}}
 
== Catatan kaki ==
{{reflist|30em}}
 
== Referensi ==
=== Sumber sekunder ===
{{Refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}
:{{Cite book|last=Anderson|first=David L.|year=2004|title=Columbia Guide to the Vietnam War|location=New York|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=0-231-11492-3|ref=harv}}
:Angio, Joe. ''Nixon a Presidency Revealed'' (2007) The History Channel television documentary
:{{Cite book
| last= Appy |first= Christian G. |authorlink= Christian G. Appy |year= 2006
| title= Vietnam: The Definitive Oral History, Told from All Sides
| url= https://archive.org/details/vietnamdefinitiv0000appy | location= London |publisher= Ebury Press
| isbn= 978-0-091-91011-2 |ref= harv }}
:Baker, Kevin. "Stabbed in the Back! The past and future of a right-wing myth", ''Harper's Magazine'' (Juni 2006) {{cite web |url = http://www.harpers.org/archive/2006/06/0081080 |title = Stabbed in the back! The past and future of a right-wing myth (Harper's Magazine) |accessdate = 11 Juni 2008 }}
:{{Cite book | last= Berman | first= Larry | year= 1989 | title= Lyndon Johnson's War: The Road to Stalemate in Vietnam | url= https://archive.org/details/lyndonjohnsonswa00berm | location= New York | publisher= W. W. Norton & Company | isbn= 978-0-393-02636-8 | ref= harv }}
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| title= The Counterinsurgency Era: U.S. Doctrine and Performance, 1950 to the Present
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:Blaufarb Douglas S. ''The Counterinsurgency Era'' (1977). A history of the Kennedy Administration's involvement in South Vietnam.
:Brigham, Robert K. ''Battlefield Vietnam: A Brief History''. A PBS interactive website.
:{{Cite book|last=Brocheux|first=Pierre|title=Ho Chi Minh: a biography|url=https://archive.org/details/hochiminhbiograp00broc|year=2007|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-85062-9|page=[https://archive.org/details/hochiminhbiograp00broc/page/n231 198]|ref=harv}}
:Buckley, Kevin. [http://chss.montclair.edu/english/furr/Vietnam/buckley.html "Pacification's Deadly Price"], ''Newsweek'', 19 Juni 1972.<!--accessed 7, 5 August 2008-->
:Buzzanco, Bob. "25 Years After End of Vietnam War: Myths Keep Us from Coming to Terms with Vietnam", ''The Baltimore Sun'' (17 April 2000) {{cite web |url = http://www.commondreams.org/views/041700-106.htm |title = 25 Years After End of Vietnam War Myths Keep Us From Coming To Terms With Vietnam |accessdate = 11 Juni 2008 |archive-date = 2008-06-05 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080605195117/http://www.commondreams.org/views/041700-106.htm |dead-url = yes }}
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| title= ''In Karl D. Jackson, ed.,'' Cambodia, 1975–1978: Rendezvous with Death ''(pp.&nbsp;13–35)''
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| isbn= 978-0-691-07807-6 |ref= harv }}
:{{Cite book |editor1-last=Church |editor1-first=Peter |title=A Short History of South-East Asia |url=https://archive.org/details/shorthistoryofso0000unse_l3b6 |date=2006 |isbn=978-0-470-82181-7 }}
:{{Cite book| last1=Cooper| first=Chester L.| title=The Lost Crusade: America in Vietnam| url=https://archive.org/details/lostcrusadeameri0000coop| date=1970| isbn=0-396-06241-5}} a Washington insider's memoir of events.
