Międzymorze: Perbedaan antara revisi

[[Berkas:Mapka miedzymorza.png|thumbjmpl|400px|Salah satu usulan Federasi Intermarium. Warna hijau muda adalah wilayah Ukraina dan Belarus yang berada di bawah kendali [[Uni Soviet]] setelah tahun 1921.]]

'''''Międzymorze''''' ({{IPA-pl|mʲɛnd͡zɨˈmɔʐɛ}}), juga dikenal dengan istilah [[bahasa Latin|Latin]] '''Intermarium''', adalah sebuah rencana yang dicetuskan oleh pemimpin Polandia [[Józef Piłsudski]] setelah berakhirnya [[Perang Dunia I]]. Rencana ini ingin mendirikan sebuah [[federasi]]<ref>[[Aviel Roshwald]], "Ethnic Nationalism and the Fall of Empires: Central Europe, the Middle East and Russia, 1914–1923", Routledge (UK), 2001, ISBN 0-415-17893-2, hlm. 37</ref><ref>Richard K Debo, '' Survival and Consolidation: The Foreign Policy of Soviet Russia, 1918-192'', McGill-Queen's Press, 1992, ISBN 0-7735-0828-7, hlm. 59.</ref><ref>James H. Billington, ''Fire in the Minds of Men'', Transaction Publishers, ISBN 0-7658-0471-9, hlm. 432</ref><ref>[[Andrzej Paczkowski]], "The Spring Will Be Ours: Poland and the Poles from Occupation to Freedom", Penn State Press, 2003, ISBN 0-271-02308-2, hlm. 10</ref><ref>David Parker, ''The Tragedy of Great Power Politics'', W. W. Norton & Company, 2001, ISBN 0-393-02025-8, hlm. 194</ref> di negara-negara [[Eropa Tengah]] dan [[Eropa Timur|Timur]]. Negara yang diundang untuk bergabung adalah [[negara-negara Baltik]] ([[Lituania]], [[Latvia]], [[Estonia]]), [[Finlandia]],<ref>Mark Hewitson, Matthew D'Auria ''Europe in Crisis: Intellectuals and the European Idea, 1917-1957'' 2012 Page 191 "... of the other national movements that had found themselves included in Piłsudski's project, especially the Lithuanians. ... The somewhat nostalgic image of 'Intermarium', the land of cultural and historical diversity destroyed by the wave of "</ref> [[Belarus]], [[Ukraina]], [[HongariaHungaria]], [[Rumania]], [[Yugoslavia]] dan [[Cekoslowakia]].<ref>Miloslav Rechcígl, ''Studies in Czechoslovak history'' Czechoslovak Society of Arts and Sciences in America - 1976 Volume 1 - Halaman 282 "This new policy, which was labeled the Intermarium, or Third Europe Project, called for the establishment of ..."</ref><ref>Fritz Taubert Mythos München: 2002 hlm. 351 "... range détente with Germany and in the chance of creating a Polish-led "Third Europe" or "Intermarium" as illusory."</ref>

Intermarium melengkapi visi [[geopolitik]] Piłsudski lainnya, yaitu [[Prometeisme]] yang ingin memecah belah [[Kekaisaran Rusia]].<ref name=Enc_Pils>"Józef Pilsudski, Polish revolutionary and statesman, the first chief of state (1918–22) of the newly independent Poland established in November 1918." ([http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9060041 Józef Pilsudski] in [[Encyclopædia Britannica]])<br>"Released in November 1918, [Piłsudski] returned to Warsaw, assumed command of the Polish armies, and proclaimed an independent Polish republic, which he headed." ([http://www.bartleby.com/65/pi/Pilsudsk.html Piłsudski, Joseph] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061211215122/http://www.bartleby.com/65/pi/Pilsudsk.html |date=2006-12-11 }} in [[Columbia Encyclopedia]])</ref><ref name="Snyder-P">[[Timothy Snyder]], ''Covert Polish missions across the Soviet Ukrainian border, 1928–1933'' ([https://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN8849812760&id=TQR5YSY-b1QC&pg=PA55&lpg=PA77&sig=Wl4yypcxmLb8qcHAnT2tYmdtPZA hlm.55], [https://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN8849812760&id=TQR5YSY-b1QC&pg=PA56&lpg=PA77&sig=GbZTRk2b-RS4ZH2t3ACOOQUayJc hlm.56], [https://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN8849812760&id=TQR5YSY-b1QC&pg=PA57&lpg=PA77&sig=h0O7n586kusn5R1lcEYg6Rr2aeg hlm.57], [https://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN8849812760&id=TQR5YSY-b1QC&pg=PA77&lpg=PA77&sig=4caX_oMm1TLCtmRTOCFtnf9PvvM hlm.58], [https://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN8849812760&id=TQR5YSY-b1QC&pg=PA78&lpg=PA77&sig=bRpx03-iHDIZlrYbtuCdPMt0igc hlm.59], in ''Cofini'', Silvia Salvatici (a cura di), Rubbettino, 2005).<br>[[Timothy Snyder]], ''Sketches from a Secret War: A Polish Artist's Mission to Liberate Soviet Ukraine'', Yale University Press, 2005, ISBN 0-300-10670-X, ([https://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN030010670X&id=LkZlidUKEl8C&pg=PA41&lpg=PA41&sig=JHXCwC4XPWiaH0ZpudmMFGE3-LM hlm.41], [https://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN030010670X&id=LkZlidUKEl8C&pg=PA42&lpg=PA41&sig=N_AL-wnlV0LiacmtW0hF6XU5N3k hlm.42], [https://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN030010670X&id=LkZlidUKEl8C&pg=PA43&lpg=PA41&sig=4vb9zLlSd_Wl1BRP2EWcF-3jCvI hlm.43])</ref><ref name=Debo59>"Pilsudski hoped to build not merely a Polish nation state but a greater federation of peoples under the aegis of Poland which would replace Russia as the great power of Eastern Europe. Lithuania, Belorussia and Ukraine were all to be included. His plan called for a truncated and vastly reduced Russia, a plan which excluded negotiations prior to military victory."<br>Richard K Debo, ''Survival and Consolidation: The Foreign Policy of Soviet Russia, 1918–1992'', [https://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0773508287&id=gQfUB0CXBO4C&pg=PA59&lpg=PA59&vq=excluded+negotiations&dq=0773508287&sig=9NMfQrVB6Hqy6Jow-Ii3G4yld2U Google Print, hlm. 59], McGill-Queen's Press, 1992, ISBN 0-7735-0828-7.</ref><ref name=Billington1>"Pilsudski's program for a federation of independent states centered on Poland; in opposing the imperial power of both Russia and Germany it was in many ways a throwback to the romantic Mazzinian nationalism of [[Young Poland]] in the early nineteenth century."<br>James H. Billington, [https://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0765804719&id=a4PRx21WVqMC&dq=0765804719 ''Fire in the Minds of Men''], hlm. 432, Transaction Publishers, ISBN 0-7658-0471-9</ref>

