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'''Gereja Tewahedo Ortodoks''' ({{lang-en|Orthodox Tewahedo}} adalah nama umum dan bersejarah bagi dua [[gereja Ortodoks Oriental]] di dalam [[gereja]] [[Kristen]]. Gereja-gereja tersebut merupakan denominasi gereja Ortodoks predominan di [[Etiopia]] dan [[Eritrea]].
Sampai tahun 1959, gereja-gereja Tewahedo Ortodoks secara administratif merupakan bagian dari [[Gereja Ortodoks Koptik Aleksandria|Gereja Koptik]]. [[Gereja Tewahedo Ortodoks Ethiopia]] diberi wewenang ''[[:en:autocephaly|]]''autocephaly'']] dengan [[:en:Patriarch|PatriarkiPatriark]] sendiri pada tahun yang sama oleh [[:en:ListDaftar ofPaus CopticGereja OrthodoxOrtodoks Popes of AlexandriaKoptik|Paus Ortodoks Koptik]] [[PopePaus CyrilKirilos VI ofdari AlexandriaAleksandria]].
Setelah kemerdekaan Eritrea dari Ethiopia pada tahun 1993, [[:en:Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church|Gereja Tewahedo Ortodoks Eritrea]] dijadikan ''autocephalous'' oleh [[PopePaus Shenouda III ofdari AlexandriaAleksandria]] dan secara resmi terpisah dari Gereja Tewahedo Ortodoks Etiopia.
== Nama ==
''Tewahedo'' ({{lang-gez|ተዋሕዶ}} ''täwaḥədo'') adalah kata Ge'ez yang berarti "dijadikan satu" atau "dipersatukan". Kata ini merujuk kepada kepercayaan [[:en:Gereja Ortodoks Oriental|Ortodoks Orthodoxy|Oriental Ortodoks]] mengenai keesaan [[:en:ChristologyKristologi|hakikat Kristus]]<!--; yaitu, kepercayaan bahwa suatu kesatuan alamiah lengkap an rata keilahian dan kemanusiaan harus terjadi untuk menyediakan keselamatan ilahi bagi seluruh umat manusia. ini berbeda dengan kepercayaan "dua hakikat Kristus" (''"two Natures of Christ"''), yaitu kepercayaan adanya hakikat ilahi dan manusiawi yang terpisah namun tak terpisahkan, yang dianut oleh [[Gereja Katolik Roma]] dan [[Gereja Ortodoks Timur]], yang disebut "[[hypostaticpersatuan unhipostatik]]". AccordingMenurut to theartikel [[Catholic Encyclopedia]] article on themengenai [[Henotikon]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07218b.htm |title=Catholic Encyclopedia: Henoticon |publisher=Newadvent.org |date=1910-06-01 |accessdate=2014-06-03 |archive-date=2018-06-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613183839/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07218b.htm |dead-url=no }}</ref> aroundsekitar 500 bishopsuskup within thedalam [[:En:Patriarchate|Patrarki]]s of [[Alexandria]], [[AntiochAntiokhia]] anddan [[JerusalemYerusalem]] refusedmenolak tountuk acceptmenerima thedoktrin "dua hakikat" (''"two natures" doctrine'') decreedyang bydidekretkan theoleh [[CouncilKonsili of ChalcedonKalsedon]] inpada tahun [[451]], thussehingga separatingmemisahkan themselvesdiri fromdari thebadan mainutama body ofgereja theKristen Christianwaktu Church at the timeitu, whichyang wouldkemudian laterjuga itselfterpisah splitsendiri inmenjadi twodua factionsfaksi (Eastern[[Gereja OrthodoxOrtodoks andTimur]] dan [[Catholicism|CatholicKatolik]]) in thedalam [[East–WestSkisma SchismTimur–Barat]] ofpada tahun 1054, althoughmeskipun thisperistiwa laterterakhir eventini wasbukan notmengenai aboutpandangan Christological views[[Kristologi]].
