Genderqueer: Perbedaan antara revisi
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{{Templat sisi transgender}}
[[Berkas:170526-N-EO381-052 Miley Cyrus on Today show.jpg|jmpl|[[Miley Cyrus]] adalah seorang penyanyi dan aktris yang mengidentifikasi dirinya gender fluid.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop-shop/6598191/miley-cyrus-gender-fluid-nothing-to-do-with-any-parts|title=Miley Cyrus Says She's Gender Fluid: 'It Has Nothing To Do With Any Parts of Me' |publisher=Billboard |accessdate=2015-09-05}}</ref>]]
'''Genderqueer''' ('''GQ'''), atau disebut juga '''nonbiner''' ('''NB'''), adalah kategori dari seluruh [[identitas gender|identitas-identitas gender]] yang tidak secara eksklusif atau khusus [[maskulin]] atau [[feminin]] saja—identitas yang berada di luar dari [[gender biner]] dan [[Cisgender|normativitas cis]].<ref>{{cite book |title=North American Lexicon of Transgender Terms |editor-last=Usher |editor-first=R. |year=2006 |publisher=GLB Publishers |isbn= 978-1-879194-62-5|oclc=184841392}}</ref> Orang genderqueer dapat menunjukkan ekspresi maskulinitas, feminitas, keduanya, atau tidak sama sekali di dalam [[variasi gender|ekspresi gender]] mereka.▼
[[Berkas:Anjali gopalan.jpg|jmpl|[[Anjali Gopalan]] dan [[Gopi Shankar Madurai]] di Parade Pride Genderqueer pertama di Asia di [[Madurai]], [[India]] dengan membawa bendera genderqueer.<ref name="merinews">{{cite web|url=http://www.merinews.com/article/worldwide-gay-rights-as-a-social-movement-picks-up/15914647.shtml|publisher=merinews.com|title=Worldwide gay rights as a social movement picks up|accessdate=2017-05-12|archive-date=2017-08-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802091818/http://www.merinews.com/article/worldwide-gay-rights-as-a-social-movement-picks-up/15914647.shtml|dead-url=yes}}</ref>]]
▲'''Genderqueer''' ('''GQ'''), atau disebut juga '''nonbiner''' ('''NB'''), adalah kategori dari seluruh [[identitas gender|identitas-identitas gender]] yang tidak secara eksklusif atau khusus [[maskulin]] atau [[feminin]]
Istilah ''[[androgini]]'' juga
Beberapa orang genderqueer<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nlgja.org/resources/stylebook_english.html#T |title=Transgender (adj.) |work=Stylebook Supplement on LGBT Terminology |publisher=[[National Lesbian and Gay Journalists Association]] |accessdate=2011-05-25|deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110408181824/http://www.nlgja.org/resources/stylebook_english.html |archivedate=2011-04-08}}</ref><ref name="glaad_transgender">{{cite web |url=http://www.glaad.org/reference/transgender |title=Transgender Glossary of Terms |work=GLAAD Media Reference Guide |publisher=[[Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation]] |accessdate=2011-05-25 |archive-date=2012-05-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120530061657/http://www.glaad.org/reference/transgender |dead-url=no }}</ref> menjalani penanganan medis untuk mengatasi [[disforia gender]] mereka dengan operasi dan/atau terapi hormon seperti [[pria trans|pria]] dan [[wanita trans]]. [[Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia]] (WHO) menyatakan bahwa [[perbedaan seks dan gender|seks/jenis kelamin dan gender]] merupakan hal yang berbeda.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs403/en/|title=WHO <nowiki>|</nowiki> Gender|publisher=[[Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia]]|accessdate=2017-10-05|archive-date=2018-04-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418110540/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs403/en/|dead-url=no}}</ref> Identitas gender berada secara terpisah dari [[orientasi seksual]] maupun [[orientasi romantis]] seseorang.<ref name="glaad_transgender" /> Orang genderqueer juga memiliki berbagai macam orientasi seksual seperti orang [[transgender]] dan [[cisgender]] pada umumnya.<ref name="Stryker2008">{{cite book |title=Transgender History |url=https://archive.org/details/transgenderhisto0000stry_o1w1 |last=Stryker |first=S. |authorlink=Susan Stryker |year=2008 |publisher=Seal Press |location=Berkeley |isbn=978-1-58005-224-5 |oclc=183914566 }}</ref>
