Raiders of the Lost Ark: Perbedaan antara revisi
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{{penjelasan singkat|Film tahun 1981 arahan Steven Spielberg}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Raiders of the Lost Ark
| image = Raidersofthelostark.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| director = [[Steven Spielberg]]
| producer = [[Frank Marshall]]
|
| story = {{Plain list|
* [[George Lucas]]
* [[Philip Kaufman]]
}}
| starring = {{Plain list|
* [[Harrison Ford]]
* [[Karen Allen]]
* [[Paul Freeman]]
* [[Ronald Lacey]]
* [[John Rhys-Davies]]
* [[Denholm Elliott]]
}}
| music = [[John Williams]]
| cinematography = [[Douglas Slocombe]]
| editing = [[Michael Kahn]]
| studio = [[Lucasfilm Ltd.]]
| distributor = [[Paramount Pictures]]
| released = {{Film date|1981|6|12}}
| runtime = 115 menit<!-- Theatrical runtime: 115:11 -->
| country = {{bendera|Amerika Serikat}}
| language = [[bahasa Inggris|Inggris]]
| budget = $20{{nbsp}}juta
| gross = $389,9{{nbsp}}juta
}}
'''''Raiders of the Lost Ark'''''{{efn|Kemudian dipasarkan dengan judul '''''Indiana Jones and the Raiders of the Lost Ark''''' dan juga cukup dikenal dengan judul '''''Raiders'''''.<ref name="ebertGreatest"/><ref name="IndieWireName"/><ref name="EbertTitle"/>}} adalah film laga petualangan Amerika 1981 yang disutradarai oleh [[Steven Spielberg]] dan ditulis oleh [[Lawrence Kasdan]] berdasarkan naskah oleh [[George Lucas]] dan [[Philip Kaufman]]. Film ini dibintangi [[Harrison Ford]], [[Karen Allen]], [[Paul Freeman]], [[Ronald Lacey]], [[John Rhys-Davies]], dan [[Denholm Elliott]]. Harrison memerankan [[Indiana Jones (character)|Indiana Jones]], seorang [[arkeolog]] yang berkeliling dunia yang bersaing dengan pasukan [[Nazi Jerman]] pada tahun 1936 demi menemukan [[Ark of the Covenant]], sebuah peninggalan yang dikatakan membuat tentara tak terkalahkan, yang telah lama hilang. Bekerja sama dengan mantan kekasihnya yang tangguh [[Marion Ravenwood]] (Allen), Jones berlomba untuk menghentikan arkeolog saingannya Dr. René Belloq (Freeman) dari membimbing Nazi ke Ark dan kekuatannya.
Lucas menyusun ''Raiders of the Lost Ark'' di pada awal dasawarsa 1970-an. Berusaha untuk memodernkan [[film seri]] awal abad ke-20, ia mengembangkan ide tersebut lebih jauh dengan Kaufman, yang menyarankan Tabut sebagai tujuan film tersebut. Lucas akhirnya fokus pada pengembangan opera ruang angkasa 1977 ''[[Star Wars (film)|Star Wars]]''. Pengembangan ''Raiders of the Lost Ark'' dilanjutkan tahun itu ketika dia berbagi ide dengan Steven yang bergabung dengan proyek tersebut beberapa bulan kemudian. Sementara pasangan tersebut memiliki ide untuk adegan penting dalam film tersebut, mereka menyewa Jake untuk mengisi celah di antara mereka. Pengambilan gambar utama dimulai pada bulan Juni 1980 dengan biaya $20 juta dan diakhiri pada bulan September 1981. Pengambilan gambar berlangsung di latar di Elstree Studios, Inggris, dan di lokasi di [[La Rochelle]], [[Tunisia]], [[Hawaii]], dan [[California]].
Meskipun jajak pendapat prapenayangan menunjukkan sedikit minat penonton terhadap film tersebut, terutama dibandingkan dengan film adiwira ''[[Superman II]]'', ''Raiders of the Lost Ark'' menjadi film dengan pendapatan kotor tertinggi pada tahun 1981, menghasilkan sekitar $330,5 juta di seluruh dunia. Itu diputar di beberapa bioskop selama lebih dari setahun karena popularitasnya. Itu adalah kesuksesan kritis, menerima pujian untuk pengambilan modern pada film serial, aksi dan petualangan tanpa henti, dan para pemerannya, terutama Ford, Allen, dan Freeman. Raiders of the Lost Ark menerima banyak nominasi penghargaan dan, antara lain, memenangkan lima Academy Awards, tujuh Saturn Awards, dan satu penghargaan BAFTA.
Bertahun-tahun sejak ditayangkan, film ini semakin dihargai dan sekarang dianggap sebagai salah satu film dasawarsa 1980-an terbesar dan salah satu film laga-petualangan terbesar yang pernah dibuat. Ini memiliki dampak yang langgeng terhadap budaya populer; keberhasilan film tersebut melahirkan sejumlah peniru di beberapa media dan mengilhami berbagai pembuat film. ''Raiders of the Lost Ark'' adalah film pertama yang kemudian menjadi franchise Indiana Jones, yang mencakup tiga film lagi — ''[[Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom]]'' (1984), ''[[Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade]]'' (1989), dan ''[[Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull]]'' (2008) —seri televisi, video game, buku komik, novel, atraksi taman hiburan, mainan, permainan papan, barang koleksi, dan remake amatir. Perpustakaan Kongres Amerika Serikat memilihnya untuk disimpan di National Film Registry pada tahun 1999.
== Alur ==
[[Berkas:Indianagrabsidol.jpg|jmpl|kiri|Indiana Jones mencoba mengambil golden idol di permulaan film.]]
Pada [[1936]], di hutan [[Peru]], arkeolog/pemburu harta karun [[Indiana Jones]] melewati beberapa jebakan untuk mendapatkan sebuah artefak yang disebut [[Golden Idol (artefak)|golden idol]] dari sebuah kuil kuno. Setelah melewati banyak jebakan, termasuk sebuah batu besar, dia menemukan arkeolog saingannya, [[Rene Belloq]] yang sedang menunggu di luar dengan sekumpulan Hovitos (penduduk asli). Terkepung dan kalah jumlah, Jones terpaksa menyerahkan artefak itu ke Belloq. Jones melarikan diri dari Belloq dan para Hovitos setelah berkejar-kejaran di hutan, dan terbang memakai sebuah pesawat.
[[Berkas:IndyBoulder.jpg|
Di sebuah universitas di Amerika Serikat tempatnya mengajar arkeologi, Jones kedatangan dua agen intelijen tentara. Keduanya memberitahu bahwa [[Abner Ravenwood]], bekas mentor Jones sedang dicari-cari kawanan [[Nazi]] yang sedang berusaha mendapatkan ilmu gaib. Ravenwood adalah orang yang paling ahli tentang sebuah kota kuno bernama Tanis yang ada di Mesir. Kota ini ditemukan kembali oleh para Nazi, dan dipercaya sebagai tempat [[firaun]] [[Shishaq]] menyembunyikan [[Tabut Perjanjian]] (''Ark of the Covenant''), sebuah peti yang dibuat orang Israel untuk menyimpan sisa naskah [[Sepuluh Perintah Allah]]. Menurut Jones, para Nazi mencari Ravenwood karena dia memiliki kepala Tongkat [[Ra]], sebuah artefak penting yang memberitahu lokasi Tabut saat ini. Menurut legenda, kepala tongkat ini akan menunjukkan tempat dari [[Well of Souls]], tempat penyimpanan Tabut, bila sinar matahari difokuskan ke miniatur kota itu pada waktu yang tepat. Rekan Jones, [[Marcus Brody]], menjelaskan lagi bahwa kekuatan legendaris dari Tabut itu bisa membuat tentara manapun tak terkalahkan.
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Jones terbang ke [[Nepal]], dan menemukan kalau Ravenwood sudah mati, dan kepala tongkat yang sekarang dipakai seperti sebuah medali, ternyata dimiliki [[Marion Ravenwood|Marion]] yang anak perempuan Ravenwood sekaligus mantan kekasih Indy. Kedai minum yang dimiliki Marion diserang para Nazi, di bawah pimpinan agen Nazi bernama [[Arnold Toht|Toht]]. Pertarungan terjadi dan kedai minum terbakar rata dengan tanah. Toht menggenggam medali yang panas membara hingga ukiran salah satu sisi medali tercetak di telapak tangannya. Namun medali tersebut berhasil direbut Jones dan Marion. Mereka berdua pergi ke [[Kairo]] untuk bertemu dengan [[Sallah]], orang Mesir sekaligus penggali yang handal. Sallah tahu tempat para Nazi berada. Dengan bantuan Belloq, dan sebuah replika dari kepala tongkat Ra, kawanan Nazi sedang menggali Tabut. Di sebuah pasar di Kairo, pasukan Nazi menculik Marion dan membuat Jones mengira dia sudah mati. Malam itu, Sallah dan Jones memecahkan sandi dalam ukiran yang ada di dua sisi kepala tongkat milik Ravenwood, dan mereka mengetahui panjang tongkat yang dibutuhkan. Mereka sadar bahwa para Nazi hanya berpedoman pada salah satu sisi ukiran kepala tongkat yang tercetak di telapak tangan Toht yang terluka. Akibatnya, tongkat yang dimiliki para Nazi terlalu panjang, dan tentara Jerman menggali di tempat yang salah.
[[Berkas:IndySallahArk.jpg|jmpl|kiri|Indiana Jones dan Sallah mengangkat [[Tabut Perjanjian]] (''Ark Of The Covenant'').]]
Indy menyusup ke lokasi penggalian, dan masuk ke ruang peta. Di ruang peta disimpan sebuah model skala dari kota Tanis. Sallah hampir ketahuan dan tertangkap, tetapi Indy berhasil mengetahui lokasinya dari tongkat dan medali. Jones juga mengetahui Marion masih hidup tetapi masih berada di tangan penculik. Jones dan Sallah bersama sebuah tim kecil menggali di tempat yang benar. Setelah beberapa jam, mereka berhasil menembus atap dari ''Well of Souls'' yang terkubur. Jones diturunkan ke lantai kuil dan menemui banyak sekali ular beracun yang [[Ophidiophobia|sangat dia takuti]]. Setelah Jones dan Sallah mengeluarkan Tabut dari kuil, Belloq dan para Nazi muncul dan merampasnya. Marion dibuang ke ''Well of Souls'' bersama Jones, dan mereka dikurung di dalamnya. Namun mereka berhasil kabur, dan keluar tepat waktu untuk menemui bahwa Tabut itu akan dipindahkan melalui pesawat ke [[Berlin]]. Setelah selesai bertarung, pesawat dihancurkan oleh Jones. Tabut itu dibawa dengan sebuah truk ke Kairo untuk selanjutnya dikapalkan ke Berlin. Setelah mencuri seekor kuda, Jones mengejar konvoi yang menjaga truk, dan akhirnya berhasil mengambil kendali truk berisi Tabut. Malam itu, Jones dan Marion meninggalkan Sallah untuk menjaga Tabut di atas kapal bernama ''Bantu Wind'' yang berlayar menuju Inggris.
Pagi hari berikutnya, sebuah kapal selam [[U-Boat]] di bawah komando Belloq dan perwira Nazi bernama Dietrich menghentikan kapal dan merebut Tabut itu. Namun Jones diam-diam masuk ke kapal selam, dan mengikuti mereka hingga di sebuah pulau terpencil. Mereka ternyata berniat untuk mencoba kekuatan dari Tabut itu sebelum diserahkan kepada [[Adolf Hitler]]. Jones mengancam untuk menghancur Tabut itu dengan sebuah peluncur roket, dan meminta agar Marion dilepaskan. Belloq sadar Indy hanya menggertak. Sama halnya seperti Belloq, Indy juga seorang arkeolog yang ingin melihat Tabut itu dibuka. Jones menyerah dan diikat bersama Marion sementara Belloq melakukan ritual untuk membuka Tabut. Dari dalam Tabut muncul sesuatu yang tidak terduga, yang menjadi klimaks film ini.
Sekembalinya di [[Washington, D.C.]], dua agen intelijen memberitahu Jones bahwa "para ahli" sedang meneliti Tabut itu. Sebenarnya, Tabut itu sudah disegel di dalam sebuah kotak kayu, dan disimpan di gudang pemerintah yang dipenuhi kotak-kotak serupa yang tak terhitung jumlahnya.
== Produksi ==
=== Perancangan ===
{{multiple image|total_width=350
| align = left
| direction = horizontal
| alt footer= |footer = [[George Lucas]] (kiri) pada 2011 dan [[Steven Spielberg]] pada 2017
| image1 = George Walton Lucas.jpg
| image2 = Steven Spielberg by Gage Skidmore 2.jpg
}}
George Lucas merancang ''Raiders of the Lost Ark'' pada tahun 1973, tak lama setelah menyelesaikan film komedi ''[[American Graffiti]]'' (1973).<ref name="GRAdarOverview"/><ref name="timeSlambangPage1"/> Poster film lama tentang watak heroik yang melompat dari kuda ke truk mengingatkan George pada film seri awal abad ke-20 yang ia nikmati semasa muda, seperti ''[[Buck Rogers (seri)|Buck Rogers]]'' (1939), ''[[Zorro's Fighting Legion]]'' (1939), ''[[Spy Smasher (seri)|Spy Smasher]]'' (1942), and ''[[Don Winslow of the Navy]]'' (1942).<ref name="GRAdarOverview"/><ref name="timeSlambangPage1"/><ref name="MovieFone"/><ref name="Cinephilia"/> George ingin membuat [[film B]] yang meniru seri tersebut dan menyusun ''The Adventures of Indiana Smith'' yang menampilkan seorang arkeolog petualang yang dinamai anjing [[Alaskan Malamute]] miliknya.<ref name="GRAdarOverview"/><ref name="timeSlambangPage1"/><ref name="Cinephilia"/><ref name="EmpireOralHistoryPage1"/> Sekitar waktu yang sama, Lucas mencoba untuk mengadaptasi serial opera ruang angkasa ''[[Flash Gordon (serial)|Flash Gordon]]'' (1936), tetapi tidak dapat memperoleh haknya.<ref name="GRAdarOverview"/><ref name="MovieFone"/><ref name="Cinephilia"/> Lucas shelved the Indiana Smith project to focus on creating his own space opera, ''[[Star Wars (film)|Star Wars]]'' (1977).<ref name="GRAdarOverview"/><ref name="Cinephilia"/>
Pada tahun 1975, George membincangkan gagasan film serinya dengan kawannya [[Philip Kaufman]]. George dan Philip ini mengerjakan naskah selama dua minggu.<ref name="timeSlambangPage2"/> George membayangkan wataknya sebagai seorang profesor perguruan tinggi dan petualang arkeolog, berdasarkan penghargaannya sendiri terhadap arkeologi dan arkeolog terkenal seperti [[Hiram Bingham III]], [[Roy Chapman Andrews]], dan [[Leonard Woolley]].<ref name="NatGeo"/> Philip menghapus pandangan George tentang Smith sebagai pelindung klub malam dan perayu wanita, serta menyarankan Tabut Perjanjian sebagai tujuan utama film tersebut;<ref name="GRAdarOverview"/><ref name="timeSlambangPage2"/> dia belajar tentang Tabut Perjanjian dari dokter gigi masa kecilnya.<ref name="EmpireMacGuffins"/> The Ark provided a source of conflict for the hero and the Nazis, playing off Nazi leader Adolf Hitler's historical [[Occultism in Nazism|fascination with the occult]].<ref name="EmpireMacGuffins"/>
George ingin Philip untuk menyutradarai film tersebut, tetapi karena dia sudah berkomitmen untuk mengerjakan ''[[The Outlaw Josey Wales]]'' (1976), Lucas menghentikan ide itu lagi dan kembali mengerjakan Star Wars.<ref name="GRAdarOverview"/><ref name="AVClubRetro"/> In May 1977, Lucas vacationed in [[Hawaii]] to avoid the potential failure of the theatrical debut of ''Star Wars''. He invited [[Steven Spielberg]] to join him and his wife.<ref name="VanityFairSpielberg"/><ref name="ASCMag"/> On a beach near [[Mauna Kea]] volcano, Lucas and Spielberg discussed their next projects. Spielberg wanted to direct a [[James Bond]] film, but Lucas pitched him ''The Adventures of Indiana Smith''.<ref name="VanityFairSpielberg"/><ref name="ASCMag"/> Lucas still hoped Kaufman would direct it, but a few months later it was clear he could not participate and Lucas asked Spielberg to replace him.<ref name="ASCMag"/>
=== Penulisan ===
{{multiple image|total_width=350
| direction = horizontal
| alt footer=Photographs of Philip Kaufman and Lawrence Kasdan |footer = [[Philip Kaufman]] (left) in 1991 and [[Lawrence Kasdan]] in 2015. Kaufman originated the idea of using the [[Ark of the Covenant]] as a central plot device. Kasdan wrote the finished script based around individual set pieces devised by George Lucas and Steven Spielberg.