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Oriental[[Gereja OrthodoxyOrtodoks consistsOriental]] ofterdiri thedari [[Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria]], [[Armenian Apostolic Church]], [[Syriac Orthodox Church]], [[Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church]], [[Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church]] and [[Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church]]. ItKelompok isini knowndikenal assebagai "[[Non-Chalcedonianism|non-Chalcedonian]]", anddan, sometimeskadang-kadang byoleh outsidersorang asluar dinamai "[[monophysitism|monophysite]]" (meaningartinya "One Single Nature", in allusion to [[Jesus Christ]]). However, these Churches themselves describe their Christology as [[:En:miaphysitism|miaphysite]] (meaning "one united nature" in reference to Jesus, theistilah Greek equivalent of "Tewahedo").
==Origins Asal usul ==
Gereja-gereja Tewahedo Ortodoks mengklaim asal usul mereka dari seorang [[Sida-sida dari Etiopia|sida-sida pembesar]] dari tanah [[Etiopia]] yang pernah dibaptis oleh [[Filipus (diaken)|Filipus]] (bukan rasul [[Filipus]]), salah satu dari tujuh [[diaken]]:
The Orthodox Tewahedo churches claim their origins from the [[Ethiopian eunuch|royal official]] said to have been baptized by [[Philip the Evangelist]] (not to be confused with [[Philip the Apostle]]), one of the seven deacons:
{{quote|Kemudian berkatalah seorang malaikat Tuhan kepada Filipus, katanya: "Bangunlah dan berangkatlah ke sebelah selatan, menurut jalan yang turun dari Yerusalem ke Gaza." Jalan itu jalan yang sunyi. Lalu berangkatlah Filipus. Adalah seorang Etiopia, seorang sida-sida, pembesar dan kepala perbendaharaan Sri Kandake, ratu negeri Etiopia, yang pergi ke Yerusalem untuk beribadah. ([[Kisah Para Rasul 8]]:26-27)}}
{{quote|Then the angel of the Lord said to Philip, Start out and go south to the road that leads down from Jerusalem to Gaza. So he set out and was on his way when he caught sight of an Ethiopian. This man was a eunuch, a high official of the Kandake (Candace) Queen of Ethiopia in charge of all her treasure. (''[[Acts of the Apostles]]'', 8:26-27)}}
Perikop ini selanjutnya memuat catatan bagaimana Filipus membantu bendahara Kerajaan Ethiopia itu memahami bagian dari [[Yesaya 53|Kitab Yesaya pasal 53]] yang sedang dibacanya. Setelah orang Ethiopia itu memahami penjelasan mengenai pengorbanan Yesus Kristus yang dinubuatkan oleh bacaan tersebut, ia meminta Filipus untuk membaptisnya dan Filipus membaptiskan orang itu. Dalam versi bahasa Ethiopia ayat ini nama ratu "Kandake" tertulis "Hendeke", merujuk kepada Ratu Gersamot Hendeke VII yang merupakan ratu Ethiopia dari sekitar tahun 42 sampai 52 M.
The passage continues by describing how Philip helped the Ethiopian treasurer understand a passage from Isaiah that the Ethiopian was reading. After the Ethiopian received an explanation of the passage, he requested that Philip baptize him, and Philip did so. The Ethiopic version of this verse reads "Hendeke" (ህንደኬ); Queen Gersamot Hendeke VII was the Queen of Ethiopia from ca. 42 to 52.
[[FileBerkas:Salama III.jpg|thumbjmpl|Engraving ofUkiran [[:En:Abuna Salama III|Abuna Salama III]] fromkarya [[:En:Henry Aaron Stern|Henry Stern]], ''Wanderings among the Falasha''.]]
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[[Orthodoxy|Orthodox]] Christianity became the [[state religion]] of the [[Kingdom of Aksum]] during the fourth century CE under [[Ezana of Axum]], through the efforts of a Syrian Greek named [[Frumentius]], known to the churches' followers as ''Abune Selama, Kesatē Birhan'' "Father of Peace, Revealer of Light". As a youth, Frumentius had been shipwrecked with his brother Aedesius on the Eritrean coast. The brothers managed to be brought to the royal court, where they rose to positions of influence and converted Emperor Ezana to Christianity, causing him to be baptised. Ezana sent Frumentius to Alexandria to ask the Patriarch, [[Athanasius of Alexandria]], to appoint a bishop for Ethiopia. Athanasius appointed Frumentius himself, who returned to Ethiopia as Bishop with the name "Abune Selama".
