Anti-Katolik: Perbedaan antara revisi

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[[Berkas:Riots1844staugestine.jpg|jmpl|Pembakaran [[St. Augustine Church, Philadelphia|Gereja St. Augustine]] selama [[kerusuhan nativis Philadelphia]]  pada tahun 1844]]
{{Penganiayaan modern Gereja Katolik}}
'''Anti-Katolik''' adalah penentangan atau permusuhan terhadap  [[Gereja Katolik Roma|Gereja Katolik]], terhadap para klerus dan pengikutnya.<ref>anti-catholicism. Dictionary.com. WordNet 3.0. Princeton University. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/anti-catholicism (accessed: November 13, 2008).
</ref>
 
Setelah [[Reformasi Protestan]] dan setidaknya sampai akhir abad ke-20, sebagian besar negara  [[Protestanisme|Protestan]]  (terutama [[Inggris]], [[Jerman]], [[Amerika Serikat]], dan [[Kanada]]) menjadikan anti-Katolik dan oposisi terhadap [[Paus (Gereja Katolik)|Paus]] dan [[Sakramen (Katolik)|ritual-ritual Katolik]]  sebagai tema utama politik, dengan adanya sentimen anti-Katolik yang kadang-kadang mengarah ke [[Kekerasan sektarian di kalangan umat Kristen|kekerasan]] dan [[diskriminasi agama]] terhadap individu-individu Katolik (di negara-negara Protestan [[Dunia berbahasa Inggris|berbahasa Inggris]] dengan nada merendahkan menyebutnya "[[Papist|papis]]" atau "[[Romanisme|Romanis]]"). Secara historis, umat Katolik di negara-negara Protestan seringkalisering kali (dan hampir selalu tanpa alasan) [[Daftar teori konspirasi|dicurigai bersekongkol]] melawan negara untuk kepentingan  kepausan  atau untuk mendirikan  [[hegemoni]]  politik di bawah pimpinan "[[Paus (Gereja Katolik)|Kepausan]]", dengan terkadang adanya pertanyaan dari umat Protestan mengenai  [[Patriotisme|loyalitas individu-individu Katolik kepada negara]] dan kecurigaan bahwa umat Katolik lebih [[Kolone kelima|mempertahankan loyalitas]] kepada  [[Tahta Suci|Vatikan]] daripada mempertahankan loyalitas kepada negara tempat mereka berdomisili. Di sebagian besar negara Protestan dengan  [[imigrasi]]  skala besar, seperti Amerika Serikat, Kanada, dan [[Australia]], kecurigaan atau diskriminasi terhadap imigran Katolik sering tumpang tindih atau bercampur aduk dengan [[Nativisme (politik)|nativisme]], [[Xenofobia|xenophobia]], dan sentimen  [[Etnosentrisme|etnosentris]] atau [[Rasisme|rasis]]  (yaitu [[anti-Italianisme]], [[sentimen anti-Irlandia]], [[Hispanofobia]], [[sentimen  anti-Quebec]], [[sentimen anti-Polandia]]).
 
Pada  [[periode modern awal]], dalam menghadapi meningkatnya kekuatan sekuler di Eropa, Gereja Katolik berjuang untuk mempertahankan peran politis dan religius tradisionalnya di negara-negara mayoritas Katolik. Sebagai akibat dari perjuangan ini, di beberapa negara mayoritas Katolik (terutama di antara individu-individu dengan pandangan politis sekuler tertentu) timbul sikap bermusuhan terhadap kekuatan politis, sosial, spiritual, dan religius yang cukup besar dari Paus maupun kaum klerus dalam bentuk [[Anti-rohaniwan|anti-klerikalisme]].
 