:{{Cite book
| last= Courtwright |first= David T. |year=2005
| title= Sky as Frontier: Adventure, Aviation, and Empire
| url= https://archive.org/details/skyasfrontieradv0000cour | location= College Station, Texas |publisher= Texas A&M University Press
| isbn= 978-1-585-44384-0 |ref= harv }}
:{{Cite journal | last= Crook | first= John R. | year= 2008 | title= Court of Appeals Affirms Dismissal of Agent Orange Litigation | url= https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-international-law_2008-07_102_3/page/662 | journal= [[American Journal of International Law]] | volume= 102 | number= 3 | pages= 662–664 | jstor= 20456664 | ref= harv }}
:{{Cite book | last= Crump | first= Laurien | year= 2015 | url= https://books.google.com.vn/books?id=mLSgBgAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=vi#v=onepage&q&f=false | title= The Warsaw Pact Reconsidered: International Relations in Eastern Europe, 1955-1969 | location= Oxon | publisher= Routledge | isbn= 978-1-315-73254-1 | ref= harv }}
:{{Cite book | last= Demma | first= Vincent H. | year= 1989 | chapter= The U.S. Army in Vietnam | chapterurl= http://www.history.army.mil/books/AMH/AMH-28.htm | url= http://www.history.army.mil/books/AMH/amh-toc.htm | title= American Military History | pages= 619–694 | location= Washington, D.C. | publisher= [[US Army Center of Military History]] | ref= harv | access-date= 2017-03-07 | archive-date= 2020-01-20 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200120024852/https://history.army.mil/books/AMH/amh-toc.htm | dead-url= yes }}
:{{cite book |last=Dennis |first=Peter |title=The Oxford Companion to Australian Military History |publisher=Oxford University Press Australia & New Zealand |location=Melbourne |year=2008 |edition=Second |isbn=978-0-19-551784-2|display-authors=etal}}
:{{cite web|ref=harv|last=DoD|date=6 November 1998|url=http://www.defense.gov/releases/release.aspx?releaseid=1902|title=Name of Technical Sergeant Richard B. Fitzgibbon to be added to the Vietnam Veterans Memorial|publisher=[[United States Department of Defense|Department of Defense (DoD)]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020044326/http://www.defense.gov/Releases/Release.aspx?ReleaseID=1902|archivedate=20 October 2013}}
:{{Cite book|last=Duiker|first=William J.|date=1981|title=The Communist Road to Power in Vietnam|url=https://archive.org/details/communistroadtop0000duik_z5u9|publisher=Westview Press|isbn=0891587942}}
:{{Cite book | last=Duncanson|first= Dennis J.|date=1968|title=Government and Revolution in Vietnam|publisher=Oxford University Press|oclc=411221}}
:{{Cite book
| last= Etcheson |first= Craig |year= 2005
| title= After the Killing Fields: Lessons from the Cambodian Genocide
| location= New York |publisher= Praeger
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:{{Cite book
| last= Fall |first= Bernard B. |authorlink= Bernard B. Fall |year= 1967
| title= The Two Viet-Nams: A Political and Military Analysis | url= https://archive.org/details/twovietnamspolit00fall |edition= 2nd
| location= New York |publisher= Praeger
| isbn= 978-0-999-14179-3 |ref= harv }}
:Fincher, Ernest Barksdale, ''The Vietnam War'' (1980).
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| last=Ford|first= Harold P.|title=CIA and the Vietnam Policymakers: Three Episodes, 1962–1968|date=1998|oclc= 39333058}}
:{{Cite book |editor1-last=Gerdes |editor1-first=Louise I. |title=Examining Issues Through Political Cartoons: The Vietnam War |url=https://archive.org/details/vietnamwar0000unse_c5x2 |date=2005 |publisher=Greenhaven Press |isbn=0-7377-2531-1 }}
:Gettleman, Marvin E.; Franklin, Jane; Young, Marilyn ''Vietnam and America: A Documented History.'' (1995).
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|last = Greiner
|first = Bernd
|year = 2010
|title = War Without Fronts: The USA in Vietnam
|location = London
|publisher = Vintage Books
|isbn = 9780099532590
|ref = harv
}}
:Hammond, William. ''Public Affairs: The Military and the Media, 1962–1968'' (1987); ''Public Affairs: The Military and the Media, 1968–1973'' (1995). Full-scale history of the war by U.S. Army; much broader than title suggests.
:{{cite book|last=Healy|first=Gene|title=The Cult of the Presidency: America's Dangerous Devotion to Executive Power|url=https://books.google.com/?id=MRA2jIyejwAC|year=2009|publisher=Cato Institute|isbn=978-1-933995-19-9|ref=harv}}
:{{Cite book
| last= Herring |first= George C. |year= 2001
| title= America's Longest War: The United States and Vietnam, 1950–1975 |edition= 4th
| location= New York |publisher= McGraw-Hill
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:Hitchens, Christopher. ''The Vietnam Syndrome''.