== Definisi dan identitas ==
Istilah ''genderqueer'', selain digunakan sebagai [[kata umum|istilah umum]], juga digunakan untuk menyebut orang-orang yang mendobrak batasan-batasan gender tanpa memandang identitas gender dari orang-orang tersebut. Istilah ini juga digunakan untuk menyebut orang-orang ''[[queer]]''. Orang-orang genderqueer mengekspresikan gender mereka secara nontradisional dengan tidak terpaku terhadap gender
Istilah genderqueer juga digunakan untuk menyebut ambiguitas gender.<ref>{{cite book |title=Transgender Voices: Beyond Women and Men |url=https://archive.org/details/transgendervoice0000girs |last=Girshick |first=L. B. |year=2008 |publisher=University Press of New England |location=[[Hanover, New Hampshire|Hanover]] |isbn=978-1-58465-645-6 |oclc=183162406}}</ref> Beberapa sumber literatur menggunakan istilah ''[[transgender]]'' secara luas hingga mencakup orang genderqueer/nonbiner.<ref name="Schorn2014">{{cite web|first1=J.|last1=Schorn|title=Taking the "Sex" out of Transsexual: Representations of Trans Identities in Popular Media|url=http://www.inter-disciplinary.net/critical-issues/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/schornglpaper.pdf|website=Inter-Disciplinary.Net|publisher=Universität zu Köln|accessdate=2014-10-23|page=1|format=PDF|quote=The term transgender is an umbrella term "and generally refers to any and all kinds of variation from gender norms and expectations" (Stryker 19). Most often, the term transgender is used for someone who feels that the sex assigned to them at birth does not reflect their own gender identity. They may identify as the gender ‘opposite’ to their assigned gender, or they may feel that their gender identity is fluid, or they may reject all gender categorizations and identify as agender or genderqueer.|archive-date=2014-10-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141025012342/http://www.inter-disciplinary.net/critical-issues/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/schornglpaper.pdf|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref name="Vargo2011">{{cite journal|first1=M. E.
Seseorang yang '''''genderfluid''''' (atau ''gender fluid'' [dengan spasi]) menghendaki untuk tetap fleksibel soal identitas gender mereka ketimbang berkomitmen pada satu gender tunggal.<ref name=Cronn-Mills>{{cite book|first1=K. |last1=Cronn-Mills|title=Transgender Lives: Complex Stories, Complex Voices|year=2014|publisher=Twenty-First Century Books|isbn=978-1-4677-4796-7|page=24|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=dOUSBAAAQBAJ}}</ref> Orang genderfluid dapat beralih-alih di antara gender-gender atau mengekspresikan beberapa gender sekaligus pada waktu yang sama.<ref name=Cronn-Mills /><ref name=McGuire2015>{{cite news|last1=McGuire|first1=P.|title=Beyond the binary: what does it mean to be genderfluid?|url=http://www.irishtimes.com/life-and-style/people/beyond-the-binary-what-does-it-mean-to-be-genderfluid-1.2418434|accessdate=2015-12-01|publisher=The Irish Times|date=2015-11-09|archive-date=2015-11-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151122121336/http://www.irishtimes.com/life-and-style/people/beyond-the-binary-what-does-it-mean-to-be-genderfluid-1.2418434|dead-url=no}}</ref> Sementara itu, orang '''pangender''' adalah orang yang memiliki [[identitas gender]] yang mencakup seluruh identitas gender. Orang pangender dapat mengalami identifikasi tersebut pada waktu yang sama maupun secara fluid.<ref name="Tharp2015">{{cite web |title=Gender Spectrum Theory |last=Tharp |first=A. N. |year=2015 |url=https://www.newhaven.edu/_resources/documents/academics/surf/past-projects/2015/angela-tharp-paper.pdf |accessdate=2017-10-09 |archive-date=2021-09-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210921220254/https://www.newhaven.edu/_resources/documents/academics/surf/past-projects/2015/angela-tharp-paper.pdf |dead-url=no }}</ref>
