Hubungan Amerika Serikat dengan Kuba: Perbedaan antara revisi

[[Berkas:Embassy of the Republic of Cuba in Washington, D.C.jpg|thumbjmpl|[[Kedutaan Besar Kuba di Washington, D.C.]]|245x245px]]

[[FileBerkas:U.S. Flag Flaps Outside U.S. Embassy in Havana, Cuba (25998479275).jpg|thumbjmpl|[[Kedutaan Besar Amerika Serikat di Havana]]|245x245px]]

[[Diplomasi|Hubungan diplomatik]] antara '''Kuba dan Amerika Serikat''' kembali didirikan pada 20 Juli 2015, yang sebelumnya memburuk dipada tahun 1961 selama [[Perang Dingin]]. Perwakilan diplomatik AS di [[Kuba]] dipegang oleh [[Kedutaan Besar Amerika Serikat di Havana|Kedutaan Besar Amerika Serikat]] di [[Havana]], sementara perwakilan diplomatik Kuba di [[Amerika Serikat|AS]] dipegang oleh [[Kedutaan Besar Kuba di Washington, D.C.|Kedutaan Besar Kuba]] di [[Washington, D.C.]]. Namun, Amerika Serikat tetap memberlakukan [[Embargo Amerika Serikat terhadap Kuba|embargo]] komersial, ekonomi, dan keuangan, sehingga perusahaan AS tidak dapat melakukan usaha dengan Kuba. Pemimpin di Kongres dan Presiden [[Donald Trump]] mendukung embargo, walau pemerintah Kuba menginginkan agar segera dicabut.

Kepemilikan wilayah [[Kekaisaran Spanyol]] di Amerika berkurang dipada tahun 1820-an sebagai akibat dari [[Perang Kemerdekaan Amerika Hispanik]]; hanya Kuba dan Puerto Rico yang tetap berada di bawah kendali Spanyol hingga [[Perang Spanyol–Amerika Serikat]] (1898) yang terjadi karena hasil dari [[Perang Kemerdekaan Kuba]]. Dalam [[Perjanjian Paris (1898)|Perjanjian Paris]], Kuba menjadi wilayah protektorat AS; AS mendapatkan pengaruh ekonomi dan politik di pulau tersebut yang tetap bertahan sampai kemerdekaan Kuba secara resmi dipada tahun 1902.

Setelah [[Revolusi Kuba]] dipada tahun 1959, hubungan kedua negara memburuk secara signifikan. DiPada tahun 1961, AS memutuskan hubungan diplomatik dengan Kuba dan mulai untuk melakukan operasi rahasia untuk menjatuhkan pemerintah komunis.<ref>[http://www.cfr.org/cuba/us-cuba-relations/p11113 Introduction] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150511123927/http://www.cfr.org/cuba/us-cuba-relations/p11113 |date=2015-05-11 }} Council on Foreign Relations.</ref> Lebih lanjut, AS memberlakukan dan kemudian memperberat [[Embargo Amerika Serikat terhadap Kuba|serangkaian pelarangan dan embargo]] yang kemudian dibalas oleh pemerintah Kuba dengan melakukan [[nasionalisasi]] perusahaan AS di Kuba. Sementara itu, beberapa lembaga, termasuk [[Majelis Umum PBB]], menyerukan untuk mengakhiri embargo yang dilakukan oleh Amerika Serikat."<ref name="un.org">{{cite web|title=General Assembly Demands End to Cuba Blockade for Twenty-Second Year As Speakers Voice Concern over Impact on Third Countries|url=http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2013/ga11445.doc.htm|publisher=United Nations General Assembly, Department of Public Information, News and Media Division, New York|accessdate=1 July 2014|date=29 October 2013}}</ref>

Pada tanggal 17 Desember 2014, Presiden AS [[Barack Obama]] dan Presiden Kuba [[Raúl Castro]] mengumumkan proses perbaikan hubungan diplomatik antara Kuba dan AS, yang dinamai dengan "[[Pencairan Amerika Serikat–Kuba|Pencairan Kuba]]". Negosiasi ini dilakukan secara rahasia di [[Kanada]] dan [[Vatikan]]<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2014/12/17/the-pope-s-diplomatic-miracle-ending-the-u-s-cuba-cold-war.html | title=The Pope's Diplomatic Miracle: Ending the U.S.-Cuba Cold War | publisher=The Daily Beast | date=17 December 2014 | accessdate=18 December 2014}}</ref> selama sebulan dan dengan bantuan [[Paus Fransiskus]], perjanjian ini menghasilkan pencabutan larangan berpergian warga AS ke Kuba, pengurangan pembatasan terhadap [[remitansi]], bank AS dapat beroperasi di Kuba,<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.pwc.com/en_US/us/financial-services/regulatory-services/publications/assets/2014-cuba-sanctions.pdf|title= First take: Key points from the President’s announcement on Cuba Sanctions | publisher= PwC Financial Services Regulatory Practice, December 2014}}</ref> dan pendirian Kedutaan Besar AS di Havana, yang telah ditutup setelah Kuba [[Hubungan Kuba dengan Uni Soviet|bersekutu dengan Uni Soviet]] dipada tahun 1961.<ref>{{cite web|title=Cuba’s Half Century of Isolation to End|url=http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-12-17/obama-to-announce-u-s-cuba-relations-shift-as-gross-is-released.html|publisher=Bloombergh.com|accessdate=21 December 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Baker|first1=Peter|title=Obama Announces U.S. and Cuba Will Resume Relations|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/18/world/americas/us-cuba-relations.html|accessdate=18 December 2014|publisher=New York Times|date=18 December 2014}}</ref> Masing-masing "kantor kepentingan" di ibu kota kedua negara diubah menjadi kedutaann besar pada 20 Juli 2015.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.miamiherald.com/news/nation-world/world/americas/cuba/article27862504.html|title=United States and Cuba reestablish diplomatic relations|first=Mimi|last=Whitefield|work=The Miami Herald|date=20 July 2015|accessdate=19 July 2015}}</ref> Pada 20 Maret 2016, Presiden Barack Obama mengunjungi Cuba, menjadi presiden pertama dalam 88 tahun yang mengunjungi Kuba.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/27/world/americas/with-obama-visit-to-cuba-old-battle-lines-fade.html|title=With Obama Visit to Cuba, Old Battle Lines Fade|last=Cave|first=Damien|date=26 March 2016|newspaper=The New York Times|issn=0362-4331|access-date=27 March 2016}}</ref>