:{{Cite book | last= Holm | first= Jeanne | authorlink= Jeanne M. Holm | year= 1992 | title= Women in the Military: An Unfinished Revolution | url= https://archive.org/details/womeninmilitary00jean | edition= Rev. | location= Novato, California | publisher= [[Presidio Press]] | isbn= 978-0-891-41450-6 | ref= harv }}
:{{Cite book
| last= Karnow |first= Stanley|authorlink = Stanley Karnow |year= 1997
| title= Vietnam: A History | url= https://archive.org/details/vietnamhistory0000karn_t5l4 |edition= 2nd
| location= New York |publisher= Penguin Books
| isbn= 978-0-140-26547-7 |ref=harv}}
:{{Cite book|last=Khong|first=Yuen Foong|date=1992|title=Analogies at War: Korea, Munich, Dien Bien Phu, and the Vietnam Decisions of 1965|url=https://archive.org/details/analogiesatwarko00khon|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=0691078467}}
:{{Cite book
| last= Kiernan |first= Ben |authorlink= Ben Kiernan |year= 2008
| title= The Pol Pot Regime: Race, Power, and Genocide in Cambodia Under the Khmer Rouge |edition= 3rd
| location= New Haven, Connecticut |publisher= Yale University Press
| isbn= 978-0-300-14434-5 |ref=harv }}
:{{Cite book | last1= ——— | first1= <!--N/A--> | last2= Owen | first2= Taylor | title= Bombs over Cambodia | url= http://www.yale.edu/cgp/Walrus_CambodiaBombing_OCT06.pdf | journal= [[The Walrus]] | issue= Oktober 2006 | pages= 62–69 | ref= CITEREFKiernanOwen2006 }}
:{{Cite book | last= Kolko | first= Gabriel | authorlink= Gabriel Kolko | year= 1985 | title= Anatomy of a War: Vietnam, the United States, and the Modern Historical Experience | url= https://archive.org/details/anatomyofwarviet00kolk | location= New York | publisher= Pantheon Books | isbn= 978-0-394-74761-3 | ref= harv }}
:{{Cite book
| editor-last= Kutler |editor-first= Stanley I. |authorlink= Stanley Kutler |year= 1996
| title= Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War
| location= New York |publisher= Charles Scribner's Sons
| isbn= 978-0-132-76932-7 |ref= harv }}
:{{Cite book
| last= Lawrence |first= A. T. |year= 2009
| title = Crucible Vietnam: Memoir of an Infantry Lieutenant
| location= Jefferson, North Carolina |publisher= McFarland
| isbn= 978-0-786-44517-2 |ref= harv }}
:{{Cite book
| last=Lawrence|first= Mark Atwood|year= 2008|title=The Vietnam War: A Concise International History| url=https://archive.org/details/vietnamwarconcis0000lawr|publisher= Oxford University Press|isbn=9780195314656}}
:Leepson, Marc ed. (1999). ''Dictionary of the Vietnam War''. New York: Webster's New World.
:{{Cite book
| last= Lewy |first= Guenter |authorlink= Guenter Lewy |year= 1978
| title= America in Vietnam
| url= https://archive.org/details/americainvietnam00lewy | location= New York |publisher= Oxford University Press
| isbn= 978-0-195-02732-7 |ref= harv }}
:{{Cite book | last= Logevall | first= Fredrik | authorlink= Fredrik Logevall | year= 2001 | title= The Origins of the Vietnam War | url= https://archive.org/details/isbn_2900582319188_w1j4 | location= Harlow | publisher= Longman | isbn= 978-0-582-31918-9 | ref= harv }}
:{{Cite book
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| chapter= The Indochina wars and the Cold War, 1945–1975
| title= ''In [[Melvyn P. Leffler]] and [[Odd Arne Westad]], eds.,'' The Cambridge History of the Cold War, Volume II: Crises and Détente ''(pp.&nbsp;281–304)''
| location= Cambridge |publisher= Cambridge University Press
| isbn= 978-0-521-83720-0 |ref= CITEREFLogevall2010 }}
:{{cite book |last=McGibbon|first=Ian|author2=ed |title=The Oxford Companion to New Zealand Military History |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Auckland |year=2000 |edition= |isbn=0-19-558376-0}}
:{{Cite book|last=McMahon|first=Robert J.|year=1995|title=Major Problems in the History of the Vietnam War: Documents and Essays|ref=harv}}