== Catatan ==
{{Reflist|30em}}
 
== Bacaan lebih lanjut ==
{{refbegin|2}}
* Anbinder; Tyler ''Nativism and Slavery: The Northern Know Nothings and the Politics of the 1850s'' 1992; in U.s.
* Bennett; David H. ''The Party of Fear: From Nativist Movements to the New Right in American History'' University of North Carolina Press, 1988
* Billingon, Ray. ''The Protestant Crusade, 1830–1860'' (1938), on Know Nothings and related groups in US; [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.214564 online]
* Blanshard; Paul.''American Freedom and Catholic Power'' Beacon Press, 1949; famous attack on Catholicism
* Brown, Thomas M. "The Image of the Beast: Anti-Papal Rhetoric in Colonial America", in Richard O. Curry and Thomas M. Brown, eds., ''Conspiracy: The Fear of Subversion in American History'' (1972), 1-20.
* Bruce, Steve. ''No Pope of Rome: Anti-Catholicism in Modern Scotland'' (Edinburgh, 1985).
* Clifton, Robin. "Popular Fear of Catholics during the English Revolution", ''Past and Present,'' 52 (1971), 23-55. [http://www.jstor.org/stable/650394 in JSTOR]
* Cogliano; Francis D. ''No King, No Popery: Anti-Catholicism in Revolutionary New England'' Greenwood Press, 1995
* {{cite journal | last1 = Davis | first1 = David Brion | year = 1960 | title = Some Themes of Counter-subversion: An Analysis of Anti-Masonic, Anti-Catholic and Anti-Mormon Literature | journal = Mississippi Valley Historical Review | volume = 47 | issue = | pages = 205–224 | jstor=1891707}}
* * {{cite journal | last1 = Drury | first1 = Marjule Anne | year = 2001 | title = Anti-Catholicism in Germany, Britain, and the United States: A review and critique of recent scholarship | url = | journal = Church History | volume = 70 | issue = 1| pages = 98–131 }}
* {{Citation |last=Franklin |first=James |year=2006 |chapter=Freemasonry in Europe |chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=X8hnwenTAO4C&lpg=PP1&pg=PA7#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Catholic Values and Australian Realities |publisher=Connor Court Publishing Pty Ltd |pages=7–10 |isbn=9780975801543 }}
* Greeley, Andrew M. ''An Ugly Little Secret: Anti-Catholicism in North America'' 1977.
* Henry, David. "Senator John F. Kennedy Encounters the Religious Question: I Am Not the Catholic Candidate for President." in ''Contemporary American Public Discourse'' Ed. H. R. Ryan. Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland Press, Inc., 1992. 177-193.
* Higham; John. ''Strangers in the Land: Patterns of American Nativism, 1860–1925'' 1955
* {{cite journal | last1 = Hinckley | first1 = Ted C | year = 1962 | title = American Anti-Catholicism During the Mexican War | journal = Pacific Historical Review | volume = 31 | issue = 2| pages = 121–137 | jstor=3636570}}
* Hostetler; Michael J. "Gov. Al Smith Confronts the Catholic Question: The Rhetorical Legacy of the 1928 Campaign," ''Communication Quarterly'' (1998) 46#1 pp 12+.
* Jenkins, Philip. ''[[The New Anti-Catholicism: The Last Acceptable Prejudice]]'' (Oxford University Press, New ed. 2004). ISBN 978-0-19-517604-9
* Jensen, Richard. ''The Winning of the Midwest: Social and Political Conflict, 1888–1896'' (1971)
* [http://tigger.uic.edu/~rjensen/no-irish.htm Jensen, Richard. "'No Irish Need Apply': A Myth of Victimization," ''Journal of Social History'' 36.2 (2002) 405-429] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050208093948/http://tigger.uic.edu/~rjensen/no-irish.htm |date=2005-02-08 }}, with illustrations
* Joskowicz, Ari. ''The Modernity of Others: Jewish Anti-Catholicism in Germany and France'' (Stanford University Press; 2013) 376 pages; how Jewish intellectuals defined themselves as modern against the anti-modern positions of the Catholic church
* Latourette, Kenneth Scott. ''Christianity in a Revolutionary Age'' (5 vol 1969), covers 1790s to 1960; comprehensive global history
* Keating, Karl. ''Catholicism and Fundamentalism—The Attack on "Romanism" by "Bible Christians"'' (Ignatius Press, 1988). ISBN 978-0-89870-177-7
* {{cite journal | last1 = Kenny | first1 = | last2 = Stephen | first2 = | year = 2002 | title = Prejudice That Rarely Utters Its Name: A Historiographical and Historical Reflection upon North American Anti-Catholicism | url = | journal = American Review of Canadian Studies | volume = 32 | issue = 4| page = 639 }}
* {{cite journal | last1 = McGreevy | first1 = John T | year = 1997 | title = Thinking on One's Own: Catholicism in the American Intellectual Imagination, 1928–1960 | journal = The Journal of American History | volume = 84 | issue = | pages = 97–131 | jstor=2952736}}
* {{cite journal | last1 = Miller | first1 = J.R. | year = 1985 | title = Anti-Catholic Thought in Victorian Canada | url = | journal = Canadian Historical Review | volume = 65 | issue = 4| page = 474 }}
* Moore; Edmund A. ''A Catholic Runs for President'' (1956) on Al Smith in 1928
* Moore; Leonard J. ''Citizen Klansmen: The Ku Klux Klan in Indiana, 1921–1928'' University of North Carolina Press, 1991
* Norman, E. R. ''Anti-Catholicism in Victorian England'' (1968).
* Paz, D. G. "Popular Anti-Catholicism in England, 1850–1851", ''Albion'' 11 (1979), 331-359. [http://www.jstor.org/stable/4048544 in JSTOR]
* {{cite book |last=Stark |first=Rodney |authorlink=Rodney Stark |title=Bearing False Witness: Debunking Centuries of Anti-Catholic History |url=https://archive.org/details/bearingfalsewitn0000star |date=2016 |publisher=Templeton Press |location= |isbn=1599474999}}
* Thiemann, Ronald F. ''Religion in Public Life'' Georgetown University Press, 1996.
* Verhoeven Timothy. '' Transatlantic Anti-Catholicism: France and the United States in the Nineteenth Century'' (Palgrave MacMillan, 2010) [http://www.amazon.com/Transatlantic-Anti-Catholicism-Nineteenth-MacMillan-Transnational/dp/0230102875/ excerpt and text search]
* {{cite journal | last1 = Wiener | first1 = Carol Z | year = 1971 | title = The Beleaguered Isle. A Study of Elizabethan and Early Jacobean Anti-Catholicism | url = | journal = Past and Present | volume = 51 | issue = | pages = 27–62 }}
* {{cite journal | last1 = Wolffe | first1 = John | year = 2013 | title = North Atlantic Anti-Catholicism in the Nineteenth Century: A Comparative Overview | url = | journal = European Studies: A Journal of European Culture, History and Politics | volume = 31 | issue = 1| pages = 25–41 }}
* Wolffe, John, ed., ''Protestant-Catholic Conflict from the Reformation to the Twenty-first Century'' (Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2013). [http://www.palgrave.com/us/book/9781137289728 Table of contents]
{{refend}}
 
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