| image1 = Philip Kaufman 03.jpg
| image2 = Lawrence Kasdan by Gage Skidmore.jpg
}}
[[Lawrence Kasdan]] dipilih untuk menulis naskahnya. Lawrence telah bekerja sebagai penulis naskah profesional hanya selama sebulan, tetapi George setuju untuk mempekerjakannya setelah membaca naskah film ''[[Continental Divide (film)|Continental Divide]]'' (1981) karyanya.<ref name="EmpireOralHistoryPage1"/><ref name="ASCMag"/> Pada Januari 1978, George, Lawrence, dan Steven menghabiskan sekitar sembilan jam sehari selama tiga sampai lima hari di rumah asisten George di [[Sherman Oaks, Los Angeles|Sherman Oaks]], [[Kota Los Angeles|Los Angeles]] untuk mengembangkan garis besar gagasan George.<ref name="Cinephilia"/><ref name="EmpireOralHistoryPage1"/><ref name="timeSlambangPage2"/><ref name="NewYorkerSpitball"/> Beberapa gagasan muncul dari perbincangan mereka, di antaranya jebakan batu besar, monyet di Kairo, Toht membakar jejak medali di tangannya, dan agen pemerintah mengunci Tabut Perjanjian itu.<ref name="NewYorkerSpitball"/> Lawrence menyadari bahwa Steven dan George memiliki beberapa keputusan yang pasti, tetapi mereka sedang mencari orang lain yang bersedia bekerja keras menyatukannya.<ref name="EmpireOralHistoryPage1"/>
Steven membenci nama Indiana Smith karena meyakini nama itu akan mengingatkan penonton kepada watak Nevada Smith yang diperankan Steve McQueen dalam [[Nevada Smith|film berjudul sama pada tahun 1966]]. Mereka sepakat menggunakan nama "Indiana Jones".<ref name="Cinephilia"/><ref name="NewYorkerSpitball"/> Aktor [[Clint Eastwood]] dan [[Toshiro Mifune]] serta watak James Bond menjadi dasar penciptaan watak Indiana.<ref name="Cinephilia"/><ref name="ASCMag"/> George ingin Indiana menjadi seorang praktisi [[kungfu]] dan ''[[playboy]]'', mendanai gaya hidupnya dengan rampasan dari petualangannya, tetapi Steven dan George merasa wataknya cukup rumit sebagai seorang petualang dan arkeolog.<ref name="Cinephilia"/><ref name="NewYorkerSpitball"/><ref name="NYTimesSerials"/> Steven menyarankan agar Indiana menjadi pejudi yang rajin atau pecandu alkohol, tetapi George ingin Indiana menjadi panutan yang "jujur dan benar dan percaya."<ref name="Cinephilia"/><ref name="NewYorkerSpitball"/> Keduanya merasa penting Indiana menjadi bisa salah, rentan, dan mampu melakukan momen komedi seperti yang serius. Mereka bermaksud agar penonton bisa berhubungan dan mengidolakan Indiana.<ref name="VanityFairSpielberg"/> Lucas suggested Marion would have a romantic past with the much older Jones at the age of 11; Spielberg replied, "she had better be older".<ref name="EmpireOralHistoryPage1"/>
Sementara Steven menyutradarai ''[[1941]]'' (1979), George menggunakan kantornya untuk menulis naskah ''Raiders of the Lost Ark'' dengan mengambil ilham dari seri awal abad ke-20 dan film petualangan seperti ''[[Red River (1948 film)|Red River]]'' (1948), ''[[Seven Samurai]]'' (1954), and ''[[The Magnificent Seven]]'' (1960).<ref name="EmpireOralHistoryPage1"/><ref name="EmpireOralHistoryPage2"/> Dia menulis Jones sebagai antipahlawan, seorang arkeolog direduksi menjadi perampok kuburan.<ref name="EmpireOralHistoryPage2"/> George wanted a supporting cast with their own unique characteristics and believed it was important these characters had a memorable impact.<ref name="EmpireOralHistoryPage2"/> He described the hardest part of writing as explaining how Jones would fall into successive dangerous events and then survive, and how he traveled between locations.<ref name="EmpireOralHistoryPage1"/> In August 1978, after approximately five months, Kasdan completed his first draft.<ref name="GRAdarOverview"/><ref name="Cinephilia"/><ref name="ASCMag"/>
Spielberg described the draft as good but too long; Kasdan and Lucas collaborated to trim and refine it.<ref name="ASCMag"/> The script was a globe-spanning tale set in the United States, Egypt, [[Greece]], and Nepal.<ref name="Cinephilia"/> Several elements were cut, including a journey to [[Shanghai]] that would lead to a [[minecart]] chase and Jones using a [[gong]] to shield himself from gunfire; both ideas were re-used in the prequel ''[[Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom]]'' (1984).<ref name="MovieFone"/><ref name="EmpireOralHistoryPage1"/> To his frustration, much of Kasdan's love story between Jones and Marion was trimmed, as were scenes showing the mutual attraction between Marion and Belloq.<ref name="Cinephilia"/><ref name="EmpireOralHistoryPage1"/><ref name="EmpireOralHistoryPage3"/> The [[screenplay]] was completed by December 1979.<ref name="ASCMag"/>
=== Pengembangan dan praproduksi ===
[[File:Frank Marshall Deauville 2012.jpg|thumb|upright|left|alt=A photograph of producer Frank Marshall|Producer [[Frank Marshall (filmmaker)|Frank Marshall]] in 2012. As well as producing, Marshall had a minor role in the film as a Nazi pilot.]]
George ingin mendanai film ini sendirian, tetapi pada saat itu dia memiliki aset tunai yang terbatas.<ref name="Cinephilia"/> Kepala keuangan [[Lucasfilm]] Charles Webber dan pengacara Lucas Tom Pollock menawarkan proyek tersebut ke beberapa studio Hollywood. Mereka menolaknya, sebagian karena anggaran $ 20 juta yang diusulkan, tetapi juga karena kesepakatan yang ditawarkan Lucas.<ref name="Cinephilia"/><ref name="EmpireOralHistoryPage2"/> He wanted the studio to provide the budget, have no creative input and allow him to retain control of the licensing rights and any sequels.<ref name="EmpireOralHistoryPage2"/> Despite believing the project had potential, studios considered this deal unacceptable.<ref name="Cinephilia"/><ref name="EmpireOralHistoryPage2"/> The studios were also hesitant because of Spielberg's involvement. Though generally successful as a director, he had delivered a succession of films over schedule and budget.<ref name="EmpireOralHistoryPage2"/> His recent effort, ''1941'', was both over budget and a critical failure. Lucas refused to do the project without Spielberg.<ref name="NYTimesSerials"/><ref name="EmpireOralHistoryPage2"/><ref name="TelegraphRetro"/>
Presiden [[Paramount Pictures]] [[Michael Eisner]] berkompromi dengan George dan menyetujui kesepakatannya dengan imbalan hak eksklusif atas sekuel apapun dan hukuman berat karena melebihi jadwal atau anggaran. George menyetujui persyaratan yang mencakup keterlibatannya dalam sekuel apa pun. Ia dilaporkan merundingkan gaji antara $1 juta dan $4 juta ditambah pembagian dari keuntungan kotor, meskipun laporan terpisah menyatakan dia hanya menerima keuntungan bersih. Steven menerima gaji hingga $1,5 juta sebagai direktur dan bagian dari laba kotor. George juga merundingkan $1 juta bagi Lucasfilm.<ref name="GRAdarOverview"/><ref name="Cinephilia"/>
Spielberg tertarik untuk bekerja dengan produser Frank Marshall. Dia telah mengerjakan film independen yang lebih kecil, dan Spielberg percaya dia akan menjaga film sesuai jadwal dan anggaran. Spielberg juga menyewa sinematografer Douglas Slocombe dan desainer produksi Norman Reynolds karena dia menyukai karya-karya mereka sebelumnya dan kolaborator lamanya Michael Kahn sebagai editor<ref name="EmpireOralHistoryPage3"/><ref name="timeSlambangPage4"/> and the film's executive producer, along with his acquaintance [[Howard Kazanjian]], whom Lucas believed would be a disciplined influence and not indulge the filmmakers' larger ambitions. He also brought in his long-time collaborator [[Robert Watts]] as associate producer and production manager. Paramount mandated a filming schedule of 85 days; Lucas, Spielberg, and Marshall agreed on a self-imposed 73-day schedule. Spielberg was determined to avoid criticism for another schedule overrun.<ref name="Cinephilia"/><ref name="ASCMag"/>
Praproduksi yang berlangsung selama enam bulan bermula pada Desember 1979.<ref name="ASCMag"/><ref name="MentalFloss20"/> Steven lebih suka menghabiskan waktu satu tahun bagi praproduksi, tetapi ia memilih bekerja lebih cepat demi menjaga biaya produksi tetap rendah.<ref name="ASCMag"/> Steven dan George masing-masing mengerjakan proyek lain pada saat yang sama.<ref name="Cinephilia"/> Seniman Ed Verreaux, Dave Negron, [[Michael Lloyd]], dan [[Joe Johnston]] provided extensive [[storyboard]]ing, with over 80% of the script represented, equalling approximately 6,000 images. This helped Spielberg pre-visualize scenes and limit the time taken to set up shots. The script only described the opening of the ark as "all hell breaks loose", and the artists were tasked with envisioning what should happen. Each offered different aspects: spirits, flames, and weird light effects; Johnston was tasked with combining all three.<ref name="Cinephilia"/><ref name="ASCMag"/> Spielberg also had miniature sets of larger scenes built to plan layouts and lighting, including the Well of Souls, the Tanis dig site, and the Cairo marketplace.<ref name="MentalFloss20"/> They contained 1-inch tall figurines to suggest how many extras would be required.<ref name="NYTimesAD"/> Among changes made at this stage, Spielberg abandoned his idea for Toht to have a mechanical arm that could be replaced with a machine gun or flamethrower. Lucas said it put the film into a different genre.<ref name="EmpireOralHistoryPage1"/>
=== Pemeranan ===
[[Berkas:Tom Selleck at PaleyFest 2014.jpg|thumb|upright|alt=A photograph of Tom Selleck|[[Tom Selleck]] (in 2014) was cast as Indiana Jones, but he was forced to withdraw due to his contractual obligations to the television show ''[[Magnum, P.I.]]''. ]]
George ingin memerankan aktor yang relatif tidak dikenal yang akan berkomitmen pada trilogi film untuk memerankan Indiana Jones.<ref name="Cinephilia"/> Mereka yang dipertimbangkan untuk peran antara Bill Murray, Nick Nolte, Steve Martin, Chevy Chase, Tim Matheson, Nick Mancuso, Peter Coyote, Jack Nicholson, Jeff Bridges, dan John Shea.<ref name="MovieFone"/><ref name="EmpireOralHistoryPage2"/> Casting director Mike Fenton favored Bridges but Lucas' wife and frequent collaborator [[Marcia Lucas]] preferred [[Tom Selleck]].<ref name="GRAdarOverview"/><ref name="Cinephilia"/> Selleck was contractually obligated to filming the television series ''[[Magnum, P.I.]]'' if it were to be made into a full series. Lucas and Spielberg asked the show's studio, [[CBS]], to release him early 10 days early from his contract. Realizing Selleck was in demand, CBS [[greenlit]] ''Magnum P.I.'', forcing him to drop out and leaving the production with no lead actor only weeks before filming.<ref name="GRAdarOverview"/><ref name="MovieFone"/><ref name="EmpireOralHistoryPage2"/> The [[List of Hollywood strikes|actors' strike of 1980]] later put the show on hiatus for three months, which would have allowed Selleck to star as Jones.<ref name="Cinephilia"/>
Steven mengatakan Harrison sempurna untuk peran itu setelah melihat pemeranannya di ''The Empire Strikes Back''; Kanzanjian mengatakan Harrison selalu dipertimbangkan tetapi tidak ditunjuk sebagai pemeran karena dia sudah menjadi aktor terkenal.<ref name="GRAdarOverview"/> George was concerned about seeming reliant on Ford by casting him in another film after ''Star Wars'', and he also did not think he would commit to three films.<ref name="EmpireOralHistoryPage2"/> However, Ford thought it would be a fun project and agreed to the deal.<ref name="Cinephilia"/><ref name="EmpireOralHistoryPage2"/> He negotiated a seven-figure salary, a percentage of the gross profits, and the option to re-write his dialogue.<ref name="GRAdarOverview"/><ref name="Cinephilia"/> Ford undertook extensive exercise to enhance his physique and trained for several weeks under stunt coordinator Glenn Randall to use a [[bullwhip]], becoming proficient enough to disarm the Monkey Man (Vic Tablian). Ford had to rehabilitate his wrist to compensate for an old injury.<ref name="Cinephilia"/><ref name="EmpireOralHistoryPage2"/> Ford saw the character as an academic first and an adventurer second.<ref name="EmpireOralHistoryPage2"/>
Untuk wanita yang disukai Indiana, Steven menginginkan seseorang yang mirip dengan wanita terkemuka awal abad ke-20 seperti [[Irene Dunne]], [[Barbara Stanwyck]], dan [[Ann Sheridan]], yang menyamai rekan pria mereka.<ref name="VanityFairSpielberg"/> George menginginkan [[Debra Winger]], tetapi dia tidak tertarik, dan Spielberg menginginkan pacarnya Amy Irving, tetapi dia tidak tersedia.<ref name="GRAdarOverview"/><ref name="Cinephilia"/><ref name="EW15Facts"/> They also considered [[Barbara Hershey]] and [[Sean Young]].<ref name="MovieFone"/><ref name="EmpireOralHistoryPage2"/> Karen Allen impressed Spielberg with her professionalism during auditions.<ref name="Cinephilia"/> One of the first things Spielberg asked Allen was "how well do you spit?"<ref name="GRAdarOverview"/> Allen developed a backstory for Marion that included her mother's death and her relationship with Jones when she was 15–16, but Spielberg said it belonged in a different movie.<ref name="EmpireOralHistoryPage3"/> Kasdan named Marion after his grandmother-in-law,<ref name="EmpireOralHistoryPage3"/> and took Ravenwood from a Los Angeles street.<ref name="MentalFloss20"/>
René dimaksudkan untuk menjadi penjahat tangguh untuk melawan pahlawan "peminum bir".<ref name="Cinephilia"/> Spielberg cast Freeman after seeing him in the [[docudrama]] ''[[Death of a Princess]]'' (1980); Freeman's piercing eyes had captivated him.<ref name="EmpireAlmostCast"/> French Singer [[Jacques Dutronc]] and [[Giancarlo Giannini]] were also considered.<ref name="EmpireOralHistoryPage2"/><ref name="EmpireAlmostCast"/> [[Danny DeVito]] was approached to portray Sallah, described as a skinny, {{convert|5|ft|m|abbr=on}} tall Egyptian like Gunga Din in ''[[Gunga Din (film)|Gunga Din]]'' (1939).<ref name="EmpireOralHistoryPage2"/><ref name="EmpireAlmostCast"/> DeVito could not participate because of scheduling conflicts with his sitcom ''[[Taxi (TV series)|Taxi]]'' and because his agent wanted too much money.<ref name="GRAdarOverview"/><ref name="EmpireAlmostCast"/> Rhys-Davies was cast based on his performance in the 1980 miniseries ''[[Shōgun (1980 miniseries)|Shōgun]]''. Spielberg asked him to play the character as a mix of his ''Shōgun'' role and the character [[John Falstaff]].<ref name="GRAdarOverview"/><ref name="EmpireOralHistoryPage2"/> Ronald Lacey was cast as Toht because he reminded Spielberg of the late-actor [[Peter Lorre]].<ref name="MovieFone"/> [[Klaus Kinski]] was offered the role but chose to appear in the horror film ''[[Venom (1981 film)|Venom]]'' (1981) because it offered more money.<ref name="MovieFone"/>
=== Pengambilan gambar ===
[[Berkas:Elstree Studios - geograph.org.uk - 1184042 (cropped).jpg|left|thumb|alt=A front-facing exterior photograph of Elstree Studios|On-set filming location, [[Elstree Studios (Shenley Road)|Elstree Studios]] (pictured 2009) in Hertfordshire, England ]]
[[Pengambilan gambar]] bermula pada 23 Juni 1980.<ref name="Cinephilia"/><ref name="LucasFilmProduction"/> Pengambilan gambar berlangsung di tempat-tempat di [[La Rochelle]], Prancis; [[Tunisia]]; dan Hawaii, and on sets at [[Elstree Studios (Shenley Road)|Elstree Studios]] Studios, England.<ref name="LucasFilmProduction"/><ref name="timeSlambangPage5"/> Elstree was chosen because it was well-staffed with artists and technicians who had worked on ''Star Wars''.<ref name="Cinephilia"/><ref name="ASCMag"/><ref name="EWOpening"/> On-location shooting cost around $100,000 a day in addition to crew salaries; sets cost an additional $4{{nbsp}}million. The production could only afford certain equipment for a limited time, including a [[Panaglide|Panaglide camera stabilizer]] for smoother shots, and a [[Crane shot|camera crane]] for higher angles.<ref name="ASCMag"/> To maintain the tight schedule, Spielberg said he "...didn't do 30 or 40 takes; usually only four... Had I had more time and money, it would have turned out a pretentious movie."<ref name="Cinephilia"/><ref name="timeSlambangPage5"/>
Pengambilan gambar bermula di La Rochelle, dengan adegan yang direkam yaitu penangkapan Angin Bantu oleh U-boat Nazi.<ref name="Cinephilia"/><ref name="LucasFilmProduction"/> Watts borrowed a submarine from the war film ''[[Das Boot]]'' (1981) on condition it not be taken into deep waters.<ref name="Cinephilia"/> [[World War II]] German U-boat pens in La Rochelle represented the U-boat dock.<ref name="GRAdarOverview"/><ref name="LucasFilmProduction"/> An original coal-fired tramp steamer boat could not be found for filming, so an Egyptian boat found in an Irish port was decorated appropriately and sailed to France.<ref name="Cinephilia"/>
Produksi film kemudian berpindah ke Elstree Studios pada tanggal 30 Juni. Interior produksi termasuk adegan yang menampilkan seorang imam memecahkan sandi ketopong bajadan kuil Peru.<ref name="Cinephilia"/><ref name="EWOpening"/> Semasa melakukan pengambilan gambar terhadap adegan Sumur Jiwa, sering sekali terjadi penundaan disebabkan ketersediaan ular yang terlalu sedikit, kekurangan bahan penangkal racun, dan putri Stanley Kubrick, Vivian yang mengunjungi ayahnya di tempat pengambilan gambar ''[[The Shining]]''— called the [[Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals]] (RSPCA) about the treatment of the snakes.<ref name="Cinephilia"/> The interior of Jones' school was filmed at [[The Royal Masonic School for Girls]] in [[Rickmansworth]], near Hertfordshire; the exterior is the [[University of the Pacific (United States)|University of the Pacific]] in [[California]].<ref name="UproxxLocations"/>
[[File:Sahara close to Tozeur (Tunisia).jpg|thumb|alt=A photograph of sand dunes in the Sahara desert near Tozeur in Tunisia|The [[Sahara desert (ecoregion)|Sahara desert]] (pictured in 2004) near the [[Tozeur]] oasis in [[Tunisia]] was the location of the Tanis dig site in the film.]]