:{{Cite book | author= [[Robert McNamara|McNamara, Robert S.]], with James Blight, Robert Brigham, [[Thomas J. Biersteker|Thomas Biersteker]], Herbert Schandler | year= 1999 | title= Argument Without End: In Search of Answers to the Vietnam Tragedy | url= https://archive.org/details/argumentwithoute00mcna | location= New York | publisher= [[PublicAffairs]] | isbn= 978-1-891-62087-4 | ref= CITEREFMcNamara1999 }}
:{{Cite book|last=McNeill |first=Ian |title=To Long Tan: The Australian Army and the Vietnam War 1950–1966 |url=https://archive.org/details/tolongtanaustral0000mcne |publisher=Allen & Unwin |location=St Leonards |year=1993 |isbn=1-86373-282-9|ref=harv}}
:{{Cite book
| last= Milne |first= David |year= 2008
| title= America's Rasputin: Walt Rostow and the Vietnam War
| url= https://archive.org/details/americasrasputin0000miln | location= New York |publisher= Hill & Wang
| isbn= 978-0-374-10386-6 |ref= harv }}
:{{Cite book
| last= Moïse |first= Edwin E. |authorlink= Edwin E. Moise |year= 1996
| title= Tonkin Gulf and the Escalation of the Vietnam War
| location= Chapel Hill, North Carolina |publisher= University of North Carolina Press
| isbn= 978-0-807-82300-2 |ref= harv }}
:{{Cite book
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| title= Historical Dictionary of the Vietnam War
| url= https://archive.org/details/historicaldictio0000mois | location= Lanham, Maryland |publisher= Scarecrow Press
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:Moss, George D. ''Vietnam'' (ed. ke-4 2002) textbook.
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| last= Moyar |first= Mark |authorlink= Mark Moyar |year= 2006
| title= Triumph Forsaken: The Vietnam War, 1954–1965
| location= New York |publisher= Cambridge University Press
| isbn= 978-0-521-86911-9 |ref= harv }}
:Major General [[Spurgeon Neel]]. ''Medical Support of the U.S. Army in Vietnam 1965–1970'' (Department of the Army 1991) official medical history
:{{Cite book
| last= Neale |first= Jonathan |year= 2001
| title= The American War: Vietnam, 1960–1975
| url= https://archive.org/details/americanwarvietn0000neal | location= London |publisher= Bookmarks
| isbn= 978-1-898-87667-0 |ref= harv }}
:{{Cite book | last= Nelson | first= Deborah | year= 2008 | title= The War Behind Me: Vietnam Veterans Confront the Truth about U.S. War Crimes | url= https://archive.org/details/warbehindmevietn00nels_0 | location= Philadelphia, Pennsylvania | publisher= Basic Books | isbn= 978-0-465-00527-7 | ref= harv }}
:Nulty, Bernard.''The Vietnam War'' (1998) New York: Barnes and Noble.
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| last= Oberdorfer |first= Don |authorlink= Don Oberdorfer |year= 2001 |origyear= 1971
| title= Tet! The Turning Point in the Vietnam War
| url= https://archive.org/details/tetturningpointi0000ober | location= Baltimore, Maryland |publisher= Johns Hopkins University Press
| isbn= 978-0-801-86703-3 |ref=harv }}
:{{Cite journal |last1= Obermeyer |first1= Ziad |last2= Murray |first2= Christopher J. L. |last3= Gakidou |first3= Emmanuela |year= 2008 |title= Fifty years of violent war deaths from Vietnam to Bosnia: analysis of data from the world health survey programme |url= http://www.bmj.com/content/336/7659/1482 |journal= [[BMJ]] |volume= 336 |pages= 1482–6 |doi= 10.1136/bmj.a137 |ref= harv |pmid= 18566045 |issue= 7659 |pmc= 2440905 | issn=0959-8138}}
:{{Cite book | last1= Olson | first1= James S. | last2= Roberts | first2= Randy | year= 2008 | title= Where the Domino Fell: America and Vietnam, Where the Domino Fell: America and Vietnam 1945–1995 | url= https://archive.org/details/wheredominofella0000olso_t4n0 | edition= 5th | location= Malden, Massachusetts | publisher= Blackwell Publishing | isbn= 978-1-405-18222-5 | ref= harv }}
:Palmer, Bruce Jr. ''The Twenty-Five Year War'' (1984), narrative military history by a senior U.S. general.