Namun, rencana intermarium dianggap sebagai ancaman oleh Lituania yang ingin mempertahankan kemerdekaannya serta orang-orang Ukraina yang ingin mewujudkan kemerdekaan Ukraina.<ref name=Zerkalo3a>Oleksa Pidlutsky, "Figures of the 20th century. Józef Piłsudski: the Chief who Created a State for Himself," ''[[Zerkalo Nedeli]]'' (the Mirror Weekly), Feb. 3–9, 2001, available online [http://www.zerkalo-nedeli.com/nn/show/329/29435/ in Russian] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051126150005/http://www.zerkalo-nedeli.com/nn/show/329/29435/ |date=2005-11-26 }} and [http://www.zn.kiev.ua/ie/show/329/29435/ in Ukrainian] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051107051914/http://www.zn.kiev.ua/ie/show/329/29435/ |date=2005-11-07 }}.</ref><ref name=Derh>"The essence of [Józef Piłsudski's "federalist" program] was that after the overthrow of tsardom and the disintegration of the Russian empire, a large, strong and mighty Poland was to be created in Eastern Europe. It would be the reincarnation of the ''Rzeczpospolita'' on "federative" principles. It was to include the Polish, Lithuanian, Belarusian and Ukrainian lands. The leading role, of course, was to be given to the Polish ethnic, political, economic and cultural element. [...] As such two influential and popular political doctrines with regard to Ukraine—the "incorporationist" and the "federalist"—even before the creation of Polish statehood, were based on ignoring the right of the Ukrainian people to self-determination and put forward claims to rule over the Ukrainian territories..."<br>Oleksandr Derhachov, editor, ''Ukrainian Statehood in the Twentieth Century: Historical and Political Analysis'', Chapter: "Ukraine in Polish concepts of foreign policy," Kiev, 1996, ISBN 966-543-040-8.</ref><ref name=Szporluk>Roman Szporluk, Imperiia ta natsii, Kiev, Dukh i Litera, 2001, ISBN 966-7888-05-3, [http://litopys.org.ua/sporl/sh08.htm section II] {{uk icon}}</ref> Rencana ini juga ditentang oleh Rusia dan negara-negara Barat lain, kecuali [[PerancisPrancis]].<ref>{{Cite web|title = Intermarium Alliance – Will the idea become reality?|url = http://www.unian.info/politics/1110820-intermarium-alliance-will-the-idea-become-reality.html|website = www.unian.info|accessdate = 2015-11-01}}</ref><ref name="Nowak">[http://src-h.slav.hokudai.ac.jp/coe21/publish/no7_ses/chapter12.pdf Between Imperial Temptation And Anti-Imperial Function In Eastern European Politics: Poland From The Eighteenth To Twenty-First Century]. [[Andrzej Nowak (historian)|Andrzej Nowak]]. Accessed September 14, 2007.</ref><ref name="EidintasZalys">[[Alfonsas Eidintas]], [[Vytautas Zalys]], ''Lithuania in European Politics: The Years of the First Republic, 1918–1940'', Palgrave, 1999, ISBN 0-312-22458-3. [https://books.google.com/books?id=0_i8yez8udgC&pg=PA78&vq=Polish-Lithuanian+Commonwealth+negative&dq=Polish+Lithuanian+Commonwealth+federation&sig=Oj-weSmBvRh3KbgJWgsNGfobd8A Google Print, hlm. 78–81]</ref>

* [http://valdaiclub.com/europe/69020.html Alexei Fenenko, Geopolitics of Intermarium: Kiev’s Conduct Escalates Tensions in the Baltic-Black Sea Region, Valday Discussion Club, May 22, 2015] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319140714/http://valdaiclub.com/europe/69020.html |date=2015-03-19 }}.