Alih-alih melakukan pengambilan gambar di Mesir bagi adegan yang melibatkan tempat di Mesir, pihak produser menggunakan [[Tunisia]] sebagai gantinya.<ref name="CondeNastLocations"/> Spielberg menggambarkan fase ini sebagai salah satu pengalaman pembuatan film terburuknya: suhunya sering kali lebih dari 54 °C dan lebih dari 150 anggota kru menjadi sakit dengan disentri amoeba dari makanan lokal.<ref name="Cinephilia"/><ref name="ASCMag"/><ref name="NYTimesSerials"/><ref name="MentalFloss20"/><ref name="IndependentRichards"/> Spielberg was one of the few to remain healthy because he ate food and water he brought from England.<ref name="EmpireOralHistoryPage3"/> Lucas also suffered a severe sunburn and facial swelling.<ref name="Cinephilia"/><ref name="EmpireOralHistoryPage3"/> The Cairo village was filmed in the city of [[Kairouan]].<ref name="UproxxLocations"/> A day of filming was lost there because over 300 TV antennas had to be removed from the surrounding houses.<ref name="Cinephilia"/> Budget constraints impacted Spielberg's desire to have 2,000 extras as diggers; he had to settle for 600.<ref name="ASCMag"/> Stuntman Terry Richards, who portrayed the swordsman nonchalantly dispatched by Jones, spent weeks practicing sword skills for an extended fight scene. Ford was unable to perform for long periods while suffering from dysentery, and it was decided to shorten the fight scene significantly.<ref name="IndependentRichards"/> The Sidi Bouhlel canyon near the city of [[Tozeur]] is where a rocket launcher-equipped Jones confronts the Nazis for the Ark. Lucas had used the canyon in ''Star Wars'' to portray the planet [[Tatooine]].<ref name="UproxxLocations"/><ref name="CondeNastLocations"/><ref name="TravelPulseLocations"/> During the scene, a fly crawled into Freeman's mouth during his dialogue, but he continued to deliver his lines.<ref name="EmpireOralHistoryPage3"/>
Pada akhir bulan September, pengambilan gambar dipindahkan ke Hawaii untuk merekam adegan pembuka berlatarkan Peru.<ref name="Cinephilia"/><ref name="UproxxLocations"/> Logo Paramount yang melebur menjadi gunung alami merupakan improvisasi oleh Spielberg berdasarkan kebiasaan masa kecilnya melakukan hal yang sama semasa membuat film; gunung itu adalah Gunung Kalalea di Pulau [[Kaua'i]].<ref name="MovieFone"/><ref name="MentalFloss20"/><ref name="EWOpening"/> Meskipun adegan itu tampaknya berlatarkan satu tempat saja, tetapi pengambilan gambarnya dilakukan di 10 wilayah berbeda di Hawaii, termasuk [[Suaka Margasatwa Nasional Huleia]].<ref name="EWOpening"/><ref name="CondeNastLocations"/> It was originally more elaborate and longer, featuring an added betrayal by one of Jones' guides, resulting in a fight, and it had more dialogue; this was deemed unnecessary and removed for a tighter paced sequence.<ref name="EWOpening"/> The cave's exterior was considered a perfect location, though a nearby pool was a mosquito breeding ground; even with anti-mosquito equipment the crew was bitten.<ref name="Cinephilia"/> The donkeys used for the trek suffered [[Lameness (equine)|lameness]]. It was difficult to find replacements, and eventually, a pair of grey donkeys were painted brown with hair spray and flown by helicopter to the [[Nā Pali Coast State Park]] to finish the scene.<ref name="Cinephilia"/>
Naskah yang terlalu rinci menyebabkan banyak improvisasi, ketika naskah menggambarkan tiga orang berbicara di sebuah ruangan, maka dalam film akan berlangsung di sebuah tambang bersama 500 pemeran tambahan.<ref name="EmpireOralHistoryPage3"/> Adegan seperti gadis muda dengan tulisan "Love You" di seluruh kelopak matanya dan Marion yang mengenakan gaun untuk menyembunyikan senjata juga diimprovisasi.<ref name="Cinephilia"/><ref name="MentalFloss20"/> Allen, Lacey, Freeman, and Rhys-Davies sering menghabiskan waktu bersama di sela-sela pengambilan gambar untuk berbincang-bincang dan membahas watak mereka. Allen menggambarkan Harrison sebagai pribadi yang tidak akan membahas wataknya secara rinci dan butuh beberapa saat untuk beradaptasi dengan gaya kerjanya.<ref name="EmpireOralHistoryPage3"/> Pengambilan gambar dituntaskan pada bulan September 1980 dengan menghabiskan waktu 73 hari.<ref name="Cinephilia"/><ref name="ASCMag"/><ref name="timeSlambangPage5"/> Lucas menggambarkannya sebagai film yang paling sedikit bermasalah karena kurangnya gangguan studio.<ref name="EmpireOralHistoryPage3"/>
=== Pascaproduksi ===
Pascaproduksi berlangsung sekitar dua bulan dan berfokus terutama pada efek khusus dan [[pengambilan gambar (pembuatan film)|pengambilan gambar berskala kecil]].<ref name="Cinephilia"/> Versi awal film berdurasi hampir tiga jam sebelum Steven dan Kahn mennyunting ulang menjadi hanya kurang dari dua jam.<ref name="Cinephilia"/> Lucas was happy with this edit, but later asked if he could shorten the ending. He and Kahn collaborated on the edit; Spielberg said he was happy with their changes.<ref name="EmpireOralHistoryPage4"/> The final cut of the film runs for 115{{nbsp}}minutes.<ref name="BBFC"/> Marcia Lucas opined there was no emotional closure for Jones and Marion because she was absent following the closure of the Ark. Marcia is not credited in the film, but her suggestion led Spielberg to shoot a final exterior sequence on the steps of [[San Francisco City Hall]] showing Jones and Marion together.<ref name="UproxxLocations"/><ref name="SyFyMarcia"/>
Other changes included the addition of a scene where the Ark makes a humming noise in the ''Bantu Wind'' hold and the removal of a scene showing Jones holding on to the U-boat periscope to follow the Nazis; Spielberg thought it looked poor and hoped the audiences would not care how Jones accomplished the feat.<ref name="Cinephilia"/><ref name="MentalFloss20"/> Lucas removed a scene of a man fainting at the sight of Indiana and Marion emerging from the Well of Souls because he thought the joke did not fit with the tone of the movie.<ref name="EmpireOralHistoryPage1"/> Shots of the [[Douglas DC-3]] in which Jones flies to Nepal were repurposed from the adventure film ''[[Lost Horizon (1973 film)|Lost Horizon]]'' (1973), and a street scene outside Jones's home was taken from ''[[The Hindenburg (film)|The Hindenburg]]'' (1975). Spielberg said it was cost-effective and only sharp-eyed viewers would ever notice.<ref name="Cinephilia"/><ref name="timeSlambangPage4"/> Special effects supervisor [[Richard Edlund]] maintained the street scene was done with miniatures.<ref name="Cinephilia"/>
=== Musik ===
{{Infobox album |<!-- See Wikipedia:WikiProject_Albums -->
| Name = Raiders of the Lost Ark
| Type = Musik film
| Artist = [[John Williams]]
| Cover = Raiders soundtrack.jpg
| Released = Juni 1981
| Recorded = Februari 1981, [[Abbey Road Studios]], London, Inggris
| Genre = [[Rekaman suara]]
| Length = 43:00
| Label = [[PolyGram]], DCC Compact Classics/Sony Music Special Produtcts, [[Columbia Records]] (Perilisan LP Asli)
| Producer =
| Chronology =
| prev_title = ''[[The Empire Strikes Back (rekaman suara)|The Empire Strikes Back]]''
| title = ''Raiders of the Lost Ark''
| next_title = ''[[E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial (rekaman suara)|E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial]]''
| Misc = {{Extra chronology
| Artist = ''Indiana Jones''
| Type = Musik film
| prev_title =
| title = ''Raiders of the Lost Ark''
| next_title = ''[[Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom (rekaman suara)|Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom]]''
}}
}}
{{Album ratings
|rev1 = [http://www.allmusic.com/album/raiders-of-the-lost-ark-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-mw0000191414 AllMusic]
|rev1score = {{Rating|5|5}}
|rev2 = [http://www.filmtracks.com/titles/raiders.html Filmtracks]
|rev2score = {{Rating|5|5}}
|rev3 = [http://www.movie-wave.net/titles/raiders_lost_ark.html Movie Wave]
|rev3score = {{Rating|5|5}}
}}
'''''Raiders of the Lost Ark: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack''''' adalah [[musik film]] dari film [[Steven Spielberg]] tahun 1981, ''Raiders of the Lost Ark''. Musik tersebut dikomposisikan dan dikonduksikan oleh [[John Williams]], dan dipentaskan oleh [[London Symphony Orchestra]].