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| last= Palmer |first= Dave R. |authorlink= Dave Richard Palmer |year= 1978
| title= Summons of Trumpet: U.S.-Vietnam in Perspective
| url= https://archive.org/details/summonsoftrumpet0000palm_m9p0 | location= Novato, California |publisher= Presidio Press
| isbn= 978-0-891-41550-3 |ref= harv }}
:{{Cite journal
| last= Palmer |first= Michael G. |year= 2007
| title= The Case of Agent Orange
| journal= Contemporary Southeast Asia |volume= 29 |number= 1 |pages= 172–195
| jstor= 25798819 |ref= harv |doi=10.1355/cs29-1h}}
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| last= Prados |first= John |year= 2006
| chapter= The Road South: The Ho Chi Minh Trail
| title= ''In Andew Wiest, ed.,'' Rolling Thunder in a Gentle Land ''(pp.&nbsp;74–95)''
| url= https://archive.org/details/rollingthunderin00wies | location= Oxford |publisher= Osprey Publishing
| isbn= 978-1-846-03020-8 |ref= harv }}
:{{Cite book | last= Robbins | first= Mary Susannah | year= 2007 | url= https://books.google.com.vn/books?id=RK1XoEXCoVEC&printsec=frontcover&hl=vi#v=onepage&q&f=false | title= Against the Vietnam War: Writings by Activists | location= Lanham, Maryland | publisher= Rowman & Littlefield Publishers | isbn= 978-0-7425-5914-1 | ref= harv }}
:{{Cite journal
| last= Roberts |first= Anthea |year= 2005
| title= The Agent Orange Case: Vietnam Ass'n for Victims of Agent Orange/Dioxin v. Dow Chemical Co.
| journal= [[American Society of International Law|ASIL Proceedings]] |volume= 99 |number= 1 |pages= 380–385
| jstor= 25660031 |ref= harv }}
:{{Cite book | last= Schandler | first= Herbert Y. | year= 2009 | title= America in Vietnam: The War That Couldn't Be Won | url= https://archive.org/details/americainvietnam0000scha | location= Lanham, Maryland | publisher= Rowman & Littlefield | isbn= 978-0-742-56697-2 | ref= harv }}
:Schell, Jonathan. ''The Time of Illusion'' (1976).
:Schulzinger, Robert D. ''A Time for War: The United States and Vietnam, 1941–1975'' (1997).
:{{Cite book
| last= Sheehan |first= Neil |authorlink= Neil Sheehan |year= 1989
| title= [[A Bright Shining Lie|A Bright Shining Lie: John Paul Vann and America in Vietnam]]
| location= New York |publisher= Vintage
| isbn= 978-0-679-72414-8 |ref= harv }}
:{{Cite book
| last= Sliwinski |first= Marek |year= 1995
| title= Le Génocide Khmer Rouge: Une Analyse Démographique
| location= Paris |publisher= L'Harmattan
| isbn= 978-2-738-43525-5 |ref= harv }}
:Sorley, Lewis, ''A Better War: The Unexamined Victories and Final Tragedy of America's Last Years in Vietnam'' (1999), based upon still classified tape-recorded meetings of top level US commanders in Vietnam, ISBN 0-15-601309-6
:Spector, Ronald. ''After Tet: The Bloodiest Year in Vietnam'' (1992), very broad coverage of 1968.
:{{Cite book|ref=harv|last=Stanton|first=Shelby L.| title = Vietnam order of battle|edition=2003|year=2003| publisher = Stackpole Books| isbn= 0-8117-0071-2}}
:{{Cite journal
| last= Stone |first= Richard |year= 2007
| title= Agent Orange's Bitter Harvest
| journal= [[Science (jurnal)|Science]] |volume= 315 |pages= 176–179
| jstor= 20035179 |ref= harv |doi=10.1126/science.315.5809.176 |issue=5809 | pmid=17218503}}
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| title= A [[Sejarah Laos|History of Laos]]
| location= Cambridge |publisher= Cambridge University Press
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:Summers, Harry G. [https://books.google.com/?id=-Z4l-ZySVWwC ''On Strategy: A Critical Analysis of the Vietnam War''], Presidio press (1982), ISBN 0-89141-563-7 (225 halaman)
:{{Cite book
| last= Thayer |first= Thomas C. |year= 1985
| title= War Without Fronts: The American Experience in Vietnam
| url= https://archive.org/details/warwithoutfronts0000thay | location= Boulder, Colorado |publisher= Westview Press
| isbn= 978-0-813-37132-0 |ref= harv }}
:Tucker, Spencer. ed. ''Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War'' (1998) vol 3. reference set; also one-volume abridgement (2001).