Seseorang yang '''agender''' (tanpa gender), disebut pula tak bergender, bebas gender, atau nongender,<ref>{{cite web|title=LGBTQ Needs Assessment |url=http://encompassnetwork.org.uk/uploads/LGBTQ-Needs-Assesmentabsolutelyfinal.pdf |publisher=Encompass Network |accessdate=2014-10-18 |pages=52–53 |format=PDF |date=April 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024234412/http://encompassnetwork.org.uk/uploads/LGBTQ-Needs-Assesmentabsolutelyfinal.pdf |archivedate=2014-10-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Gender alphabet|url=
== Netralitas gender ==
{{Main|Netralitas gender}}
Netralitas gender adalah sebuah gerakan untuk menghentikan segala diskriminasi berdasarkan gender dalam masyarakat melalui [[bahasa netral gender]], penghentian [[pemisahan jenis kelamin]], dan sebagainya.<!--
== Kata ganti dan gelar == Bagian ini harus dicari sumbernya yang mengurusi masalah tsb dalam bahasa Indonesia seperti bagaimana menyebut orang nonbiner untuk sapaan "Bapak/Ibu" misalya. [[Pengguna:Sersan Mayor Kururu]] 2017-10-07 UTC
-->
== Pengakuan hukum ==
{{main|Pengakuan hukum terhadap gender nonbiner}}
Hukum di beberapa negara telah mengakui klasifikasi gender nonbiner atau [[gender ketiga]]. Sementara itu, beberapa kebudayaan dunia telah secara tradisional memiliki konsep gender ketiga meskipun hal itu tidak serta merta diiringi adanya pengakuan dalam hukum.<ref name=BBC-20091223>{{cite news|title=Pakistani eunuchs to have distinct gender|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8428819.stm|date=2009-12-23|publisher=BBC News|accessdate=2009-12-23|archive-date=2020-05-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200518094705/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8428819.stm|dead-url=no}}</ref> Negara seperti [[Australia]] misalnya, telah memfasilitasi warganya untuk mengisi kolom gender selain dari laki-laki atau perempuan. [[Alex MacFarlane]] menjadi warga Australia pertama yang memanfaatkan layanan tersebut pada tahun 2003.<ref name="asa">{{cite journal | url = http://www.asanet.org/sectionsex/documents/SUMMER03sexnews.pdf | title = Newsletter of the Sociology of Sexualities Section of the American Sociological Association | journal = [[American Sociological Association]] Sexualities News | volume = 6 | issue = 1 | date = 2003 | access-date = 2017-10-07 | archive-date = 2016-03-04 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304054219/http://www.asanet.org/sectionsex/documents/SUMMER03sexnews.pdf | dead-url = no }}</ref> Negara Bagian [[California]], Amerika Serikat pada bulan Oktober 2017 mengesahkan peraturan negara bagian yang mengikutsertakan opsi nonbiner selain laki-laki dan perempuan untuk diisikan pada dokumen resmi penduduk. Peraturan tersebut akan mulai diterapkan tahun 2019.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://ktla.com/2017/10/16/gov-brown-signs-into-law-nonbinary-gender-option-for-california-drivers-licenses-birth-certificates/ |title=Gov. Brown Signs Into Law ‘Nonbinary’ Gender Option for California Driver’s Licenses, Birth Certificates |publisher=KTLA |date=2017-10-16 |accessdate=2017-10-18 |archive-date=2018-02-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180215201003/http://ktla.com/2017/10/16/gov-brown-signs-into-law-nonbinary-gender-option-for-california-drivers-licenses-birth-certificates/ |dead-url=no }}</ref>
== Diskriminasi ==