FromSejak thensaat onitu, untilsampai tahun 1959, thePaus CopticGereja OrthodoxOrtodoks PopeKoptik of AlexandriaAleksandria, assebagai PatriarchPatriark ofSeluruh All AfricaAfrika, alwaysselalu namedmenunjuk aseorang [[Copts|Copt]]Koptik to besebagai ''[[Abuna]]'' ([[archbishop]]) of thebagi EthiopianGereja OrthodoxOrtodoks ChurchEtiopia.
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===Middle AgesAbad Pertengahan ===
UnionPersatuan withdengan the[[Gereja CopticKoptik]] Churchberlanjut continued after thesetelah Arab conquest ofmenguasai [[EgyptMesir]]. [[Abu al-Makarim]] recordsmencatat inpada theabad twelfthke-12 centurybahwa thatpatriark theGereja patriarchKoptik alwaysselalu sentmengirimkan letterssurat twicedua akali yearsetahun tokepada the kings ofraja-raja Abyssinia (EthiopiaEtiopia) anddan [[Nubia]], untilsampai [[al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah]] of thedari [[FatimidKekhalifahan CaliphateFatimiyah]] stoppedmenghentikan thepraktik practicetersebut. [[Patriarch Cyril II of Alexandria|Patriarch Cyril II dari Aleksandria]], thepatriark 67th patriarchke-67, sentmengirimkan Severus assebagai bishopuskup, withdengan ordersperintah tountuk putmenghentikan downpraktik [[polygamypoligami]] anddan tomenegakkan enforceperingatan observancepengudusan of(konsekrasi) canonicalkanonik consecrationdi forseluruh all churchesgereja. TheseIni examplesmerupakan show the close relations ofcontoh thehubungan twoerat churchesantara concurrentdua withgereja theselama [[MiddleAbad AgesPertengahan]].
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In 1439, in the reign of [[Zara Yaqob]], a religious discussion between [[Abba Giyorgis]] and a French visitor had led to the dispatch of an embassy from Ethiopia to the [[Holy See|Vatican]].
===Biblical canon===
{{Main|Orthodox Tewahedo biblical canon}}-->
[[FileBerkas:Ethiopian Madonna.jpg|thumbjmpl|Drawing ofGambar [[Mary, mother of JesusMaria]] {{'}}withdengan herputra beloved sonterkasihnya{{'}} indengan pencilpensil anddan inktinta, fromdari asalinan manuscript copy of themanuskrip ''Weddāsē Māryām'' ("[[Encomium]] of Mary") circa ~1875.]]
<!--The Tewahedo Church Canon contains 81 books. This [[Biblical canon|canon]] contains the books accepted by other Orthodox Christians.<ref>{{cite web | title=The Bible | url=http://www.ethiopianorthodox.org/english/canonical/books.html | publisher=Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church | accessdate=23 January 2012 }}</ref>
* The Narrower Canon contains the [[Book of Enoch]], the [[Book of Jubilees]], and [[Meqabyan|I II III Meqabyan]]. (These are unrelated to the Greek [[1 Maccabees|I]], [[2 Maccabees|II]], and [[3 Maccabees|III Maccabees]] with which they are often confused.) The canonical Book of Enoch differs from the editions of the Ge'ez manuscripts in the [[British Museum]] and elsewhere (A-Q) used by foreign scholars ([[List of Old Testament pseudepigrapha|Old Testament Pseudepigrapha]]), for example in treatment of the [[Nephilim]] of Genesis 6.{{Citation needed|date=July 2010}} The current 81 book version was published in 1986, containing the same text as previously published in the ''[[Bible translations into Amharic|Haile Selassie Version of the Bible]]'', only with some minor modifications to the New Testament translation.