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| location= London |publisher= UCL Press
| isbn= 978-1-857-28921-3 |ref= CITEREFTucker1999 }}
* {{ cite book
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| title = The Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War: A Political, Social, and Military History
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| origyear = 1998
| year = 2011
| isbn = 978-1851099603
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:{{Cite book
| last= Turner |first= Robert F. |year= 1975
| title= Vietnamese Communism: Its Origins and Development
| location= Stanford, California |publisher= Hoover Institution Press
| isbn= 978-0-817-96431-3 |ref= harv }}
:{{Cite book
| last= Turse |first= Nick |authorlink= Nick Turse |year= 2013
| title= Kill Anything That Moves: The Real American War in Vietnam
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:{{Cite book
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| title= Report of the Office of the Secretary of Defense Vietnam Task Force|url=
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:{{Cite book
| last= Westheider |first= James E. |year= 2007
| title= The Vietnam War
| url= https://archive.org/details/vietnamwar0000west_i5w5 | location= Westport, Connecticut |publisher= Greenwood Press
| isbn= 978-0-313-33755-0 |ref= harv }}
:{{cite book|last=Willbanks|first=James H.|title=Vietnam War almanac|url=https://books.google.com/?id=X5WWklFB5O4C|year=2009|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-0-8160-7102-9|ref=harv}}
:Witz, James J. ''The Tet Offensive: Intelligence Failure in War'' (1991).
:{{cite book |first=Mark |last=Woodruff |title=Unheralded Victory: The Defeat of The Viet Cong and The North Vietnamese |url=https://archive.org/details/unheraldedvictor0000wood |location=Arlington, Virginia |publisher=[[Presidio Press]] |year=2005 |isbn=0-8914-1866-0 |ref=harv }}
:{{Cite book | last= Young | first= Marilyn B. | authorlink= Marilyn B. Young | year= 1991 | title= The Vietnam Wars, 1945–1990 | url= https://archive.org/details/vietnamwars194510000youn_u7k1 | location= New York | publisher= HarperPerennial | isbn= 978-0-060-92107-1 | ref= harv }}
:Xiaoming, Zhang. "China's 1979 War With Vietnam: A Reassessment", ''China Quarterly.'' Issue no. 184, (Desember 2005) {{cite web |url = http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=358806 |title = CJO – Abstract – China's 1979 War with Vietnam: A Reassessment |accessdate = 11 Juni 2008 }}
{{Refend}}
 
=== Sumber primer ===
{{Refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}
:Carter, Jimmy. ''[http://www.usdoj.gov/pardon/carter_proclamation.htm By The President Of The United States Of America, A Proclamation Granting Pardon For Violations Of The Selective Service Act], 4 August 1964 To 28 March 1973'' (21 Januari 1977)
:Central Intelligence Agency. "[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/la.html#history Laos] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101229000748/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/la.html#history |date=2010-12-29 }}", ''CIA World Factbook'''
:[http://guides.lib.jjay.cuny.edu/content.php?pid=227219&sid=1880539 Cora Weiss Collection] (materials related to war resistance and peace activism movements during the Vietnam War), Lloyd Sealy Library Special Collections, [[John Jay College of Criminal Justice]]
:Eisenhower, Dwight D. ''Mandate for Change.'' (1963) a presidential political memoir
:Ho, Chi Minh. "Vietnam Declaration of Independence", ''Selected Works.'' (1960–1962) selected writings
:LeMay, General Curtis E. and Kantor, MacKinlay. ''Mission with LeMay'' (1965) autobiography of controversial former Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force
:Kissinger, United States Secretary of State Henry A. [https://web.archive.org/web/20070609093415/http://www.ford.utexas.edu/library/exhibits/vietnam/750512a.htm "Lessons on Vietnam", (1975) secret memoranda to U.S. President Ford]
:{{Cite book|last=O'Connell|first=Kim A.|year=2006|title=Primary Source Accounts of the Vietnam War|url=https://archive.org/details/primarysourceacc0000ocon|location=Berkeley Heights, New Jersey|publisher=MyReportLinks.com|isbn=978-1-598-45001-9|ref=harv}}
:McCain, John. ''[[Faith of My Fathers: A Family Memoir]]'' (1999) ISBN 0060957867
:Marshall, Kathryn. ''In the Combat Zone: An Oral History of American Women in Vietnam, 1966–1975'' (1987) ISBN 0316547077
:[[John Bartlow Martin|Martin, John Bartlow]]. ''Was Kennedy Planning to Pull out of Vietnam?'' (1964) oral history for the John F. Kennedy Library, tape V, reel 1.