[[John Williams]] menjadi komposer bagi film ini. Ia mengatakan musik tidak harus serius untuk film dan malah harus teatrikal dan berlebihan.<ref name="EmpireOralHistoryPage5"/> Williams spent a few weeks working on the Indiana Jones theme, more commonly known as "The Raiders March" that plays during the main character's heroic scenes. Two separate pieces were played for Spielberg, who wanted to use both. These pieces became the main theme and [[bridge (music)|musical bridge]] of "The Raiders March".<ref name="EmpireWilliams"/>
Untuk lagu tema romantis, Williams mengambil ilham dari film-film lama seperti drama ''[[Now, Voyager]]'' (1942) untuk menciptakan sesuatu yang lebih monumental secara emosional yang menurutnya akan sangat kontras dengan humor film dan momen-momen ringan.<ref name="EmpireOralHistoryPage5"/><ref name="EmpireWilliams"/> Williams used "dark" orchestral pieces to represent the actions of the Nazis, using a "seventh [[Degree (music)|degree]] on a bottom [[scale (music)|scale]]". He said this signified a militaristic evil.<ref name="EmpireWilliams"/> To create something suitably biblical for the Ark of the Covenant, he used a mix of chorus and orchestra.<ref name="EmpireOralHistoryPage5"/>
== Rancangan ==
=== Pemeran pengganti ===
[[File:Disneyindytruck1.jpg|thumb|alt=A photograph of a 1930s-era Mercedes-Benz truck used in the film on display at Disneyland in California|A film-used 1930s Mercedes-Benz 2.5 ton diesel truck on display at [[Disneyland]], California]]
Ukuran bagian dalam kuil Peru sama seperti aslinya.<ref name="ASCMag"/><ref name="EWOpening"/> Batu besar yang terbuat dari fiberglass, plaster dan kayu dirancang dengan lebar 20 m, tetapi dikurangi menjadi 6,7 m dengan berat 140 kg.<ref name="Cinephilia"/><ref name="ASCMag"/><ref name="EWOpening"/> Spielberg liked the effect and had its ramp extended to give it more screen time.<ref name="EWOpening"/> The boulder was controlled by a steel rod concealed in the wall by rubber rock outcroppings.<ref name="ASCMag"/> Ford performed the stunt ten times for the different camera angles. Spielberg said he was an idiot for letting Ford do it, but it would not have looked as good with a stuntman concealing their face.<ref name="Cinephilia"/><ref name="ASCMag"/> Ford performed as many of his stunts as was allowed throughout ''Raiders'', suffering various injuries.<ref name="MovieFone"/><ref name="EmpireOralHistoryPage4"/> The tarantulas on Molina's body would not move because they were male and non-aggressive. A female spider was put on his chest to encourage movement.<ref name="MovieFone"/><ref name="NYTimesSerials"/><ref name="EWOpening"/> Abandoned ideas for the temple included a crushing wall trap and a pit concealed by spider-webs. The golden idol also had mechanically operated eyes that could follow Jones.<ref name="EWOpening"/> For the last part of the scene where Jones flees by plane, the first take ended in near-disaster when the plane crashed from a height of {{convert|20|ft|m|abbr=on}} because Ford's dangling leg was blocking the aircraft's right flap.<ref name="Cinephilia"/>
Pengambilan gambar bagi adegan Sumur Jiwa awalnya tertunda karena kurangnya ular. Ada 500-600 ular yang digunakan untuk pengambilan jarak dekat dan beberapa ular buatan untuk pengambilan yang lebih luas, tetapi Steven menginginkan lebih dari itu. Sebuah permintaan dibuat untuk pawang ular dari sekitar London dan Eropa yang menghasilkan antara 6.000 dan 10.000 ular dalam beberapa hari.<ref name="timeSlambangPage1"/><ref name="MentalFloss20"/><ref name="EmpireOralHistoryPage4"/> Afterward, they struggled to obtain anti-venom, and local supplies had expired; it had to be imported from India.<ref name="NYTimesSerials"/> The stage doors were kept open during filming for quick access to a waiting ambulance.<ref name="Cinephilia"/> Spielberg recounted that Allen was so scared she could not scream on cue. He dropped a dead serpent on her to elicit a genuine reaction.<ref name="NYTimesSerials"/> Allen said she got used to the creatures after 3–4 days.<ref name="WAPOAllen"/> Animal handler Steve Edge donned a dress and shaved his legs to stand in for Allen at specific points.<ref name="Cinephilia"/> Vivian Kubrick's complaint to the RSPCA about the perceived poor treatment of the snakes required production cease while safeguards were added.<ref name="Cinephilia"/>
Norman dan seniman produksi Ron Cobb menciptakan sayap terbang BV-38 berdasarkan Horten Ho 229, Northrop N-1M dan Vought V-173.<ref name="FlyingWing2"/><ref name="FlyingWing"/> Constructed by the British engineering firm [[Vickers]], it was dismantled and shipped to Tunisia.<ref name="Cinephilia"/> It was not designed to be flight-worthy, only to serve as a source of danger from its propellers.<ref name="ASCMag"/> The plane was abandoned in Tunisia and slowly dismantled over the following decade by souvenir hunters before being demolished.<ref name="FlyingWing2"/><ref name="FlyingWing"/> The fight between Jones and the German underneath the plane was mainly improvised; Spielberg had to restrain himself from making it too long as each new idea led to another.<ref name="EmpireOralHistoryPage4"/> During the fight, the moving vehicle rolled over Ford's foot and towards his knee before it was stopped. It took 40 crew members to move it off of him. He avoided injury through a combination of the extreme Tunisian heat making the tire soft and the ground being covered in sand.<ref name="Cinephilia"/><ref name="ASCMag"/> Dysentery had left the production with a lack of stuntmen, and Spielberg had Marshall stand in as the flying wing pilot. The three-day shoot was one of Spielberg's more difficult scenes to film, and he was reported saying he wanted to go home.<ref name="EmpireOralHistoryPage4"/><ref name="LAWeekly"/>
Sutradara unit kedua [[Michael D. Moore]] memfilmkan sebagian besar pengejaran truk. Spielberg had not used a second director before but agreed to it as the scene would take a long time to film being set in multiple locations. Moore completed wider shots where stuntmen stood in for Ford. He closely followed Spielberg's storyboarding but innovated a few shots Spielberg considered improvements.<ref name="Cinephilia"/><ref name="ASCMag"/> Stuntman Glenn Randall suggested the scene of Jones traversing the underside of the truck.<ref name="ASCMag"/> Ford sat in a concealed bicycle seat attached to the truck underside when clinging to its front.<ref name="Cinephilia"/> One of the convoy cars going over a cliff was a combination of matte painting background and [[stop motion]] animation of miniature figures falling out of the car.<ref name="ASCMag"/>
{{-}}
=== Efek khusus ===
[[File:Ark of covenant replica.jpg|thumb|left|alt=A photograph of a replica of the Ark of the Covenant on display|A replica of the Ark of the Covenant on display in 2016]]
[[Industrial Light & Magic]] (ILM) milik George menangani efek khusus film dengan pengawasan Richard Edlund. Tim ini bekerja dalam produksi film ''Raiders of the Lost Ark'' dan film fantasi gelap ''[[Dragonslayer]]'' (1981).<ref name="Cinephilia"/> George merasa efek khusus adalah metode ekonomis untuk menghasilkan film yang bagus. Selama penonton menghayati alur film, dia berkata bahwa penonton akan membeli tiket film ini bahkan jika efek khusus film ini buruk.<ref name="timeSlambangPage4"/> Spielberg liked practical effects because he could regularly check the [[dailies|raw footage]] during filming, rather than waiting months for the completed [[Compositing|composite effects]].<ref name="ASCMag"/>
Freeman mengatakan ia tidak tahu apa yang terjadi ketika da membuka Tabut Perjanjian itu. Dia diberitahu untuk membayangkan sesuatu datang ke arahnya dan berteriak.<ref name="EmpireOralHistoryPage4"/> Seniman efek khusus [[Steve Gawley]] menciptakan roh Ark dengan menangguhkan boneka berjubah kecil di tangki air keruh di depan layar biru. They were shaken to create a natural movement that was composited into the live footage. A Lucasfilm receptionist, dressed in a long white robe, was suspended in the air in front of a blue screen for the close-up of the ghost. She was filmed moving away from the camera and the footage was reversed to create an inhuman movement. Her visage was composited with a skeletal model for the monstrous transformation.<ref name="MentalFloss20"/>
Adegan kematian Freeman, Lacey, dan Kahler dibuat dengan menggunakan model yang berbeda.<ref name="MentalFloss20"/><ref name="VanityFairToht"/> Sebuah cetakan dibuat menyerupai wajah Kahler dan dilapisi dengan kandung kemih berisi udara. Udara cetakan itu dihilangkan untuk membuat kepala mengerut. Cetakan itu dikendalikan hingga sepuluh orang.<ref name="Cinephilia"/> Special effects artist [[Chris Walas]] sculpted Lacey's melting face using different colored layers of gelatin placed over a carved, heat-resistant stone skull. Propane heaters were used to melt the gelatin and filmed using a slower-than-normal camera so the effect appears to take place rapidly when played at normal speed.<ref name="VanityFairToht"/><ref name="ScreenRantToht"/> Belloq's head mold contained a thin-plaster skull filled with blood bags and detritus. It was blown up using explosives, shotguns, and an air cannon. It took three attempts to get the desired effect.<ref name="Cinephilia"/> Belloq's death was considered so extreme the Motion Picture Association of America initially classified the film with an [[R rating (Motion Picture Association of America)|R rating]] restricting it to those over the age of 17 without an adult. Flames were superimposed over the scene to conceal the effect.<ref name="MovieFone"/>
Kasdan membuat naskah montase terperinci selama transisi produksi film antarlokasi, tetapi Steven menghemat uang dengan menampilkan peta dan garis animasi yang bergerak antartujuan.<ref name="ASCMag"/> Tengkorak dan jasad membusuk yang dibuat oleh kepala penata rias Tom Smith memenuhi katakombe Sumur Jiwa.<ref name="Cinephilia"/> To get the monkey to perform a [[Nazi salute]], the trainer hit it on the head to make it touch the affected area. When this did not work, the filmmakers hung a grape over its head to encourage it to reach up; it took 50 takes to capture.<ref name="EmpireOralHistoryPage3"/> A partially deaf rat was used for the scene of the ark humming in the hold of the ''Bantu Wind'', giving it a unique and unnatural head movement.<ref name="EmpireOralHistoryPage4"/>
=== Visual dan suara ===
[[Lukisan matte]] digunakan untuk menciptakan latar belakang yang lebih rumit. Penggunaan lukisan matte di antaranya pengambilan gambar pembuatan bar Nepal Marion dan gudang tempat Tabut Perjanjjian kemudian disimpan. Lukisan matte di adegan terakhir dilukis oleh Michael Pangrazio. Spielberg tidak menyukai lukisan pesawat China Clipper (oleh Alan Maley) karena menurutnya lukisan tersebut tidak terlihat nyata terhadap air yang telah mereka rekam.<ref name="Cinephilia"/><ref name="ASCMag"/><ref name="Vishi"/><ref name="SlashPangrazio"/> Jones's attire—a leather jacket and khaki pants—was based on [[Humphrey Bogart]]'s in ''[[The Treasure of the Sierra Madre (film)|The Treasure of the Sierra Madre]]'' (1948) and [[Charlton Heston]] in ''[[Secret of the Incas]]'' (1954).<ref name="Cinephilia"/><ref name="ASCMag"/><ref name="TheRinger"/> Costume designer [[Deborah Nadoolman Landis]] dumped boxes of hats on the floor for Ford to try on. After picking the right style, she purchased an Australian model she aged with [[Fuller's earth]] and [[mineral oil]], and then scrunched beneath a bed. The hat allowed them to create a recognizable image even in silhouette.<ref name="TheRinger"/> Designer [[Ralph McQuarrie]] was responsible for the Ark decorations.<ref name="SyfyArk"/>
Steven menginginkan gaya pencahayaan [[film noir]] yang lebih lembut seperti ''[[The Informer (film 1935)|The Informer]]'' (1935). Sebaliknya, Slocombe ingin membuat segalanya lebih cerah dan menggunakan cahaya latar untuk menciptakan kedalaman bidang yang lebih besar; Steven lebih menyukai gayanya. Slocombe sering menggunakan cahaya alami, menggunakan perkiraan posisi matahari untuk merencanakan tata letak adegan. Spielberg liked the beams of sunlight glimpsed through scenery and tasked special effects artist [[Kit West]] with using a smoke machine to create artificial sunlight shards. For the bar fight, Spielberg wanted pitch-black shadows on the wall, but the lighting required to achieve this would have shrouded the actors' eyes; he settled for subtler shadings. He also wanted to illuminate the Well of Souls with a lighting effect through the ceiling opening, but once this was sealed it no longer made sense. The flaming torches used in the scene did not provide enough light, so he opted to use an artificial light source. Spielberg noted Allen always looked beautiful in her scenes because Slocombe would spend twice as long setting up her lighting as he would Ford's.<ref name="ASCMag"/>
Pengawas efek suara [[Ben Burtt]] berkontribusi banyak dalam merekam suara film itu. The snake slithering is a mix of Burtt running his hands through cheese casserole and wet sponges being dragged across grip tape; the rolling boulder is a [[Honda Civic]] driving down a gravel hill; and the Ark lid opening is the sound of a [[Cistern#Toilet cisterns|toilet cistern]] being opened.<ref name="MovieFone"/><ref name="MentalFloss20"/> The Ark spirits are the cries of sea lions and dolphins filtered through a [[vocoder]]. Jones's revolver is the sound of a [[Winchester rifle]] firing, while his whip-crack was made by recording Ford using the whip.<ref name="MentalFloss20"/>
== Penayangan ==
=== Konteks ===
{{lihat pula|Film dalam tahun 1981}}
{{ external media
| float = right
| video1 = [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gz4crpFaW4M ''Raiders of the Lost Ark'' theatrical trailer] at [[YouTube]]
}}
Pada musim panas tahun 1981 (Juni–September), industri film mengalami penurunan selama lebih dari setahun, yang berpunca dari beberapa kesuksesan film terlaris, kenaikan biaya produksi film, berkurangnya penonton, dan kenaikan harga tiket.<ref name="NYTimesSupermanRelease"/> Musim ini diperkirakan turun 10% atau $250 juta dibandingkan tahun sebelumnya.<ref name="NYTimesPrediction"/> Over 60 films were scheduled for release—more than the previous year—by studios eager to make the next [[Blockbuster (entertainment)|blockbuster]] film. This increased competition to attract audiences, mainly those aged 12 to 24, at the most profitable time of the year.<ref name="NYTimesSupermanRelease"/><ref name="NYTimesPrediction"/>
Film adiwira ''[[Superman II]]'' diperkirakan menguasai musim panas,<ref name="NYTimesPrediction"/> dan berdasarkan para ahli industri dan jajak pendapat penonton, film-film seperti ''[[History of the World, Part I]]'', film James Bond terbaru, ''[[For Your Eyes Only (film)|For Your Eyes Only]]'', dan ''[[The Great Muppet Caper]]'', juga diperkirakan tampil dengan baik.<ref name="NYTimesPrediction"/> Conversely, audience polling by [[CinemaScore]] showed little awareness or anticipation for ''Raiders'' until nationwide previews a week prior to its release.<ref name="NYTimesPrediction"/><ref name="NYTimesPreviews"/> ''[[The New York Times]]'' reported Paramount had provided theater owners with a more beneficial deal than usual to ensure ''Raiders'' was screened in the best theaters and locations.<ref name="NYTimesSupermanRelease"/>
Acara pers untuk film ini menelan biaya $10.000, dengan menampilkan dua unta, gajah, dan ular piton.<ref name="NYTimesPress"/> Film prints were supplied to theaters in lead-sealed containers to prevent tampering alongside a letter to theater managers stating they were responsible for any misuse of the film. This letter inspired a whistleblower at one theater to alert Paramount of the planned theft of a ''Raiders'' print to make [[Copyright infringement|pirated copies]].<ref name="RaidersPiracy"/> The 1,200 film prints cost an estimated $1.7{{nbsp}}million.<ref name="NYTimesPrints"/>
===Dirilis di Indonesia===
Film ini tersebut pertama kali ditayangkan di [[SCTV]] pada akhir tahun 1991 dan tayang lagi di [[TransTV]] pada 2 Agustus 2020
=== Pendapatan ===
Di Amerika Serikat dan Kanada, ''Raiders of the Lost Ark'' ditayangkan pada 12 Juni 1981 di 1.078 bioskop.<ref name="TheNumbersSummary"/><ref name="TheNumbersBOSummary"/> Film ini meraih $8,3 juta, dengan rata-rata $7.705 tiap bisokop,<ref name="NYTimesSupermanRelease"/><ref name="TheNumbers1981June12"/> dan tamat sebagai [[Daftar film berpendapatan tertinggi di Amerika Serikat 1981]] pada akhir pekan, menjelang penayangan ''[[Clash of the Titans (film 1981)|Clash of the Titans]]'' ($6,6 juta) dan ''History of the World, Part I'' ($4,9 juta).<ref name="TheNumbers1981June12"/> The film fell to the number three position in its second weekend with an additional gross of $8{{nbsp}}million—a decline of only four percent—behind the debuts of ''[[The Cannonball Run]]'' ($11.8{{nbsp}}million) and ''Superman II'' ($14.1{{nbsp}}million).<ref name="TheNumbers1981June19"/> By its fourth week, ''Raiders'' began climbing box office charts, reaching the number two position with a gross of $7.3{{nbsp}}million, behind ''Superman II'' ($10.9{{nbsp}}million).<ref name="TheNumbers1981June26"/><ref name="TheNumbers1981July3"/> In its sixth week, it regained the number one position with $6.4{{nbsp}}million.<ref name="TheNumbers1981July17"/> The film spent most of the following nine weeks as the number one film, and forty-weeks straight as one of the top ten highest-grossing films.<ref name="TheNumbersBOSummary"/> It was declared the top box office film of the summer by early September, with a total approximate gross of $125{{nbsp}}million. Of this figure, $72 million was estimated to have been returned to the studio; the profit-sharing deal with Spielberg and Lucas meant that after marketing costs, Paramount had earned $23{{nbsp}}million in profit.<ref name="NYTimesIndySummerWinner"/>
Film ini tetap berhasil dengan meyakinkan. Enam bulan selepas penayangan, eksekutif industri perfilman berkelakar ''Raiders of the Lost Ark'' akan menjadi film Natal terlaris pada tahun itu.<ref name="TelegraphRetro"/><ref name="NYTimesXmas"/> The film officially left theaters on March{{nbsp}}18, 1982, although some were still playing it by July.<ref name="EmpireOralHistoryPage5"/><ref name="BOMTickets"/>{{sfn|Ginsberg|1982|p=1}} ''Raiders'' earned an approximate total box office gross of $212.2{{nbsp}}million, making it the highest-grossing film of 1981, ahead of ''[[On Golden Pond (1981 film)|On Golden Pond]]'' ($119.3{{nbsp}}million), ''Superman II'' ($108.1{{nbsp}}million), and ''[[Stripes (film)|Stripes]]'' ($85.3{{nbsp}}million).<ref name="TheNumbersBOSummary"/><ref name="TheNumbers1981Overall"/><ref name="OldGoodBOMSummary"/> An estimate by [[Box Office Mojo]] suggests over 77{{nbsp}}million tickets were bought to see the film.<ref name="BOMTickets"/> ''Raiders'' remains the "leggiest" film ever released, referring to the difference between the highest-weekend gross and the time taken to achieve the overall total gross.<ref name="TelegraphRetro"/><ref name="TheNumbersLeggiest"/>
Di luar Amerika Serikat dan Kanada, ''Raiders of the Lost Ark'' meraup $141.7 juta, sehingga menjadikannya film terlaris, mengalahkan ''For Your Eyes Only'' ($140.5 juta) and ''Superman II'' ($82.2 juta).<ref name="TheNumbers1981OutsideNA"/> In total, the film earned a worldwide gross of $354{{nbsp}}million, making it the highest-grossing film of 1981 worldwide, again ahead of ''For Your Eyes Only'' ($195.3{{nbsp}}million) and ''Superman II'' ($190.4{{nbsp}}million).<ref name="TheNumbersBOSummary"/><ref name="TheNumbers1981OutsideNA"/><ref name="TheNumbers1981Worldwide"/><ref name="OldBomWorldwide1981"/>
''Raiders of the Lost Ark'' telah ditayangkan kembali beberapa kali, yang pertama pada Juli 1982, yang menghasilkan tambahan $21.4 juta dan selanjutnya pada Maret 1983, when the film earned an additional $11.4{{nbsp}}million.<ref name="TelegraphRetro"/>{{sfn|Ginsberg|1982|p=1}}<ref name="OldGoodBOMOveralls"/><ref name="NYTimesSummer1982"/> A remastered [[IMAX]] version, supervised by Spielberg, was released in 267 U.S. and Canadian theaters. The success of the release led to the run being extended to 300 additional theaters.<ref name="IMAX"/><ref name="IMAXIGN"/><ref name="IMAXDeadline"/> These releases have raised the film's worldwide theatrical gross to an estimated $389.9{{nbsp}}million.<ref name="OldGoodBOMSummary"/>
Rekor pendapatan musim panas tahun 1981 senilai $1,95 miliar menunjukkan peningkatan sebesar 15,6% dibandingkan tahun 1980, dengan peningkatan penjualan tiket sebesar 22,5%. Keberhasilan ini terutama disebabkan oleh ''Raiders of the Lost Ark'' dan ''Superman II''.<ref name="NYTimesIndySummerWinner"/><ref name="NYTimesValenti"/> The most successful film genres of the year offered fun, comedy, and escapism.<ref name="NYTimesIndySummerWinner"/> ''Superman II'' broke box office records, but it was ''Raiders'' that earned the most money and played in theaters for over a year.<ref name="NYTimesSummer1982"/><ref name="NYTimesOneYearLater"/><ref name="NYTimes1981June30"/> ''The New York Times'' reported that audiences only considered other films if both ''Superman II'' and ''Raiders'' were sold out.<ref name="NYTimesQueue"/> It became one of the top-four highest-grossing films ever, a list dominated by Lucas and Spielberg with ''The Empire Strikes Back'', ''Jaws'', and ''Star Wars''.<ref name="NYTimesSummer1982"/><ref name="NYTimesFourthHighest"/><ref name="NYTimesOscarNom"/>
== Penerimaan ==
=== Tanggapan ===
''Raiders of the Lost Ark'' mendapatkan sambutan yang bagus dari kalangan kritikus dan penonton.<ref name="AVClubRetro"/><ref name="TelegraphRetro"/> The [[National Board of Review]] and critic [[Vincent Canby]] listed it as one of the ten best films of the year.<ref name="NYTimesNBOR"/><ref name="NYTimesTopTenCanby"/> Canby labelled the film an "instant classic" and one of the most humorous and stylish American films ever made. He described it as having refined the old serial films into their most perfect form for a modern audience.<ref name="NYTimesCanbyReview"/> [[Roger Ebert]] called it a series of "breathless and incredible" adventures inspired by and celebrating childhood stories told in comic books and movies. He concluded the film is successful in its singular goal of entertaining, creating an adventure epic in the vein of ''Star Wars'', [[List of James Bond films|the James Bond films]], and ''Superman''.<ref name="RevEbert"/> Writing for ''[[The Hollywood Reporter]]'', Arthur Knight said a constant stream of thrills kept the film moving at a steady pace.<ref name="ReviewTHR"/> Writing for ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'', Stephen Klain called the film "exhilarating escapist entertainment". He continued that the film successfully balanced action, comedy, and suspense with mystical mythologies.<ref name="VarietyReview"/> [[Michael Sragow]] described it as the "ultimate Saturday action matinee".<ref name="RollingStoneReview"/> [[Gene Siskel]] said it was as entertaining as a "commercial movie" could be, the kind of film that makes children excited about cinema.<ref name="GeneSiskelReview"/>
[[File:Paul Freeman.jpg|thumb|left|upright|alt=A photograph of Paul Freeman|[[Paul Freeman (actor)|Paul Freeman]] in 2016. He was singled out for praise by the otherwise critical [[Pauline Kael]] for continuing his performance after a fly crawled into his mouth.]]