* Some sources speak of the Broader Canon, which has never been published as a single compilation but is said to include all of the Narrower Canon, as well as additional New Testament books said to have been used by the early church: two ''Books of the Covenant'', four ''Books of Sinodos'', an ''Epistle of Peter to Clement''—also—also known as "Ethiopic Clement," and the ''Ethiopic [[Didascalia Apostolorum]]''. These may not all bear close resemblance to works with similar titles known in the west. The ''[[Josippon]]'', an eight-part Ethiopic version of the history of the Jewish people known as the ''Pseudo-Josephus'', is considered part of the broader canon, though it would be considered an [[Old Testament]] work.<ref>{{Cite journal | last=Cowley | first=R.W. | title=The Biblical Canon Of The Ethiopian Orthodox Church Today | journal=Ostkirchliche Studien | year=1974 | volume=23 | pages=318–323 | url=http://www.islamic-awareness.org/Bible/Text/Canon/ethiopican.html | accessdate=21 January 2012 }}</ref>
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==Autocephaly after independence of Eritrea== ▼Following the independence of Eritrea from Ethiopia in 1993, the newly independent Eritrean government appealed to Pope Shenouda III of the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria for autocephaly.
▲== Autocephaly aftersetelah independence ofkemerdekaan Eritrea ==
Setelah kemerdekaan Eritrea dari Etiopia pada tahun 1993, pemerintah baru Eritrea memohon status "''autocephaly''" ("pemerintahan sendiri") kepada Paus Shenouda III di Gereja Ortodoks Koptik Aleksandria.
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Tensions were high between the Ethiopian and the Eritrean Churches, and no representative from the Ethiopian Church attended the official recognition of the newly autocephalous body. However, the Ethiopian Church has recognized the autocephalous status of the Church of Eritrea although it objected to the method in which the Coptic Church went about granting it. Eritrea's first two Patriarchs were originally Archbishops of the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church, and the first Patriarch, [[Abune Phillipos]] did visit Addis Ababa during joint efforts by the two Churches to explore a possible resolution to a border conflict that had broken out between the two countries in 1998. The two churches, remain in [[full communion]] with each other and with the other Churches of [[Oriental Orthodoxy]], although the Ethiopian Church, along with the Coptic Orthodox Church have not recognized the deposition of the third Patriarch of Eritrea, and the enthronement of the fourth Patriarch, [[Abune Dioskoros]].
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Patriark pertama Eritrea adalah Abune Phillipos, yang meninggal pada tahun 2004 dan digantikan oleh [[Abune Yacob]]. Masa jabatan Abune Yacob sebagai Patriark Eritrea hanya singkat karena ia meninggal tak lama setelah penahbisannya dan digantikan oleh [[Abune Antonios]] sebagai Patriark Eritrea ketiga. Abune Antonios dipilih pada tanggal 5 Maret 2004, dan ditahbiskan sebagai Patriark Gereja Tewahedo Ortodoks Eritrea ketiga pada tanggal 24 April 2004. Shenouda III memimpin upacara di [[Asmara]], bersama dengan ''Holy Synod of the Eritrean Orthodox Church'' dan delegasi gereja Koptik.
The first Patriarch of Eritrea was Abune Phillipos, who died in 2004 and was succeeded by [[Abune Yacob]]. The reign of Abune Yacob as Patriarch of Eritrea was very brief as he died not long after his enthronement and he was succeeded by [[Abune Antonios]] as third Patriarch of Eritrea. Abune Antonios was elected on 5 March 2004, and enthroned as the third Patriarch of Orthodox Tewahedo Church of Eritrea on 24 April 2004. Shenouda III presided at the ceremony in [[Asmara]], together with the Holy Synod of the Eritrean Orthodox Church and a Coptic delegation.
{{reflist}}
[[Kategori:OrientalGereja OrthodoxyOrtodoks in AfricaOriental]]
[[Kategori:Eastern Christianity in Africa]]
[[Kategori:Gereja di Afrika]]
[[Kategori:Gereja di Etiopia]]
[[Kategori:Gereja di Eritrea]]
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