:Myers, Thomas. ''Walking Point: American Narratives of Vietnam'' (1988) ISBN 0195053516
:''Public Papers of the Presidents, 1965'' (1966) official documents of U.S. presidents.
:Schlesinger, Arthur M. Jr. ''Robert Kennedy and His Times.'' (1978) a first-hand account of the Kennedy administration by one of his principal advisors
:Sinhanouk, Prince Norodom. "Cambodia Neutral: The Dictates of Necessity." ''Foreign Affairs.'' (1958) describes the geopolitical situation of Cambodia
:Tang, Truong Nhu. ''A Viet Cong Memoir'' (1985), revealing account by senior NLF official
:Terry, Wallace, ed. ''Bloods: An Oral History of the Vietnam War by Black Veterans'' (1984)
:{{Cite book|ref=harv|last=Truong|first=Như Tảng; David Chanoff, Van Toai Doan|authorlink=Trương Như Tảng|title=A Vietcong memoir|url=https://archive.org/details/vietcongmemoir00trng|edition=1985|year=1985|publisher=Harcourt Brace Jovanovich|isbn=978-0-15-193636-6}}<small>- Total pages: 350 </small>
:The landmark series Vietnam: A Television History, first broadcast in 1983, is a special presentation of the award-winning PBS history series, American Experience.
:''The Pentagon Papers'' (Gravel ed. 5 vol 1971); combination of narrative and secret documents compiled by Pentagon. [http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/pentagon/pent1.html excerpts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180818075800/http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/pentagon/pent1.html |date=2018-08-18 }}
:U.S. Department of State. ''Foreign Relations of the United States'' (multivolume collection of official secret documents) [https://www.state.gov/www/about_state/history/vol_i/index.html vol 1: 1964] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170506075406/https://www.state.gov/www/about_state/history/vol_i/index.html |date=2017-05-06 }}; [https://www.state.gov/www/about_state/history/vol_ii/index.html vol 2: 1965] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170506075601/https://www.state.gov/www/about_state/history/vol_ii/index.html |date=2017-05-06 }}; [https://www.state.gov/www/about_state/history/vol_ii/index.html vol 3: 1965] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170506075601/https://www.state.gov/www/about_state/history/vol_ii/index.html |date=2017-05-06 }}; [https://www.state.gov/www/about_state/history/vol_iv/index.html vol 4: 1966] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170506075620/https://www.state.gov/www/about_state/history/vol_iv/index.html |date=2017-05-06 }};
:U.S. Department of Defense and the House Committee on Armed Services. ''U.S.-Vietnam Relations, 1945–1967.'' Washington, D.C. Department of Defense and the House Committee on Armed Services, 1971, 12 volumes.
{{refend}}
 
=== Historiografi ===
{{Refbegin|1|indent=no}}
:Hall, Simon, "Scholarly Battles over the Vietnam War", ''Historical Journal'' 52 (September 2009), 813–29.