Richard Schickel menyebut film ini kembali ke bentuk untuk Spielberg, menunjukkan kompetensi tidak terlihat sejak Jaws.<ref name="timeSlambangPage1"/> Dia menggambarkannya sebagai film yang akan dibuat Walt Disney seandainya dia masih hidup, menampilkan kombinasi "mempesona" antara fantasi dan gerakan sinematik.<ref name="NewRepublicReview"/<ref name="timeSlambangPage5"/> [[Stanley Kauffmann]] said while the film's thrills did work on him, the frequency eventually irritated him. He criticized the film's reliance on nostalgia and updating older films instead of innovating new ideas. [[Pauline Kael]] was critical of the film, saying Lucas and Spielberg had thought like marketeers, in creating a film that would appeal to the broadest masses. Kael said though ''Raiders'' is a sophisticated update of older serials, that avoids cliches with clever editing, it is too focused on surpassing each previous action spectacle to the detriment of characterization or plot progression. She opined the failure of ''1941'' had made Spielberg too cautious, and scenes evidenced he was rushing and not achieving the best possible take as in his previous work.<ref name="PaulineKael"/><ref name="PaulineKaelNYT"/> Lucas later named a villain in his 1988 fantasy film ''[[Willow (film)|Willow]]'' after Kael.<ref name="PaulineKaelNYT"/> [[Dave Kehr]] said the constant rush between setpieces felt monotonous. He also criticized the story for allowing the hero to choose to rescue the Ark over his romantic interest on multiple occasions, believing it made Indiana Jones difficult to support.<ref name="ChicagoReaderReview"/>
The principal cast was generally well-received. Ebert said the amusing and unusual characters elevated the film beyond just a technical accomplishment. He described Ford's performance as taciturn and stubborn character in the vein of Humphrey Bogart in ''The Treasure of the Sierra Madre'', but with the ability to laugh at himself.<ref name="RevEbert"/> Klain described Ford's performance as "riveting", marking a major career highlight.<ref name="VarietyReview"/> Canby described Ford and Allen as both "endearingly resilient".<ref name="NYTimesCanbyReview"/> Ebert said Allen gives Marion a charming toughness.<ref name="RevEbert"/> Knight appreciated Marion did not become idiotic when the male star was in danger. His review concluded the character was the definition of an [[Feminism|activist]].<ref name="ReviewTHR"/> Srawgow said Allen's physical performance made her every bit the equal of Ford, and her vitality provided a positive counter to Ford's deadpan performance.<ref name="RollingStoneReview"/> Kael was critical of many cast performances, feeling they were stilted and heavily scripted. She singled out Freeman for praise, however, for continuing his performance after a fly crawled into his mouth;<ref name="PaulineKael"/> Freeman jokingly called it the best review of his career.<ref name="EmpireOralHistoryPage3"/> Klain called Lacey's Toht one of the most offensive Nazi stereotypes seen in cinema since World War II. However, he praised Rhys-Davies's and Elliott's performances.<ref name="VarietyReview"/>
Several reviewers singled out the opening of the Ark as one of the film's best special effects.<ref name="NYTimesCanbyReview"/><ref name="ReviewTHR"/><ref name="VarietyReview"/> Knight said the effects artists deserved a "special accolade" for their work.<ref name="ReviewTHR"/> Canby described it as a visual display as "dazzling" as the denouement of Spielberg's ''Close Encounters of the Third Kind''.<ref name="NYTimesCanbyReview"/> Ebert said the truck chase stunt was the best he had ever seen, ahead of those in films like ''[[Bullitt]]'' (1968) and ''[[The French Connection (film)|The French Connection]]'' (1971).<ref name="RevEbert"/> [[Aljean Harmetz]], Klain, and Siskel asserted the film's PG rating—meaning any child could see it unsupervised—was too lenient for such a scary film filled with a variety of on-screen deaths. An intermediate rating between PG and R, PG-13, would not be introduced until 1984, in part a response to the violence of the Indiana Jones prequel, ''Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom''. Some children were reported to have suffered nightmares afterward.<ref name="VarietyReview"/><ref name="GeneSiskelReview"/><ref name="NYTimesAgeRating"/><ref name="PG13"/>
== Rujukan ==
=== Catatan ===
{{Notelist}}
=== Kutipan ===
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="4thSequelDeadline">{{cite web |first=Justin |last=Kroll |title='Indiana Jones 5': Mads Mikkelsen Joins Harrison Ford And Phoebe Waller-Bridge In Sequel |url=https://deadline.com/2021/04/indiana-jones-5-mads-mikkelsen-joins-harrison-ford-and-phoebe-waller-bridge-in-sequel-1234732751/ |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |date=April 15, 2021 |access-date=April 18, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418084722/https://deadline.com/2021/04/indiana-jones-5-mads-mikkelsen-joins-harrison-ford-and-phoebe-waller-bridge-in-sequel-1234732751/ |archive-date=April 18, 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="ActionBFI">{{cite web|first=Matthew |last=Thrift |title=10 best action movies |url=https://www.bfi.org.uk/news-opinion/news-bfi/lists/10-best-action-movies |date=July 2, 2015 |publisher=[[British Film Institute]] |access-date=June 22, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191031073527/https://www.bfi.org.uk/news-opinion/news-bfi/lists/10-best-action-movies |archive-date=October 31, 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="ActionTimeoOut">{{cite web |first=Joshua |last=Rothkopf |title=The 101 best action movies ever made |url=https://www.timeout.com/film/the-101-best-action-movies-ever-made |website=[[Time Out (magazine)|Time Out]] |date=August 14, 2020 |access-date=August 19, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200828134924/https://www.timeout.com/film/the-101-best-action-movies-ever-made |archive-date=August 28, 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="AFI1997andAnniversary">{{cite web |title=AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movies – 10th Anniversary Edition |url=https://prdaficalmjediwestussa.blob.core.windows.net/images/2019/08/100MoviesANNIVERSARY.pdf |publisher=[[American Film Institute]] |access-date=August 17, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200817144407/https://prdaficalmjediwestussa.blob.core.windows.net/images/2019/08/100MoviesANNIVERSARY.pdf |archive-date=August 17, 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="AFIHeroes">{{cite web |title=Afi's 100 Years...100 Heroes & Villains|url=https://www.afi.com/afis-100-years-100-heroes-villians/ |publisher=[[American Film Institute]] |access-date=August 17, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200208093159/https://www.afi.com/afis-100-years-100-heroes-villians/ |archive-date=February 8, 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="AFIThrills">{{cite web |title=AFI's 100 Years...100 Thrills |url=https://www.afi.com/afis-100-years-100-thrills/ |publisher=[[American Film Institute]]|access-date=August 17, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200208075739/https://www.afi.com/afis-100-years-100-thrills/ |archive-date=February 8, 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="Amsel">{{cite web|first=Cavan |last=Scott |title=The Top 25 Movie Posters Of All Time |url=https://www.creativebloq.com/movies/iconic-movie-posters-712378 |publisher=Creative Bloq |date=March 6, 2017 |access-date=April 13, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919023313/https://www.creativebloq.com/movies/iconic-movie-posters-712378 |archive-date=September 19, 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="ASCMag">{{cite web|first=Steven|last=Spielberg |author-link=Steven Spielberg |title=Of Narrow Misses and Close Calls: Raiders of the Lost Ark — Directing |url=https://ascmag.com/articles/flashback-raiders-of-the-lost-ark-directing |website=[[American Cinematographer]] |date=July 26, 2017 |access-date=July 25, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200725234425/https://ascmag.com/articles/flashback-raiders-of-the-lost-ark-directing |archive-date=July 25, 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="AVClub1981">{{cite web|first=Tom |last=Breihan |title= Did 1981 belong to Mad Max, Indiana Jones, or Snake Plissken?|url=https://film.avclub.com/did-1981-belong-to-mad-max-indiana-jones-or-snake-pli-1798250059 |website=[[The A.V. Club]] |date=July 29, 2016 |access-date=August 17, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200429052739/https://film.avclub.com/did-1981-belong-to-mad-max-indiana-jones-or-snake-pli-1798250059 |archive-date=April 29, 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="AVClubBigBang">{{cite web|first=Oliver |last=Sava |title=The Big Bang Theory: "The Raiders Minimization" |url=https://tv.avclub.com/the-big-bang-theory-the-raiders-minimization-1798178275 |website=[[The A.V. Club]] |date=October 10, 2013 |access-date=April 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805115650/https://tv.avclub.com/the-big-bang-theory-the-raiders-minimization-1798178275 |archive-date=August 5, 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="AVClubSoderbergh">{{cite web|first=Rob |last=Dean |title=Steven Soderbergh made a black-and-white version of Raiders Of The Lost Ark |url=https://news.avclub.com/steven-soderbergh-made-a-black-and-white-version-of-rai-1798272357 |website=[[The A.V. Club]] |date=September 23, 2014 |access-date=August 17, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191120203955/https://news.avclub.com/steven-soderbergh-made-a-black-and-white-version-of-rai-1798272357 |archive-date=November 20, 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="AVClubDVD2003">{{cite web|first=Keith |last=Phipps |title= Raiders Of The Lost Ark|url=https://film.avclub.com/raiders-of-the-lost-ark-1798199027 |website=[[The A.V. Club]] |date=October 28, 2003 |access-date=August 17, 2020 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20191105042228/https://film.avclub.com/raiders-of-the-lost-ark-1798199027 |archive-date=November 5, 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="AVClubRetro">{{cite web |first=Tom |last=Breihan |title=Indiana Jones made his Nazi-punching debut in the ultimate Disneyland ride of a movie |url=https://film.avclub.com/indiana-jones-made-his-nazi-punching-debut-in-the-ultim-1841917523 |website=[[The A.V. Club]] |date=June 3, 2020 |access-date=August 1, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726223014/https://film.avclub.com/indiana-jones-made-his-nazi-punching-debut-in-the-ultim-1841917523 |archive-date=July 26, 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="BAFTA82">{{cite web |title=Film in 1982 |url=http://awards.bafta.org/award/1982/film |publisher=[[British Academy of Film and Television Arts]] |access-date=August 11, 2020 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130502232543/http://awards.bafta.org/award/1982/film |archive-date=May 2, 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="BBCDietrrich">{{cite web|title=Indiana Jones Actor Honours Pow Grandfather In Skipton|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/3229887.stm |publisher=[[BBC News Online]] |date=July 12, 2019 |access-date=April 12, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190713154206/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-york-north-yorkshire-48951491 |archive-date=July 13, 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="BBCDVD2003">{{cite web|title=Indiana Jones 'raids DVD record' |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/3229887.stm |publisher=[[BBC News Online]] |date=October 31, 2003 |access-date=August 19, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200819130535/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/3229887.stm |archive-date=August 19, 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="BBCPublicVoteC4">{{cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/4553694.stm |title=ET Crowned 'Greatest Family Film' |date=December 23, 2005 |publisher=[[BBC News Online]] |access-date=July 13, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071222114454/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/4553694.stm |archive-date=December 22, 2007 |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="BBFC">{{cite web |url=https://bbfc.co.uk/releases/raiders-lost-ark-1 |title=''Raiders of the Lost Ark'' (A) |publisher=[[British Board of Film Classification]] |date=June 2, 1981 |access-date=March 8, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309165508/http://bbfc.co.uk/releases/raiders-lost-ark-1 |archive-date=March 9, 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="BestActionTimeOut2014">{{cite web |title=The 100 best action movies: 10–1 |url=http://www.timeout.com/newyork/film/the-100-best-action-movies-10-1?pageNumber=9 |website=[[Time Out (magazine)|Time Out]] |date=November 3, 2014 |access-date=August 17, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141106152639/http://www.timeout.com/newyork/film/the-100-best-action-movies-10-1?pageNumber=9 |archive-date=November 6, 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
<ref name="BestadventureEsquire">{{cite web|first=Emma |last=Carey |title=The Best Adventure Movies of All Time To Set Off Into the Great Unknown |url=https://www.esquire.com/entertainment/movies/g32779509/best-adventure-movies/ |website=[[Esquire (magazine)|Esquire]] |date=June 6, 2020 |access-date=August 17, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610141412/https://www.esquire.com/entertainment/movies/g32779509/best-adventure-movies/ |archive-date=June 10, 2020 |url-status=live |url-access=limited}}</ref>
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<ref name="IGN4KBluRay">{{cite web|first=Chris |last=Reed |title=Indiana Jones Box Set 4K UHD Blu-Ray Preorders Down to $79.99 |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/indiana-jones-box-set-4k-uhd-blu-ray-is-up-for-preorder |website=[[IGN]] |date=March 16, 2021 |access-date=April 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210319012737/https://www.ign.com/articles/indiana-jones-box-set-4k-uhd-blu-ray-is-up-for-preorder |archive-date=March 19, 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>
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<ref name="IGNCandles">{{cite web |first=Wesley |last=Copeland |title=Raiders of the Lost Ark's Major Toht Gets His Own Candle |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2014/11/20/raiders-of-the-lost-arks-major-toht-gets-his-own-candle |website=[[IGN]] |date=November 20, 2014 |access-date=August 19, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160814224344/http://www.ign.com/articles/2014/11/20/raiders-of-the-lost-arks-major-toht-gets-his-own-candle |archive-date=August 14, 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="IGNBest80s">{{cite web |first=William |last=Bibbiani |title=The 10 Best '80s Action Movies |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2018/07/26/the-10-best-80s-action-movies |website=[[IGN]] |date=July 27, 2018 |access-date=August 19, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210522002001/https://www.ign.com/articles/2018/07/26/the-10-best-80s-action-movies |archive-date=2021-05-22 |url-status=live |dead-url=unfit }}</ref>
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<ref name="IMAXDeadline">{{cite web |title='Raiders Of The Lost Ark' Run Extended |url=https://deadline.com/2012/09/raiders-of-the-lost-ark-run-extended-336429/ |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |date=September 14, 2012 |access-date=August 17, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170621083314/http://deadline.com/2012/09/raiders-of-the-lost-ark-run-extended-336429/ |archive-date=June 21, 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
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<ref name="NYTimesSaturn">{{cite news |title='Raiders' Wins 7 Awards From Fantasy Academy |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1982/07/29/movies/raiders-wins-7-awards-from-fantasy-academy.html |website=[[The New York Times]] |agency=[[United Press International]] |date=July 29, 1982 |access-date=July 31, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411120323/https://www.nytimes.com/1982/07/29/movies/raiders-wins-7-awards-from-fantasy-academy.html |archive-date=April 11, 2021 |url-status=live |url-access=limited }}</ref>
<ref name="NYTimesVideoGame2">{{cite news |first=Andrew |last=Pollack |title=The Game Turns Serious At Atari |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1982/12/19/business/the-game-turns-serious-at-atari.html |website=[[The New York Times]] |date=December 19, 1982 |access-date=July 31, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200518195343/https://www.nytimes.com/1982/12/19/business/the-game-turns-serious-at-atari.html |archive-date=May 18, 2020 |url-status=live |url-access=limited }}</ref>
<ref name="NYTimesFourthHighest">{{cite news |first=Chris |last=Chase |title=At The Movies; Lelouch film runs 3 hours; 6 if you'd like. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1982/06/11/movies/at-the-movies-lelouch-film-runs-3-hours-6-if-you-d-like.html |website=[[The New York Times]] |date=June 11, 1982 |access-date=July 30, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210202072328/https://www.nytimes.com/1982/06/11/movies/at-the-movies-lelouch-film-runs-3-hours-6-if-you-d-like.html |archive-date=February 2, 2021 |url-status=live |url-access=limited }}</ref>