{{Main|Diskriminasi terhadap orang nonbiner}}
National Transgender Discrimination Survey yang dilakukan di Amerika Serikat pada tahun 2008 menyebutkan bahwa mayoritas responden memilih opsi ''A gender not listed here'' ("Sebuah gender tidak tertera di sini"). Responden yang memilih opsi tersebut lebih cenderung menghindari pelayanan medis karena takut terhadap diskriminasi. 90 persen responden melaporkan pernah mengalami diskriminasi antitransgender dii tempat kerja sementara 43 persen melaporkan pernah mencoba untuk bunuh diri.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.thetaskforce.org/static_html/downloads/reports/reports/gender_not_listed_here.pdf|title=A Gender Not Listed Here: Genderqueers, Gender Rebels, and OtherWise in the National Transgender Discrimination Survey|last1=Harrison|first1=J.|last2=Grant|first2=J.|last3=Herman|first3=J. L.|journal=LGBTQ Policy Journal at the Harvard Kennedy School|volume=2|date=2011-2012|access-date=2017-10-07|archive-date=2017-09-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903224414/http://www.thetaskforce.org/static_html/downloads/reports/reports/gender_not_listed_here.pdf|dead-url=yes}}</ref>
== Simbol ==
{{Main article|Simbol LGBT}}
Sudah ada berbagai bendera dari masyarakat genderqueer untuk melambangkan berbagai macam identitas. Bendera ''pride'' genderqueer sendiri didesain pertama kali tahun 2011. Warna [[lavender]] melamangkan androgini dan queer, putih melambangkan identitas agender, sementara hijau melambangkan identitas-identitas yang berada di luar gender biner.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://ncccommuter.org/he-she-or-they/|title=He, She or They? » The Commuter|website=ncccommuter.org|accessdate=2016-12-20|archive-date=2016-12-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221090439/http://ncccommuter.org/he-she-or-they/|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.amherst.edu/system/files/Flags%2520and%2520Symbols.pdf|title=Flags and Symbols|publisher=Amherst|access-date=2016-12-20|archive-date=2017-05-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510154054/https://www.amherst.edu/system/files/Flags%2520and%2520Symbols.pdf|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.davidmariner.com/flags/|title=Gender and Sexuality Awareness Flags|date=2015-10-26|publisher=DavidMariner.com|accessdate=2016-12-20|archive-date=2017-02-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170203153557/http://www.davidmariner.com/flags/|dead-url=no}}</ref> Terdapat pula bendera dari orang nonbiner yang pertama kali didesain tahun 2014.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://letsqueerthingsup.com/2015/03/15/8-things-non-binary-people-need-to-know/|title=8 Things Non-Binary People Need to Know|date=2015-03-15|website=Let's Queer Things Up!|accessdate=2016-12-20|archive-date=2016-12-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161222123705/https://letsqueerthingsup.com/2015/03/15/8-things-non-binary-people-need-to-know/|dead-url=no}}</ref> Warna kuning melambangkan orang dengan gender yang berada di luar gender biner, warna ungu melambangkan orang yang merasa gendernya merupakan campuran antara laki-laki dan perempuan, sementara warna hitam melambangkan orang yang mengidentifikasi dirinya tidak memiliki gender.<ref name=":1" />
Bendera dari orang genderfluid memiliki lima baris warna. Warna merah muda melambangkan feminitas, warna putih melambangakan ketiadaan gender, warna ungu melambangkan gender campuran dan androgini, warna hitam melambangkan gender lainnya, serta warna biru melambangkan maskulinitas.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.lgbtqnation.com/2016/09/gender-fluid-added-oxford-english-dictionary/|title=Gender-fluid added to the Oxford English Dictionary|newspaper=LGBTQ Nation|accessdate=2016-12-20|archive-date=2016-10-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161025023342/http://www.lgbtqnation.com/2016/09/gender-fluid-added-oxford-english-dictionary/|dead-url=no}}</ref><gallery>