== Referensi ==

== Bacaan lebih lanjut ==

* Air Force Fellows Program Maxwell AFB. ''The United States and Cuba – Past, Present and Future'' (2014) [http://www.amazon.com/United-States-Cuba-Present-Future/dp/149752038X/ Excerpt]

* Bergad, Laird W. ''Histories of Slavery in Brazil, Cuba, and the United States'' (Cambridge U. Press, 2007). 314 pp.

* Freedman, Lawrence. ''Kennedy's Wars: Berlin, Cuba, Laos, and Vietnam' (Oxford University Press, 2000) [https://www.questia.com/library/90323383/kennedy-s-wars-berlin-cuba-laos-and-vietnam Online]

* Hernández, Jose M. ''Cuba and the United States: Intervention and Militarism, 1868–1933'' (2013)

* Horne, Gerald. ''Race to Revolution: The United States and Cuba during Slavery and Jim Crow.'' New York: Monthly Review Press, 2014.

* [[William M. LeoGrande|LeoGrande, William M.]] and [[Peter Kornbluh]]. ''Back Channel to Cuba: The Hidden History of Negotiations between Washington and Havana.'' ([[UNC Press]], 2014). ISBN 14696176331-4696-1763-3

* Offner, John L. ''An Unwanted War: The Diplomacy of the United States and Spain over Cuba, 1895–1898'' (U of North Carolina Press, 1992) [https://www.questia.com/library/99426952/an-unwanted-war-the-diplomacy-of-the-united-states Online]

* Sáenz, Eduardo, and Rovner Russ Davidson, eds. ''The Cuban Connection: Drug Trafficking, Smuggling, and Gambling in Cuba from the 1920s to the Revolution'' (U of North Carolina Press, 2008) [https://www.questia.com/library/117897392/the-cuban-connection-drug-trafficking-smuggling online]

* Jones, Howard. ''The Bay of Pigs'' (Oxford University Press, 2008) [https://www.questia.com/library/120076540/the-bay-of-pigs online]

* Pérez, Louis A., Jr. ''Cuba in the American Imagination: Metaphor and the Imperial Ethos'' ((U. of North Carolina Press, 2008). 352 pp

* Pérez, Louis A., Jr. ''Cuba and the United States: Ties of Singular Intimacy'' (2003)

* Welch, Richard E. ''Response to Revolution: The United States and the Cuban Revolution, 1959–1961'' ((U of North Carolina Press, 1985) [https://www.questia.com/library/106073386/response-to-revolution-the-united-states-and-the Online]

=== Sumber utama ===

* Hoff, Rhoda, & Margaret Regler, eds. ''Uneasy Neighbors: Cuba and the United States'' (Franklin Watts, 1997) 185 pp. From Columbus to Castro

* {{cite book|ref=Rhodes|oclc=272963|last=Rhodes|first=James Ford|year=1893|publisher=Harper & Bros.|location=New York|title=History of the United States from the Compromise of 1850, Vol. II: 1854–1860}}

== Pranala luar ==

* [http://history.state.gov/countries/cuba Sejarah hubungan Kuba – AS]

* [http://repository.library.georgetown.edu/handle/10822/552532 Hubungan Antara Kuba dan AS pasca-Soviet] dari [http://repository.library.georgetown.edu/handle/10822/552494 Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives]

* [http://www.wilsoncenter.org/index.cfm?topic_id=1409&fuseaction=va2.browse&sort=Collection Proyek Sejarah Internasional Perang Dingin: Koleksi Dokumen Utama Hubungan AS dan Kuba]

* BBC: [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/3182150.stm Linimasa Hubungan AS-Kuba]

* [http://www.historyofcuba.com/history/teller.htm Teks Lengkap Amendemen Teller]

* [http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1901platt.html Teks Lengkap Amendemen Platt]

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060804210322/http://www.cafc.gov:80/ U.S. Commission for Assistance to a Free Cuba]

* [http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/us-cuba/diaz-lanz-hearing.htm US Judiciary Hearings of Communist Threats to America Through the Caribbean] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070224104729/http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/us-cuba/diaz-lanz-hearing.htm |date=2007-02-24 }}

* [http://www.democracynow.org/2014/10/2/secret_history_of_us_cuba_ties Secret History of U.S.-Cuba Ties Reveals Henry Kissinger Plan to Bomb Havana for Fighting Apartheid]. ''[[Democracy Now!]]'' 2 October 2014.