<ref name="NYTimesDGAAward">{{cite news |first=C. Gerald |last=Fraser |title=Beatty Wins Directors Guild Award For His Work On 'Reds' |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1982/03/15/movies/beatty-wins-directors-guild-award-for-his-work-on-reds.html |website=[[The New York Times]] |date=March 15, 1982 |access-date=July 31, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727183157/https://www.nytimes.com/1982/03/15/movies/beatty-wins-directors-guild-award-for-his-work-on-reds.html |archive-date=July 27, 2020 |url-status=live |url-access=limited }}</ref>
<ref name="NYTimesSerials">{{cite news |first=Janet |last=Maslin |author-link=Janet Maslin |title=Spielberg |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1981/06/07/movies/how-old-movie-serials-inspired-lucas-and.html |website=[[The New York Times]] |date=June 7, 1981 |access-date=July 31, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727201750/https://www.nytimes.com/1981/06/07/movies/how-old-movie-serials-inspired-lucas-and.html |archive-date=July 27, 2020 |url-status=live |url-access=limited }}</ref>
<ref name="NYTimesVHSRelease">{{cite news |first=Sandra |last=Salmans |title=Hollywood Gambles On Video |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1983/12/12/business/hollywood-gambles-on-video.html |website=[[The New York Times]] |date=December 12, 1983 |access-date=August 19, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210206093026/https://www.nytimes.com/1983/12/12/business/hollywood-gambles-on-video.html |archive-date=February 6, 2021 |url-status=live |url-access=limited }}</ref>
<ref name="NYTimesVHSRelease2">{{cite news |title='Beverly Hills Cop' To Be a Video Cassette |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/09/13/movies/beverly-hills-cop-to-be-a-video-cassette.html |website=[[The New York Times]] |date=September 13, 1985 |access-date=August 19, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711081103/https://www.nytimes.com/1985/09/13/movies/beverly-hills-cop-to-be-a-video-cassette.html |archive-date=2021-07-11 |url-status=live |url-access=limited |dead-url=unfit }}</ref>
<ref name="NYTimesTempleSuccess">{{cite news |first=Aljean |last=Harmetz |author-link=Aljean Harmetz |title='Indiana Jones' Topping 'Jedi' Box-office Record |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1984/05/30/movies/indiana-jones-topping-jedi-box-office-record.html |website=[[The New York Times]] |date=May 30, 1984 |access-date=August 19, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918201456/https://www.nytimes.com/1984/05/30/movies/indiana-jones-topping-jedi-box-office-record.html |archive-date=September 18, 2020 |url-status=live |url-access=limited }}</ref>
<ref name="NYTimespG13">{{cite news |first=Aljean |last=Harmetz |author-link=Aljean Harmetz |title='Indiana Jones' Stirs Ratings Debate |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1984/05/21/movies/indiana-jones-stirs-ratings-debate.html |website=[[The New York Times]] |date=May 21, 1984 |access-date=August 19, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411120327/https://www.nytimes.com/1984/05/21/movies/indiana-jones-stirs-ratings-debate.html |archive-date=April 11, 2021 |url-status=live |url-access=limited }}</ref>
<ref name="NYTTimesNovelization">{{cite news |first=Aljean |last=Harmetz |author-link=Aljean Harmetz |title=Publishers Turning Cool To The Tie-in Novelization Of Movies |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1981/07/21/movies/publishers-turning-cool-to-the-tie-in-novelization-of-movies.html |website=[[The New York Times]] |date=July 21, 1981 |access-date=August 19, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200811112641/https://www.nytimes.com/1981/07/21/movies/publishers-turning-cool-to-the-tie-in-novelization-of-movies.html |archive-date=August 11, 2020 |url-status=live |url-access=limited }}</ref>
<ref name="NYTimesPrints">{{cite news |first=Aljean |last=Harmetz |author-link=Aljean Harmetz |title=Hollywood's Video Gamble |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1982/03/28/magazine/hollywood-s-video-gamble.html |website=[[The New York Times]] |date=March 28, 1982 |access-date=July 31, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727181047/https://www.nytimes.com/1982/03/28/magazine/hollywood-s-video-gamble.html |archive-date=July 27, 2020 |url-status=live |url-access=limited }}</ref>
<ref name="NYTimesCanbyReview">{{cite news |first=Vincent |last=Canby |author-link=Vincent Canby |title=Raiders of the Lost Ark |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1981/06/12/movies/raiders-of-lost-ark.html |website=[[The New York Times]] |date=June 12, 1981 |access-date=July 31, 2020 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200731151919/https://www.nytimes.com/1981/06/12/movies/raiders-of-lost-ark.html?searchResultPosition=7 |archive-date=July 31, 2020 |url-status=live |url-access=limited }}</ref>
<ref name="NYTimesAgeRating">{{cite news |first=Aljean |last=Harmetz |author-link=Aljean Harmetz |title='Raiders': Too Terrifying To Be PG? |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1981/06/16/movies/raiders-too-terrifying-to-be-pg.html |website=[[The New York Times]] |date=June 16, 1981 |access-date=July 31, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727181938/https://www.nytimes.com/1981/06/16/movies/raiders-too-terrifying-to-be-pg.html |archive-date=July 27, 2020 |url-status=live |url-access=limited }}</ref>
<ref name="NYTimesOscarNom">{{cite news |first=Aljean |last=Harmetz |author-link=Aljean Harmetz |title='Reds' And 'Golden Pond' Top Oscar Nominations |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1982/02/12/movies/reds-and-golden-pond-top-oscar-nominations.html?searchResultPosition=66 |website=[[The New York Times]] |date=February 12, 1982 |access-date=July 31, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727175602/https://www.nytimes.com/1982/02/12/movies/reds-and-golden-pond-top-oscar-nominations.html?searchResultPosition=66 |archive-date=July 27, 2020 |url-status=live |url-access=limited }}</ref>
<ref name="NYTimesPreviews">{{cite news |first=Aljean |last=Harmetz |author-link=Aljean Harmetz |title='Tis Almost The Season To Be Jolly, But Not Out In Hollywood |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1981/11/10/movies/tis-almost-the-season-to-be-jolly-but-not-out-in-hollywood.html |website=[[The New York Times]] |date=November 10, 1981 |access-date=July 30, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727222145/https://www.nytimes.com/1981/11/10/movies/tis-almost-the-season-to-be-jolly-but-not-out-in-hollywood.html |archive-date=July 27, 2020 |url-status=live |url-access=limited }}</ref>
<ref name="NYTimesHomeMedia">{{cite news |first=Aljean |last=Harmetz |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1984/05/07/movies/hollywood-thriving-on-video-cassette-boom.html?searchResultPosition=57 |title=Hollywood Thriving On Video-cassette Boom |date=May 17, 1984 |website=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=July 5, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200705212626/https://www.nytimes.com/1984/05/07/movies/hollywood-thriving-on-video-cassette-boom.html?searchResultPosition=57 |archive-date=July 5, 2020 |url-status=live|url-access=limited}}</ref>
<ref name="NYTimesComics">{{cite news |first=Aljean |last=Harmetz |author-link=Aljean Harmetz |title=New Film-comic Superhero Coming |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1983/03/01/movies/new-film-comic-superhero-coming.html |website=[[The New York Times]] |date=March 1, 1983 |access-date=July 31, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411120317/https://www.nytimes.com/1983/03/01/movies/new-film-comic-superhero-coming.html |archive-date=April 11, 2021 |url-status=live |url-access=limited }}</ref>
<ref name="NYTimesNBOR">{{cite news |title=Film Board Picks 'bests' |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1981/12/17/movies/film-board-picks-bests.html |website=[[The New York Times]] |date=December 17, 1981 |access-date=July 30, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727231005/https://www.nytimes.com/1981/12/17/movies/film-board-picks-bests.html |archive-date=July 27, 2020 |url-status=live |url-access=limited }}</ref>
<ref name="NYTimesValenti">{{cite news |title=Film Box Offices Set 8-Month Record |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1981/10/08/movies/film-box-offices-set-8-month-record.html |website=[[The New York Times]] |date=October 8, 1981 |agency=[[Associated Press]] |access-date=July 30, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727180353/https://www.nytimes.com/1981/10/08/movies/film-box-offices-set-8-month-record.html |archive-date=July 27, 2020 |url-status=live |url-access=limited }}</ref>
<ref name="NYTimesTopTenCanby">{{cite news |first=Vincent |last=Canby |author-link=Vincent Canby |title=Film View; For American Movies, A Minor Renaissance |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1981/12/27/movies/film-view-for-american-movies-a-minor-renaissance.html |website=[[The New York Times]] |date=December 27, 1981 |access-date=July 30, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727181931/https://www.nytimes.com/1981/12/27/movies/film-view-for-american-movies-a-minor-renaissance.html |archive-date=July 27, 2020 |url-status=live |url-access=limited }}</ref>
<ref name="NYTimesPress">{{cite news |first=Aljean |last=Harmetz |author-link=Aljean Harmetz |title=Blake Edwards In Tiff Over 'S.O.B.' |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1981/06/25/movies/blake-edwards-in-tiff-over-sob.html |website=[[The New York Times]] |date=June 25, 1981 |access-date=July 30, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727183148/https://www.nytimes.com/1981/06/25/movies/blake-edwards-in-tiff-over-sob.html |archive-date=July 27, 2020 |url-status=live |url-access=limited }}</ref>
<ref name="NYTimesXmas">{{cite news |first=Aljean |last=Harmetz |author-link=Aljean Harmetz |title=Hollywood Shivers In A Crisis Of Confidence |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1981/12/20/movies/hollywood-shivers-in-a-crisis-of-confidence.html |website=[[The New York Times]] |date=December 20, 1981 |access-date=July 30, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727222817/https://www.nytimes.com/1981/12/20/movies/hollywood-shivers-in-a-crisis-of-confidence.html |archive-date=July 27, 2020 |url-status=live |url-access=limited }}</ref>
<ref name="NYTimesAD">{{cite news |title=The Road To Extradom |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1981/03/22/magazine/the-road-to-extradom.html |website=[[The New York Times]] |date=March 22, 1981 |access-date=July 30, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727232111/https://www.nytimes.com/1981/03/22/magazine/the-road-to-extradom.html |archive-date=July 27, 2020 |url-status=live |url-access=limited }}</ref>
<ref name="NYTimesQueue">{{cite news |first=Janet |last=Maslin |author-link=Janet Maslin |title=Film View; Unreal Heroes For The 80's |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1981/07/19/movies/film-view-unreal-heroes-for-the-80-s.html |website=[[The New York Times]] |date=July 19, 1981 |access-date=July 30, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727193720/https://www.nytimes.com/1981/07/19/movies/film-view-unreal-heroes-for-the-80-s.html |archive-date=July 27, 2020 |url-status=live |url-access=limited }}</ref>
<ref name="NYTimesOneYearLater">{{cite news |first=Aljean |last=Harmetz |author-link=Aljean Harmetz |title='Star Trek II' Sets Mark For Sales At Opening |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1982/06/08/movies/star-trek-ii-sets-mark-for-sales-at-opening.html |website=[[The New York Times]] |date=June 8, 1982 |access-date=July 30, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727190441/https://www.nytimes.com/1982/06/08/movies/star-trek-ii-sets-mark-for-sales-at-opening.html |archive-date=July 27, 2020 |url-status=live |url-access=limited }}</ref>
<ref name="NYTimes1981June30">{{cite news |first=Aljean |last=Harmetz |author-link=Aljean Harmetz |title='Superman' Breaks Record |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1981/06/30/movies/superman-breaks-record.html |website=[[The New York Times]] |date=June 30, 1981 |access-date=July 30, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727181612/https://www.nytimes.com/1981/06/30/movies/superman-breaks-record.html |archive-date=July 27, 2020 |url-status=live |url-access=limited }}</ref>
<ref name="NYTimesLawsuit">{{cite news |first=Aljean |last=Harmetz |author-link=Aljean Harmetz |title=Suit On 'ark' Charges Stealing From A Novel |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1981/07/09/movies/suit-on-ark-charges-stealing-from-a-novel.html |website=[[The New York Times]] |date=July 9, 1981 |access-date=July 30, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727193052/https://www.nytimes.com/1981/07/09/movies/suit-on-ark-charges-stealing-from-a-novel.html |archive-date=July 27, 2020 |url-status=live |url-access=limited }}</ref>
<ref name="NYTimesPrediction">{{cite news |first=Aljean |last=Harmetz |author-link=Aljean Harmetz |title='Superman II' Predicted As Summer's Hit Movie |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1981/05/25/movies/superman-ii-predicted-as-summer-s-hit-movie.html |website=[[The New York Times]] |date=May 25, 1981 |access-date=July 27, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727184418/https://www.nytimes.com/1981/05/25/movies/superman-ii-predicted-as-summer-s-hit-movie.html |archive-date=July 27, 2020 |url-status=live |url-access=limited }}</ref>
<ref name="NYTimesSupermanRelease">{{cite news |first=Pamela G. |last=Hollie |title=Hollywood Strategy For Summer Films |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1981/06/26/business/hollywood-strategy-for-summer-films.html |website=[[The New York Times]] |date=June 26, 1981 |access-date=July 27, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727190310/https://www.nytimes.com/1981/06/26/business/hollywood-strategy-for-summer-films.html |archive-date=July 27, 2020 |url-status=live |url-access=limited }}</ref>
<ref name="NYTimesIndySummerWinner">{{cite news |first=Aljean |last=Harmetz |title=Hollywood Is Joyous Over Its Record Grossing Summer |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1981/09/09/movies/hollywood-is-joyous-over-its-record-grossing-summer.html |website=[[The New York Times]] |date=September 9, 1981 |access-date=July 29, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309063502/https://www.nytimes.com/1981/09/09/movies/hollywood-is-joyous-over-its-record-grossing-summer.html |archive-date=March 9, 2021 |url-status=live |url-access=limited }}</ref>
<ref name="NewYorkerSpitball">{{cite web |first=Patrick |last=Radden Keefe |title=Spitballing Indy |url=https://www.newyorker.com/culture/culture-desk/spitballing-indy |website=[[The New Yorker]] |date=March 25, 2013 |access-date=July 24, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305014928/https://www.newyorker.com/culture/culture-desk/spitballing-indy|archive-date=March 5, 2016 |url-status=live |url-access=limited}}</ref>
<ref name="OldGoodBOMSummary">{{cite web |title=Raiders Of The Lost Ark |url=http://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=raidersofthelostark.htm |publisher=[[Box Office Mojo]] |access-date=August 23, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150122071157/http://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=raidersofthelostark.htm|archive-date=January 22, 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>
<ref name="OldGoodBOMOveralls">{{cite web |title=Raiders Of The Lost Ark|url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?page=releases&id=raidersofthelostark.htm |publisher=[[Box Office Mojo]] |access-date=August 23, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150121124856/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?page=releases&id=raidersofthelostark.htm |archive-date=January 21, 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
<ref name="OldBomWorldwide1981">{{cite web |title=1981 Worldwide Box Office |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/year/world/1981/ |publisher=[[Box Office Mojo]] |access-date=August 23, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200823141929/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/year/world/1981/|archive-date= August 23, 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="Oscars1982">{{cite web |url=http://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1982 |title=The 54th Academy Awards (1982) Nominees and Winners |publisher=[[Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences]] |access-date=October 8, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816140324/http://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1982 |archive-date=August 16, 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="PaulineKaelNYT">{{cite news|date=September 4, 2001 |first=Lawrence |last=Van Gelder |author-link=Lawrence Van Gelder |title=Pauline Kael, Provocative and Widely Imitated New Yorker Film Critic, Dies at 82 |website=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/09/04/movies/pauline-kael-provocative-and-widely-imitated-new-yorker-film-critic-dies-at-82.html |access-date=July 13, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101031014847/http://www.nytimes.com/2001/09/04/movies/pauline-kael-provocative-and-widely-imitated-new-yorker-film-critic-dies-at-82.html |archive-date=October 31, 2010 |url-status=live |url-access=limited}}</ref>