File:Genderqueer flag-pride.svg|Bendera ''pride'' genderqueer
File:Nonbinary flag.svg|Bendera ''pride'' nonbiner
File:Genderfluidity Pride-Flag.svg|Bendera ''pride'' genderfluid
</gallery>
== Lihat pula ==
{{Columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* [[Androgini]]
* [[Bissu]]
* [[Dua Roh]]
* [[Feminisme pascamodern]]
* [[Pascagenderisme]]
* [[Pengakuan hukum terhadap orang interseks]]
* [[Variasi gender]]
}}
{{Portal bar|LGBT|transgender}}
== Referensi ==
{{reflist|2}}
== Bacaan lebih lanjut ==
* {{cite book |title=Nobody Passes: Rejecting the Rules of Gender and Conformity |url=https://archive.org/details/nobodypassesreje0000unse |editor-last=Bernstein Sycamore |editor-first=M. |editor-link=Mattilda Bernstein Sycamore |year=2006 |publisher=Seal Press |location=[[Emeryville, California|Emeryville]] |isbn=978-1-58005-184-2 |oclc=50389309}}
* {{cite book |editor-last=Bornstein |editor-first=K. |editorlink=Kate Bornstein |editor2-last=Bergman |editor2-first=S. B. |title=Gender Outlaws: The Next Generation |url=https://archive.org/details/genderoutlawsnex00born_0 |year=2010 |publisher=Seal Press |edition=Reprint |location=Berkeley |isbn=978-1-58005-308-2 |oclc=837948378}}
* {{cite book |last=Fine |first=C. |authorlink= |title=Delusions of Gender: How Our Minds, Society, and Neurosexism Create Difference |year=2011 |publisher=W. W. Norton & Company |location=New York |edition=Reprint |isbn=978-0-393-34024-2 |oclc=449865367}}
* {{cite book |last=Hines |first=M. |title=Brain Gender |year=2005 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location= |isbn=978-0-19-518836-3 |oclc=846105995}}
* {{cite book |editor-last=Nestle |editor-first=J. |editorlink=Joan Nestle |editor2-last=Howell |editor2-first=C. |editor3-last=Wilchins |editor3-first=R. A. |editor3-link=Riki Wilchins |title=GenderQueer: Voices from Beyond the Sexual Binary |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781555837303 |year=2002 |publisher=Alyson Books |location=Los Angeles |isbn=978-1-55583-730-3 |oclc=50389309}}
* {{cite book |editor-last=Peterson |editor-first=T. T. |editor2-last=Tolbert |editor2-first=T. C. |title=Troubling the Line: Trans and Genderqueer Poetry and Poetics |year=2013 |publisher=Nightboat Books |location=[[Callicoon, New York|Callicoon]] |isbn=978-1-937658-10-6 |oclc=839307399}}
* {{cite news |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/scout-phd/a-male-b-female-c-both-d-neither_b_2887462.html |title=(A) Male, (B) Female, (C) Both, (D) Neither |author=Scout |date=2013-07-23 |website=[[The Huffington Post]] |accessdate=2013-08-02 |archive-date=2013-07-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130727144053/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/scout-phd/a-male-b-female-c-both-d-neither_b_2887462.html |dead-url=no }}
* {{cite book |title=The Transgender Studies Reader |url=https://archive.org/details/nobodypassesreje0000unse |editor-last=Stryker |editor-first=S. |editor1-link=Susan Stryker |editor2-last=Whittle |editor2-first=S. |editor2-link=Stephen Whittle |year=2006 |publisher=Routledge |location=New York |isbn=978-1-58005-184-2 |oclc=50389309}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/education/edex/One-Who-Fights-For-an-Other/2015/04/13/article2756559.ece|title=One Who Fights For an Other|publisher=The New Indian Express|date=2015-04-13|access-date=2017-10-08|archive-date=2016-09-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160924062152/http://www.newindianexpress.com/education/edex/One-Who-Fights-For-an-Other/2015/04/13/article2756559.ece|dead-url=no}}
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