{{Refend}}
 
== Pranala luar ==
{{Sister project links|d=Q8740|n=no|species=no|voy=no|s=no|b=Modern History/Vietnam War}}
* [http://www.asiamaya.com/panduasia/vietnam/e-01land/ev-lan24.htm Perang Vietnam]
* [http://watch.opb.org/video/2285035194/ A Vietnam Diary's Homecoming] Video yang diproduksi oleh serial [[PBS]], [[History Detectives]]
* [http://web.archive.org/web/20060824002414/http://www.voanews.com/indonesian/archive/2004-09/a-2004-09-07-17-1.cfm Perang Vietnam Masih Menghantui Amerika karya Leon Howell]
* [http://www.iribamericanhistoryprojects.ircom/worldservicedownloads/melayuRADIO/perspektif/september03/tragedi_wtcvietnam.htm Film-filmDetailed Amerikabibliography dari Perangof Vietnam Hingga 11 SeptemberWar]
* [http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/vietnam.htm Documents Relating to American Foreign Policy-Vietnam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120813005227/http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/vietnam.htm |date=2012-08-13 }} sumber primer tentang keterlibatan AS
* [http://www.kompas.com/kompas-cetak/0505/02/ln/1723723.htm Vietnam Rayakan 30 Tahun Perang Berakhir]
* [http://repository.library.georgetown.edu/handle/10822/552505 Fallout of the War] from the [https://web.archive.org/web/20160115205405/https://repository.library.georgetown.edu/handle/10822/552494 Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives]
{{perang-stub}}
* [http://www2.iath.virginia.edu/sixties/HTML_docs/Resources/Glossary/Sixties_Term_Gloss_K_P.html Glossary of Military Terms & Slang from the Vietnam War]
* [http://content.library.ccsu.edu/cdm4/item_viewer.php?CISOROOT=/VHP&CISOPTR=5558&CISOBOX=1&REC=1 Impressions of Vietnam and descriptions of the daily life of a soldier from the oral history of Elliott Gardner, U.S. Army] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430050258/http://content.library.ccsu.edu/cdm4/item_viewer.php?CISOROOT=%2FVHP&CISOPTR=5558&CISOBOX=1&REC=1 |date=2011-04-30 }}
* [http://www.robertankony.net/publications/perspectives "Perspectives," ''Vietnam'' magazine.]
* [http://www.gettysburg.edu/special_collections/collections/manuscripts/collections/ms044.dot Stephen H. Warner Southeast Asia Photograph Collection at Gettysburg College] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024150216/http://www.gettysburg.edu/special_collections/collections/manuscripts/collections/ms044.dot |date=2012-10-24 }}
* [http://www.militaryhistoryonline.com/vietnam/vietnamization/default.aspx The Effects of Vietnamization on the Republic of Vietnam's Armed Forces, 1969–1972]
* [http://www.historycommons.org/timeline.jsp?timeline=vietnam Timeline US&nbsp;– Vietnam (1947–2001)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501134722/http://www.historycommons.org/timeline.jsp?timeline=vietnam |date=2011-05-01 }} dalam proyek Open-Content
* [http://www.ibiblio.org/pub/academic/history/marshall/military/vietnam/short.history/chap_28.txt The U.S. Army in Vietnam] sejarah resmi Angkatan Darat Amerika Serikat
* [http://www.history.com/topics/vietnam-war The Vietnam War] di The History Channel
* [http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/MRC/pacificaviet/ UC Berkeley Library Social Activism Sound Recording Project: Anti-Vietnam War Protests]
* [http://www.gisearch.com/ Vietnam Casualties database searchable by first name, last name and location]
* [http://tigger.uic.edu/~rjensen/vietnam.html Vietnam War Bibliography] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117082341/http://tigger.uic.edu/~rjensen/vietnam.html |date=2013-01-17 }} meliputi sumber daya daring dan yang telah diterbitkan
* [http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/vietnam/timeline/ Vietnam war timeline] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050403230616/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/vietnam/timeline/ |date=2005-04-03 }} garis waktu komprehensif dari Perang Vietnam
* [http://www.vietnam.ttu.edu/virtualarchive/ Virtual Vietnam Archive]&nbsp;– Texas Tech University
* [http://mashable.com/2016/02/05/another-vietnam-photography/ 1965–1975 Another Vietnam; Unseen images of the war from the winning side] - [[Mashable]]
* [http://openarchives.umb.edu/cdm/search/collection/p15774coll8/searchterm/Vietnam%20War/field/subjec/mode/exact/conn/and/order/date Archival collections about the Vietnam War], University Archives and Special Collections, Joseph P. Healey Library, [[Universitas Massachusetts Boston]]
* [http://www.wix9ja.com/vietnam/vietnamization/default.aspx The Effects of Vietnamization on the Republic of Vietnam's Armed Forces, 1969–1972]
 
{{Vietnam War graphical timeline}}
{{Navboxes
| title= [[Berkas:Nuvola apps kpdf2.png|25px]] Topik yang berhubungan dengan Perang Vietnam
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{{Armed conflicts involving the United States Armed Forces}}
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}}
 
{{Authority control}}
 
[[Kategori:Perang Vietnam| ]]
[[Kategori:Perang melibatkanSaudara Amerika SerikatKamboja]]
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Diperoleh dari "https://wiki-indonesia.club/wiki/Perang_Vietnam"