<ref name="PaulineKael">{{cite web |first=Pauline |last=Kael |author-link=Pauline Kael |title=Whipped |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/1981/06/15/whipped |website=[[The New Yorker]]|date=June 15, 1981|access-date=July 13, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140909125832/http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/1981/06/15/whipped |archive-date=September 9, 2014 |url-status=live |url-access=limited}}</ref>
<ref name="PeoplesChoice">{{cite web|title=People's Choice Awards 1982 |url=http://www.peopleschoice.com/pca/awards/nominees/?year=1982 |publisher=[[People's Choice Awards]] |access-date=August 11, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160617180738/http://www.peopleschoice.com/pca/awards/nominees/?year=1982 |archive-date=June 17, 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="PG13">{{cite news |title=PG-13 at 20: How 'Indiana' remade films |url=https://www.today.com/popculture/pg-13-20-how-indiana-remade-films-wbna5798549 |website=[[Today (American TV program)|Today]] |agency=[[Associated Press]] |date=August 23, 2004 |access-date=August 19, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200724135944/https://www.today.com/popculture/pg-13-20-how-indiana-remade-films-wbna5798549 |archive-date=July 24, 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="RaidersPiracy">{{cite news |first=Aljean |last=Harmetz |author-link=Aljean Harmetz |title='Jedi' Prints Stolen For Cassette Piracy, Movie Industry Says |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1983/07/09/movies/jedi-prints-stolen-for-cassette-piracy-movie-industry-says.html?searchResultPosition=7 |website=[[The New York Times]] |date=July 9, 1983 |access-date=August 19, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210523170100/https://www.nytimes.com/1983/07/09/movies/jedi-prints-stolen-for-cassette-piracy-movie-industry-says.html?searchResultPosition=7 |archive-date=2021-05-23 |url-status=live |url-access=limited |dead-url=unfit }}</ref>
<ref name="RaidersVideoGame">{{cite web |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2008/05/20/top-10-indiana-jones-games |title=Top 10 Indiana Jones Games |last=Buchanan |first=Levi |date=May 20, 2008 |website=[[IGN]] |access-date=October 11, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080527203324/http://retro.ign.com/articles/875/875398p1.html |archive-date=May 27, 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="RevEbert">{{cite web |first=Roger |last=Ebert |author-link=Roger Ebert |title=Raiders of the Lost Ark |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/raiders-of-the-lost-ark-1981 |website=[[RogerEbert.com]] |date=January 1, 1981 |access-date=August 4, 2020 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20161215224654/http://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/raiders-of-the-lost-ark-1981 |archive-date=December 15, 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="ReviewTHR">{{cite web |first=Arthur |last=Knight |title='Raiders of the Lost Ark': THR's 1981 Review |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/raiders-lost-ark-review-1981-movie-1011481 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |date=June 5, 1981 |access-date=August 1, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200811063012/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/raiders-lost-ark-review-1981-movie-1011481 |archive-date=August 11, 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="RollingStoneReview">{{cite web|last=Sragow |first=Michael |author-link=Michael Sragow |title=Inside 'Raiders of the Lost Ark' |website=[[Rolling Stone]] |date=1981-06-25 |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/movies/movie-news/inside-raiders-of-the-lost-ark-69261/ |access-date=July 9, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190709010257/https://www.rollingstone.com/movies/movie-news/inside-raiders-of-the-lost-ark-69261/ |archive-date=July 9, 2019 |url-status=live |url-access=limited}}</ref>
<ref name="RottenTomatoes">{{cite web|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/raiders_of_the_lost_ark/|title=Raiders of the Lost Ark|publisher=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331235026/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/raiders_of_the_lost_ark|archive-date=March 31, 2019|access-date=January 26, 2020}}</ref>
<ref name="SequelCollider">{{cite web |first=Vinnie |last=Mancuso |title=The Opening of 'Kingdom of the Crystal Skull' Makes the Perfect Old Man Indiana Jones Movie |url=https://collider.com/indiana-jones-kingdom-of-the-crystal-skull-opening-scene-is-good/ |publisher=[[Collider (website)|Collider]] |date=May 22, 2020 |access-date=August 19, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614185641/https://collider.com/indiana-jones-kingdom-of-the-crystal-skull-opening-scene-is-good/ |archive-date=June 14, 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="SequelYoungIndyComic">{{cite web |title=The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles #8 |url=https://www.darkhorse.com/Comics/92-150/The-Young-Indiana-Jones-Chronicles-8 |publisher=[[Dark Horse Comics]] |access-date=August 17, 2020 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131015114934/http://www.darkhorse.com/Comics/92-150/The-Young-Indiana-Jones-Chronicles-8 |archive-date=October 15, 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="SequelLastCrusadeOral">{{cite web |title=The Making Of Indiana Jones And The Last Crusade |url=https://www.empireonline.com/movies/features/indiana-jones-making-last-crusade/ |website=[[Empire (film magazine)|Empire]] |date=October 8, 2012 |access-date=August 19, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200716141310/https://www.empireonline.com/movies/features/indiana-jones-making-last-crusade/ |archive-date=July 16, 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="SequelLastCrusade">{{cite news |first=Aljean |last=Harmetz |author-link=Aljean Harmetz |title=Indiana Jones Conquers Box-Office Competition |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/05/31/movies/indiana-jones-conquers-box-office-competition.html |website=[[The New York Times]] |date=May 31, 1989 |access-date=August 19, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411120335/https://www.nytimes.com/1989/05/31/movies/indiana-jones-conquers-box-office-competition.html |archive-date=April 11, 2021 |url-status=live |url-access=limited }}</ref>
<ref name="SequelSyFy">{{cite web |first=Will |last=Leitch |title=This Week In Genre History: Indiana Jones And The Kingdom Of The Crystal Skull Nukes The Fridge |url=https://www.syfy.com/syfywire/indiana-jones-and-the-kingdom-of-the-crystal-skull-history |publisher=[[Syfy]] |date=May 20, 2020 |access-date=August 19, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809105939/https://www.syfy.com/syfywire/indiana-jones-and-the-kingdom-of-the-crystal-skull-history |archive-date=August 9, 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="SequelLastCrusade2">{{cite news|first=Aljean |last=Harmetz|author-link=Aljean Harmetz|title=Hollywood Registers A Bonanza For 1989 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/01/04/movies/hollywood-registers-a-bonanza-for-1989.html|website=[[The New York Times]] |date=January 4, 1990 |access-date=August 17, 2020 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200815194646/https://www.nytimes.com/1990/01/04/movies/hollywood-registers-a-bonanza-for-1989.html?searchResultPosition=46 |archive-date=August 15, 2020 |url-status=live |url-access=limited}}</ref>
<ref name="ScreenRantNovelsGames">{{cite web |last=Andersen |first=Andy |title=15 Best Indiana Jones Stories Outside The Movies |url=https://screenrant.com/best-indiana-jones-stories-not-movies-comics-books-tv-show/ |website=[[Screen Rant]] |date=June 6, 2017 |access-date=April 19, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190706192318/https://screenrant.com/best-indiana-jones-stories-not-movies-comics-books-tv-show/ |archive-date=July 6, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="ScreenRantToht">{{cite web |first=Kelso |last=Jacks |url=https://screenrant.com/indiana-jones-raiders-lost-ark-face-melt-no-cgi/ |title=How Raiders of the Lost Ark's Face Melt Was Filmed (Without CGI) |date=March 29, 2020 |website=[[Screen Rant]] |access-date=August 23, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200330130523/https://screenrant.com/indiana-jones-raiders-lost-ark-face-melt-no-cgi/ |archive-date=March 30, 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="SlashPangrazio">{{cite web |first=Peter |last=Sciretta |url=https://www.slashfilm.com/page-2-498/ |title=Page 2: Indiana Jones, Lost, Star Wars, The Campaign, Jason Statham, Robot & Frank, King of Kong, Stan Winston, Jaws, Martin Scorsese, Total Recall, Lord of the Rings, Jurassic Park|date=August 17, 2012 |website=[[/Film]] |access-date=April 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129074114/https://www.slashfilm.com/page-2-498/ |archive-date=November 29, 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="SyFyMarcia">{{cite web |url=http://www.syfy.co.uk/news/3-ways-which-marcia-lucas-helped-save-star-wars-0 |title=3 ways in which Marcia Lucas helped save Star Wars |year=2017 |publisher=[[Syfy (British and Irish TV channel)|Syfy UK]] |access-date=October 28, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170526072937/https://www.syfy.co.uk/news/3-ways-which-marcia-lucas-helped-save-star-wars-0 |archive-date=May 26, 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="SyfyArk">{{cite web |first=Benjamin |last=Bullard |url=https://www.syfy.com/syfywire/indiana-jones-lost-ark-found-antiques-roadshow |title=Indiana Jones' Lost Ark Found Again...On Antiques Roadshow |date=February 25, 2020 |publisher=[[Syfy]] |access-date=August 1, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805055244/https://www.syfy.com/syfywire/indiana-jones-lost-ark-found-antiques-roadshow |archive-date=August 5, 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="TelegraphRetro">{{cite web |first=Tim |last=Robey |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/films/0/indiana-joness-cheeky-thrilling-raiders-lost-ark-heist-made/ |title=How Indiana Jones's cheeky, thrilling Raiders of the Lost Ark heist made movie history|date=April 3, 2020 |website=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |access-date=August 1, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200405064501/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/films/0/indiana-joness-cheeky-thrilling-raiders-lost-ark-heist-made/ |archive-date=April 5, 2020 |url-status=live |url-access=limited}}</ref>
<ref name="TelegraphIndy">{{cite web |first=Nina |last=Metz |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/movies/ct-chicago-closeup-indiana-jones-20141106-column.html|title=What Indiana Jones Gets Wrong (And Right) About Archaeology |date=November 5, 2014 |website=[[Chicago Tribune]] |access-date=April 12, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210130101457/https://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/movies/ct-chicago-closeup-indiana-jones-20141106-column.html |archive-date=January 30, 2021 |url-status=live |url-access=limited}}</ref>
<ref name="ThemparkPolygon">{{cite web |first=Petrana |last= Radulovic |url=https://www.polygon.com/2020/3/5/21165208/the-great-movie-ride-walt-disney-world-hollywood-studios-ride-through-replaced |title=The Great Movie Ride was the first time I experienced 'Disney magic' |date=March 5, 2020 |website=[[Polygon (website)|Polygon]] |access-date=August 22, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807080055/https://www.polygon.com/2020/3/5/21165208/the-great-movie-ride-walt-disney-world-hollywood-studios-ride-through-replaced |archive-date=August 7, 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="ThemeParkSlashFilm">{{cite web |first=Ben |last=Pearson |url=https://www.slashfilm.com/indiana-jones-epic-stunt-spectacular/ |title=Indiana Jones Epic Stunt Spectacular to Undergo Renovation, Should Be Updated In Time For 'Indiana Jones 5' |date=March 15, 2019 |website=[[/Film]] |access-date=August 22, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190707035342/https://www.slashfilm.com/indiana-jones-epic-stunt-spectacular/ |archive-date=July 7, 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="TheNumbersSummary">{{cite web |title=Raiders of the Lost Ark (1981) |url=https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Raiders-of-the-Lost-Ark#tab=summary |publisher=[[The Numbers (website)|The Numbers]] |access-date=July 28, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200820001553/https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Raiders-of-the-Lost-Ark#tab=summary |archive-date=August 20, 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="TheNumbersBOSummary">{{cite web |title=Raiders of the Lost Ark (1981) |url=https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Raiders-of-the-Lost-Ark#tab=box-office |publisher=[[The Numbers (website)|The Numbers]] |access-date=July 28, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200820001553/https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Raiders-of-the-Lost-Ark#tab=box-office |archive-date=August 20, 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="TheNumbers1981June12">{{cite web |title=Weekend Domestic Chart for June 12, 1981 |url=https://www.the-numbers.com/box-office-chart/weekend/1981/06/12 |publisher=[[The Numbers (website)|The Numbers]] |access-date=July 28, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191106163940/https://www.the-numbers.com/box-office-chart/weekend/1981/06/12 |archive-date=November 6, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="TheNumbers1981June19">{{cite web |title=Weekend Domestic Chart for June 19, 1981 |url=https://www.the-numbers.com/box-office-chart/weekend/1981/06/19 |publisher=[[The Numbers (website)|The Numbers]] |access-date=July 29, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121213556/https://www.the-numbers.com/box-office-chart/weekend/1981/06/19 |archive-date=January 21, 2021 |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="TheNumbers1981June26">{{cite web |title=Weekend Domestic Chart for June 26, 1981 |url=https://www.the-numbers.com/box-office-chart/weekend/1981/06/26 |publisher=[[The Numbers (website)|The Numbers]] |access-date=July 29, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129115254/https://www.the-numbers.com/box-office-chart/weekend/1981/06/26 |archive-date=November 29, 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="TheNumbers1981July3">{{cite web |title=Weekend Domestic Chart for July 3, 1981 |url=https://www.the-numbers.com/box-office-chart/weekend/1981/07/03 |publisher=[[The Numbers (website)|The Numbers]] |access-date=July 29, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190809224607/https://www.the-numbers.com/box-office-chart/weekend/1981/07/03 |archive-date=August 9, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="TheNumbers1981July17">{{cite web |title=Weekend Domestic Chart for July 17, 1981 |url=https://www.the-numbers.com/box-office-chart/weekend/1981/07/17 |publisher=[[The Numbers (website)|The Numbers]] |access-date=July 29, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210217144642/https://www.the-numbers.com/box-office-chart/weekend/1981/07/17 |archive-date=February 17, 2021 |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="TheNumbers1981Overall">{{cite web |title=Top 1981 Movies at the Domestic Box Office |url=https://www.the-numbers.com/box-office-records/domestic/all-movies/cumulative/released-in-1981 |publisher=[[The Numbers (website)|The Numbers]] |access-date=July 29, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309155903/https://www.the-numbers.com/box-office-records/domestic/all-movies/cumulative/released-in-1981 |archive-date=March 9, 2021 |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="TheNumbers1981Worldwide">{{cite web |title=Top 1981 Movies at the Worldwide Box Office |url=https://www.the-numbers.com/box-office-records/worldwide/all-movies/cumulative/released-in-1981 |publisher=[[The Numbers (website)|The Numbers]] |access-date=July 29, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200506075934/https://www.the-numbers.com/box-office-records/worldwide/all-movies/cumulative/released-in-1981 |archive-date=May 6, 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="TheNumbersLeggiest">{{cite web |title=Leggiest Movies |url=https://www.the-numbers.com/box-office-records/domestic/all-movies/legs/leggiest |publisher=[[The Numbers (website)|The Numbers]] |access-date=July 29, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604154708/https://www.the-numbers.com/box-office-records/domestic/all-movies/legs/leggiest |archive-date=June 4, 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="TheNumbers1981OutsideNA">{{cite web |title=Top 1981 Movies at the International Box Office |url=https://www.the-numbers.com/box-office-records/international/all-movies/cumulative/released-in-1981 |publisher=[[The Numbers (website)|The Numbers]] |access-date=July 29, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191222023819/https://www.the-numbers.com/box-office-records/international/all-movies/cumulative/released-in-1981 |archive-date=December 22, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="THRJun14">{{cite web| title=Hollywood's 100 Favorite Films | url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lists/100-best-films-ever-hollywood-favorites-818512/item/amelie-hollywoods-100-favorite-films-818437 | date=June 25, 2014 | website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]| access-date=July 5, 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190705214119/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lists/100-best-films-ever-hollywood-favorites-818512/item/ghostbusters-hollywoods-100-favorite-films-818454 |archive-date=July 5, 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="TheRinger">{{cite web |last=Jake |first=Kring-Schreifels |title=How Indiana Jones's Fedora Became an Artifact With a Life of Its Own |url=https://www.theringer.com/movies/2020/6/11/21286505/indiana-jones-hat-fedora-history-raiders-of-the-lost-ark |publisher=[[The Ringer (website)|The Ringer]] |date=June 11, 2020 |access-date=August 1, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200623222204/https://www.theringer.com/movies/2020/6/11/21286505/indiana-jones-hat-fedora-history-raiders-of-the-lost-ark |archive-date=June 23, 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="THRBluRay2012">{{cite web |first=Borys |last=Kit |title='Raiders of the Lost Ark' to Get Imax Rerelease |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/raiders-lost-ark-imax-361878 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |date=August 14, 2012 |access-date=August 17, 2020 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20160428124258/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/raiders-lost-ark-imax-361878 |archive-date=April 28, 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="THRCharacters">{{cite web|first=Adam |last=Yuster |title=The Stars Of 'Indiana Jones And The Last Crusade': Where Are They Now? |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lists/indiana-jones-last-crusade-cast-now-harrison-ford-more-1167704 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |date=May 24, 2019 |access-date=April 12, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190605130856/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lists/indiana-jones-last-crusade-cast-now-harrison-ford-more-1167704 |archive-date=June 5, 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="TimeOutBest">{{cite web |first1=Joshua |last1=Rothkopf |first2=Phil |last2=de Semlyen |title=The 100 best movies of all time |url=https://www.timeout.com/newyork/movies/best-movies-of-all-time |website=[[Time Out (magazine)|Time Out]] |date=June 24, 2020 |access-date=August 19, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190606054932/https://www.timeout.com/newyork/movies/best-movies-of-all-time |archive-date=June 6, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="timeSlambangPage1">{{cite web |last=Schickel |first=Richard |author-link=Richard Schickel |title=Cinema: Slam! Bang! A Movie Movie (Page 1) |url=http://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,949205-1,00.html |website=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|access-date=July 23, 2020 |date=June 15, 1981 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200720234709/http://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,949205-1,00.html |archive-date=July 20, 2020 |url-status=dead |url-access=limited}}</ref>
<ref name="timeSlambangPage2">{{cite web |last=Schickel |first=Richard |author-link=Richard Schickel |title=Cinema: Slam! Bang! A Movie Movie (Page2) |url=http://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,949205-2,00.html |website=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|access-date=July 23, 2020 |date=June 15, 1981 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200720232230/http://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,949205-2,00.html |archive-date=July 20, 2020 |url-status=dead |url-access=limited}}</ref>
<ref name="timeSlambangPage3">{{cite web |last=Schickel |first=Richard |author-link=Richard Schickel |title=Cinema: Slam! Bang! A Movie Movie (Page 3) |url=http://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,949205-3,00.html |website=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|access-date=July 23, 2020 |date=June 15, 1981 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200721002342/http://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,949205-3,00.html |archive-date=July 21, 2020 |url-status=dead |url-access=limited }}</ref>
<ref name="timeSlambangPage4">{{cite web |last=Schickel |first=Richard |author-link=Richard Schickel |title=Cinema: Slam! Bang! A Movie Movie (Page 4) |url=http://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,949205-4,00.html |website=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|access-date=July 23, 2020 |date=June 15, 1981 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200720234705/http://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,949205-4,00.html |archive-date=July 20, 2020 |url-status=dead |url-access=limited}}</ref>
<ref name="timeSlambangPage5">{{cite web |last=Schickel |first=Richard |author-link=Richard Schickel |title=Cinema: Slam! Bang! A Movie Movie (Page 5) |url=http://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,949205-5,00.html |website=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |access-date=July 23, 2020 |date=June 15, 1981 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200720231422/http://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,949205-5,00.html |archive-date=July 20, 2020 |url-status=dead |url-access=limited}}</ref>
<ref name="TravelPulseLocations">{{cite web|first=Michlle Ray |last=Uy |title=Indiana Jones Filming Locations to Satisfy Your Wanderlust |url=https://www.travelpulse.com/news/destinations/indiana-jones-filming-locations-to-satisfy-your-wanderlust.html |publisher=[[Northstar Travel Group|TravelPulse]] |date=February 25, 2017 |access-date=July 24, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170815081648/https://www.travelpulse.com/news/destinations/indiana-jones-filming-locations-to-satisfy-your-wanderlust.html |archive-date=August 15, 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="UproxxLocations">{{cite web|first=Christian |last=Long |title=Visit These 'Raiders Of The Lost Ark' Travel Locations This Summer |url=https://uproxx.com/life/indiana-jones-raiders-travel-locations/ |publisher=[[Uproxx]] |date=June 12, 2016 |access-date=July 24, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191008104755/https://uproxx.com/life/indiana-jones-raiders-travel-locations/ |archive-date=October 8, 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="VanityFairSpielberg">{{cite web|url=https://www.vanityfair.com/culture/features/2008/02/spielberg_qanda200802?currentPage=4 |first=Jim |last=Windolf |title=Q&A: Steven Spielberg |website=[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]] |date=December 2, 2007 |access-date=December 2, 2007 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/65YzRhF7S?url=http://www.vanityfair.com/culture/features/2008/02/spielberg_qanda200802?currentPage=4 |archive-date=February 19, 2012 |url-status=live |url-access=limited}}</ref>
<ref name="VanityFairAdaptation">{{cite web |url=https://www.vanityfair.com/culture/features/2004/03/raiders200403 |title=Raiders of the Lost Backyard |first=Jim |last=Windolf |website=[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]] |access-date=April 23, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090509072638/http://www.vanityfair.com/culture/features/2004/03/raiders200403 |archive-date=May 9, 2009 |url-status=live |url-access=limited}}</ref>
<ref name="VanityFairToht">{{cite web |first=Dennis |last=Muren |author-link=Dennis Muren |url=https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/photos/2010/11/industrial-light-and-magic-201011 |title=Behind-the-Scenes Photos of ILM's Greats: Jurassic Park, Raiders of the Lost Ark, E.T., and Beyond |website=[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]] |date=September 22, 2014 |access-date=July 27, 2020 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/65YzRhF7S?url=http://archive.is/wip/I4kW7 |archive-date=July 27, 2020 |url-status=live |url-access=limited}}</ref>
<ref name="VarietyReview">{{cite web|first=Stephen |last=Klain |title=Raiders of the Lost Ark |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |date=June 5, 1981 |url=https://variety.com/1981/film/reviews/raiders-of-the-lost-ark-1200425049/ | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110216204935/http://www.variety.com/review/VE1117794297/ | archive-date = February 16, 2011 |access-date=June 4, 2007 | url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="VICETOD">{{cite web|first=James |last=Charisma |title='Indiana Jones' Has Aged Terribly|website=[[Vice (magazine)|Vice]] |date=June 19, 2020 |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/j5wnay/indiana-jones-has-aged-terribly | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120003222/https://www.vice.com/en/article/j5wnay/indiana-jones-has-aged-terribly | archive-date =January 20, 2021 |access-date=April 14, 2021 | url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="VideoGameLego">{{cite web |url=https://www.trustedreviews.com/reviews/lego-indiana-jones-the-original-adventures |title=Lego Indiana Jones: The Original Adventures |date=February 5, 2011 |website=[[Trusted Reviews]] |access-date=August 14, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807101218/https://www.trustedreviews.com/reviews/lego-indiana-jones-the-original-adventures |archive-date=August 7, 2020|url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="Vishi">{{cite web|first=Vashi |last= Nedomansky|title=Raiders of the Lost Ark – Matte Painting |url=https://vashivisuals.com/raiders-lost-ark-warehouse-matte-painting/ |date=May 6, 2014 |publisher=Vishi Visuals |access-date=April 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210205010955/https://vashivisuals.com/raiders-lost-ark-warehouse-matte-painting/ |archive-date=February 5, 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="WAPOAllen">{{cite web |first=Christian |last=Williams |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1981/07/20/the-lady-of-the-lost-ark/fed74cbb-4a29-4cb8-880a-04448d0a9add/ |title=The Lady of The Lost Ark |website=[[The Washington Post]] |date=July 20, 1981 |access-date=August 1, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170827145110/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1981/07/20/the-lady-of-the-lost-ark/fed74cbb-4a29-4cb8-880a-04448d0a9add/ |archive-date=August 27, 2017 |url-status=live |url-access=limited }}</ref>
<ref name="WAPOInspirations">{{cite web |first=Jen |last=Chaney |title=The Spawn of Indy |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/artsandliving/movies/features/2008/indiana-jones/index.html |website=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=August 19, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190925215157/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/artsandliving/movies/features/2008/indiana-jones/index.html |archive-date=September 25, 2019 |url-status=live |url-access=limited }}</ref>
<ref name="WeinraubNYT">{{cite news|author-link=Bernard Weinraub |first=Bernard |last=Weinraub |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/07/22/movies/movies-for-children-and-their-parents-are-far-from-pollyanna.html |title=Movies for Children, and Their Parents, Are Far From 'Pollyanna' |date=July 22, 1997 |website=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=July 13, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107081050/http://www.nytimes.com/1997/07/22/movies/movies-for-children-and-their-parents-are-far-from-pollyanna.html |archive-date=November 7, 2012 |url-status=live |url-access=limited}}</ref>
<ref name="WGAGreatest1">{{cite web|title=101 Greatest Screenplays |url=https://www.wga.org/writers-room/101-best-lists/101-greatest-screenplays |publisher=[[Writers Guild of America West]] |date=2005 |access-date=May 2, 2020 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200502131453/https://www.wga.org/writers-room/101-best-lists/101-greatest-screenplays|archive-date=May 2, 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="WGAGreatest2">{{cite web|title=101 Greatest Screenplays |url=https://www.wga.org/writers-room/101-best-lists/101-greatest-screenplays/list |publisher=[[Writers Guild of America West]] |date=2005 |access-date=May 2, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191130130322/https://www.wga.org/writers-room/101-best-lists/101-greatest-screenplays/list |archive-date=November 30, 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>
}}
== Kutipan karya ==
*{{cite journal| first=Jennifer |last=Barker |title="A Hero Will Rise": The Myth of the Fascist Man in Fight Club and Gladiator |journal=Literature/Film Quarterly |publisher=[[Salisbury University]] |volume=36|issue=3 | date= 2008 |location=[[Salisbury, Maryland]] |url=https://search.proquest.com/docview/226986979 |access-date=April 10, 2021}}
*{{cite journal| first=Richmond |last=Crinkley |title=The Ark Of The Cinemate |journal=[[Film Comment]] |publisher=[[Film at Lincoln Center]] |volume=21|issue=4 | date=July–August 1985 |location=New York City|url=https://search.proquest.com/docview/210241430 |access-date=April 9, 2021}}
*{{cite journal| first=Elizabeth |last=Hirschman |title=Legends In Our Own Time: How Motion Pictures And Television Shows Fulfill The Functions Of Myth |journal=[[The American Journal of Semiotics]] |publisher=[[Philosophy Documentation Center]] |volume=17|issue=3 |pages=7-9,12-46 | date=Fall 2001 |location=[[Charlottesville, Virginia]]|doi=10.5840/ajs200117329 |url=https://search.proquest.com/docview/213749767 |access-date=April 9, 2021}}
*{{cite journal| first=Latham|last=Hunter |title=The Celluloid Cubicle: Regressive Constructions of Masculinity in 1990s Office Movies |journal=The Journal of American Culture |publisher=[[Wiley-Blackwell]] |volume=26|issue=1 |pages=71–86| date=March 2003 |location=[[Hoboken, New Jersey]]|doi=10.1111/1542-734X.00075 |url=https://search.proquest.com/docview/200624872 |access-date=April 9, 2021}}
*{{cite journal| first=Kevin |last=McGeough |title=Heroes, Mummies, and Treasure: Near Eastern Archaeology in the Movies |journal=[[Near Eastern Archaeology (journal)|Near Eastern Archaeology]] |publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]] |volume=68 |issue=3/4|pages=174–185 | date= September–December 2006 |location=Chicago, Illinois |doi=10.1086/NEA25067670 |s2cid=166381712 |url=https://search.proquest.com/docview/221537348 |access-date=April 10, 2021}}
*{{cite book |last=Prorokova |first=Tatiana |date=April 3, 2020 |title=Excavating Indiana Jones: Essays on the Films and Franchise |chapter=Translocations, Cultural Geography and Anthropological Imperialism in Raiders of the Lost Ark | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lOnaDwAAQBAJ |location=[[Jefferson, North Carolina]] |publisher=[[McFarland & Company]] |isbn= 9781476639727}}
*{{cite book|last=Schneider|first=Steven Jay|title=[[1001 Movies You Must See Before You Die]]|date=2013|chapter=1980s|publisher=[[Murdoch Books]] Pty Limited|location=Boston, Massachusetts | isbn=978-0-7641-6613-6 }}
*{{cite journal| first=Matt |last=Yockey |title=Somewhere in Time: Utopia and the Return of Superman |journal=[[The Velvet Light Trap]] |publisher=[[University of Texas Press]] |issue=61|pages=26–37| date= Spring 2008 |volume=61 |location=[[Austin, Texas]] |doi=10.1353/vlt.2008.0007 |s2cid=190119420 |url=https://search.proquest.com/docview/222840506 |access-date=April 10, 2021}}
== Bacaan lebih lanjut ==
* {{cite book |last=Black |first=Campbell |title=Raiders of the Lost Ark |date=September 1987 |publisher=[[Ballantine Books]] |isbn=0-345-35375-7}}
* {{cite book |last=Kasdan |first=Lawrence |author-link=Lawrence Kasdan |title=Raiders of the Lost Ark: The Illustrated Screenplay |url=https://archive.org/details/raidersoflostark00blac |year=1981 |publisher=[[Ballantine Books]] |isbn=0-345-30327-X}}
* {{cite book |last=Taylor |first=Derek |author-link=Derek Taylor |title=The Making of Raiders of the Lost Ark |url=https://archive.org/details/makingofraiderso0000tayl |date=August 1981 |publisher=Ballantine Books |isbn=0-345-29725-3}}
== Pranala luar ==
* {{resmi|http://lucasfilm.com/indiana-jones-and-the-raiders-of-the-lost-ark|''Raiders of the Lost Ark''}} di {{URL|http://lucasfilm.com/|Lucasfilm.com}}
* {{IMDb title|0082971|Raiders of the Lost Ark}}
* {{AllMovie title}}
* {{isfdb title|id=1441597|title=Raiders of the Lost Ark}}
* {{tcmdb title|22087|Raiders of the Lost Ark}}
[[Kategori:Film Amerika Serikat tahun 1981]]
[[Kategori:Film yang disutradarai Steven Spielberg]]
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